City design and social exclusion : Abuja, Nigeria in review

City Design and Social Exclusion:

Abuja, Nigeria in Review

By: Ifeoma N. Ebo Bachelor of Architecture Cornell University, 2002

Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER IN CITY PLANNING at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2006

MASSACHUSi'TS INS I E

OF TECHNOLOGY

SOCT

2 6 2006

LIBRARIES

C,2006 Ifeoma N. Ebo. All rights reserved

The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any mediuln now known or hereafter created.

ARCHIVES

Signature ofAuthor

-Department of Urban Studies & Planning May 17, 2006 Certified By

Professor Lan-y Vale, Professor of Urban Studies and Planning, Thesis Supervisor

Accepted By M.C.tDe rm to U bn--s& Pn_

City Design and Social Exclusion:

Abuja, Nigeria in Review

By Ifeoma N. Ebo Bachelor of Architecture Cornell University, 2002

Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning on May 25, 2006 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in City Planning

ABSTRACT

This thesis investigation explores the relationship between city design and social exclusion, and more specifically, how modernist principles of urban design and development policy have contributed to social exclusion in Abuja - the capital city of Nigeria. This study is facilitated through reading the city and its unique and common characteristics. Based on my experiences in the city over a three month period, I use my understanding of urban development, and relevant documents to examine the nature of exclusion in the Abuja plan and process of development. From the results of this analysis the presence of exclusion in Abuja is enhanced by the use of colonial policies and selective use of modernist planning/processes of development. Furthermore, the relationship between social exclusion and city design in Abuja is the continuation of a legacy of colonial urban development and divisive urban form in traditional Nigerian cities.

Thesis Supervisor: Larry Vale

Contents

List of Maps 7 List of Images 9 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 13 Background 1. 3 Research Questions 18 Methodology 18 Thesis Structure 19 Abbreviation List 20

Chapter 2: Modernism, Identity and Exclusion 21

City Design and Social Exclusion 21

National Identity 25

Modernism as the Return to Colonialism 28

Chapter 3: Design Intentions, Inspirations, Implications 34

Intentions 34

Inspirations 39

Implications 44

Chapter 4: Cultural Critique 51

Security 52

Street Culture 55

Conclusion 58

List of Maps

1. Ajengunle and Apapa: Peil 1991: pg. 153

2. Land Use Map of Lagos: Peil 1991: pg. 23

3. Neutral location of Federal Capital Territory: FCDA:

pg. 83

4. Map of the Federal Capital Territory: Nnamdi Elleh 5. Footprint of Abuja development stages: FCDA: pg. 78 6. Figurative plan of Central Area: KTA 1983

7. Abuja City Guide Map: MDZ Multimedia

8. Federal Capital City Map illustrating phases of Master Plan: Abuja Geographic Informnnation Systems

9. Plan for Washington D.C by L'Enfant 1791.: Reps 1967: pg. 19

10. Plan of the Versailles, France: Reps 1967: pg. 6

11. Garki Village: Abuia City Guide Map: MDZ

Multimedia

12. Abuja city map extracting location of churches and mosques: MDZ Multimedia

13. Abuja city map extracting location of churches and mosques: MDZ Multimedia

14. Map of Kano illustrating divided city: Elleh 1997 15. Map of Kaduna north of Kaduna River: University of

List of Images

1. Dumping garbage to fill swamps, Ajegunle: Peil 1991: pg. 190

2. Road and vacant land separating satellite town from city: Author's photograph

3. Abuja plan diagram of highway and transit framework: FCDA 1979: pg. 84

4. Model of the monumental core of the city: KTA 1983

5. Diagram of the Abuja transit corridor: FCDA 1979: pg.

141

6. Typical street in Kubwa (satellite town): Author's photograph

7. Typical street in Asokoro (inner city neighborhood): Author's photograph

8. Lagos State house near the Cultural Axis, Abuja: Author's photograph

9. View of Wuse district from a hill top: Author's photograph

10. Plan form to land form design sketch: FCDA 1979: pg. 62

11. View towards Aso Hill from Central Area: Author's photograph

12. Diagram of Central Area grid layout: FCDA 1979: pg. 83

13. Aerial view of Washington, D.C. illustrating

Constitution and Independence avenues: KTA 1983

14. Physical model of the core ofAbuja illustrating Constitution and Independence avenues: KTA 1983

15. Typical street in Garki Village: Author's photograph 16. Friday Market along the Cultural Axis: Author's

photograph

17. Cross section of central area transportation corridor: FCDA 1979

18. View of National Mosque and National Church from a hill top: Author's photograph

19. Muslims pray on streets of Abuja: Author's photograph 20. Illegally built mosque in Wuse Market: Author's

photograph

21I. Northern and Southern Nigerian City Forms: O'Conner 1983: pg. 29

22. Central square in Kano: Elleh 1997

23. Aerial view of Kano reflecting central mosque: Elleh 1997

24. Round-about intersection in Kaduna: Author's photograph 25. Illustration of gateway network in Abuja: FCDA 1979 26. Gateway roundabout in Maitama district: Author's

photograph

27. Street commerce in Kubwa satellite town: Author's photograph

28. Cultural festival in the streets of Osogbo (southern Nigeria): http://www.caboose.org.uk/

Acknowledgements

I want to thank GOD who has granted me the strength and endurance to complete this work. Thank you to my mama who is always supportive and constantly serves as my cheerleader.

Thank you to Prof. Larry Vale, Prof. John de Monchaux, and Prof. Nnamdi Elleh for their guidance through the development of this work.

Thank you to the City Planners and officials at the Federal Capital Development Authority for taking the time out to answer questions and provide contacts, maps, planning documents and literature.

Thank you to the following friends for lending an ear and providing support: Kim Alleyne, Kiara Nagal, Eric Jordan, Adam Marcus, Nmadili Bozimo, Ebi Bozimo, Chinedu Umenyilora, and the rest of the cast in DUSP.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Background

Nigeria, a nation deeply scarred by a history of colonialism and a civil wai, has created a new capital city to physically symbolize "a break from her colonial past into a future of pioneering growth in the interior and in the realm of

urban development" (Agba 1986: pg.26). Abuja, now in its 26' h

year of development, is Africa's first modernist capital city and follows in the tradition of planned capitals that exist in Brazil (Brasilia), USA (Washington, D.C.) and India (Chandigarh). In contrast to the former capital of Nigeria (Lagos), Abuja is visually appealing, with manicured lawns, non-congested roads, and buildings infused with a nouveau African-centeredness. The Nigerian government has established for the nation an African utopia in the heart of the country. However,

in Abuja, an interesting disparity exists.

The majority of people who are able to live in the city are wealthy, while the poor live at the periphery in satellite towns. In the wealthier parts of Abuja, there are paved roads with

street lamps, a regular power supply, an adequate water supply, infrastructure and amenities. In addition, the housing stock and physical condition of the built environment are of better quality. However, there is an incredible contrast at the periphery, where low-income Nigerians reside. There is generally poor provision of infrastructure, housing, water and power supply. As such, one can suggest that the poor live in places that can be described as slums. These slums (also known as "satellite towns") do not receive the same development treatment as the city center. There are other observed inconsistencies that exist in the built and social environment that relate to both religious and ethnic differences. The above-mentioned observations are surprising because Abuja's city planners initially intended to create a city for all Nigerians, part of the justification behind the removal of the capital city from Lagos.

Lagos is a city. grounded in colonial ideals focused

on social control, domination and subordination.

Pre-independence, through the design and management of the city, Europeans were able to segregate themselves from Nigerians. Many Nigerians in Lagos lived in high-density satellite 13

towns that embodied the characteristics of slums. Colonial

governments were unwilling to spend money to rectify the

desperate situations in the satellite towns and considered sanitation and safe water supplies for 'natives' uneconomic (Peil 1991: pg. 8). The city became divided unequally, where the realmn of the African stood neglected while the cities' financial resources benefited the domain of the colonists and eventually the Nigerian elite.

One such satellite town by the name of Ajegunle, populated by low-income workers, is located outside of the central business district and separated from the city by several major highways. Ajegunle is infamously known as the "Tiger Town" because of its characteristics of crime-ridden areas; "low income and education, overcrowding and

unemploymenti" (Peil 1991.: pg. 131). The Ajegunle Canal

separates Ajegunle from the Apapa estate, "a low-density housing development built in the colonial era for expatriate industrial and commercial executives" (Peil 1991: pg. 27). These physical separations (major highways and an urban canal) prevented Nigerians, specifically the poor, from gaining

14

Hlap I above: Ajegunle and Apapa: The New Canal seperates the poor

high density housing development Ajegunle (above) from the more

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inform an litist socie-,ty that claims ownership to Abujia. In

effect, those who do not belong are excluded from the spaces

and activities of the elite. The very establishment of the city and the creation of a neutral territory add more weight to the exclusive nature of the process of development. The resettlement policy influenced by colonial development was used in order to establish a neutral territory in which none of the original inhabitants of the area could lay claim to the Federal Capital Territory. Furthermore, housing and urban policy maintains the barriers for the poor to have access to city

resources.

In the development of new capital city, especially in Nigeria, the main question that arises is: Who truly stands to gain from the establishment of a new city? In the final years of Lagos' position as Capital the land was not enough for the Nigerian elite to live prosperously. Abuja symbolized an expansion of wealth and a means to escape the poverty of the developing world. At some point in their careers, the leading politicians were apart of the Nigerian military. A prime

e aI 13 Lit'. , LtL II I r L I 1u 1ri %Jd" aL I[IJ J, VVOb-11 1-L. iVeUIL3 yI led.

the country under military rule. There is a strong connection

between the end of military rule and the nature of elitism in Abuja.

Recommendations

There are forces that bear weight on the success and failures of a design plan. Especially in relationship to the creation of cities in developing countries, social economic and political forces can provide obstacles for the realization of a plans intention. Abuja is a prime example of the conflict between a countries desire to progress through city design and a people's inability to adapt to new patterns of urban

form. These forces cannot be suppressed or ignored, but

should be dealt with extreme importance. Ignorance begets serious consequences for the inhabitants and overall physical development of the city.

Participatory planning and urban management is a positive method for the mitigation of the above mentioned forces. Working with communities through the formation of 59

neighborhood associations can be used as tools to determine where problems may arise in future development. This process of planning and design was not used in Abuja and is not a part of the planning process in Nigeria. it planners for Abuja are truly concerned folbr the welfare of all inhabitants of the city and surrounding territory, then they will make a greater effort to involve all stakeholders in decisions affecting housing and urban development/policy.

There are two forms of exclusion that is enhanced by the design arid process of development. Social exclusion can arise friom government actions that are made to either promote exclusion directly or as a indirect result of a policy! plan. The colonial resettlement policies used in the initial stages of development directly exclude the indigenous ethnic groups from residing in the city out of fear of fuiture land claims. Furthermore, the provision of housing exclusively for governmient officials by default excludes non-government employees from living in the city and having access to its resources. The Nigerian government did not consider the social consequences of such policies and actions during

60

implementation. A participatory approach to the planning process might also serve as a necessary method when defining the parameters of urban policy.

Bihlinorar niv

Africa No 137 January issue

"Abuja - Symbol of Unity"

1983

AISayyad, Nezar

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Colonial Enterprise

Capyright 1992 by Avebury Bartholomew, Harland

City Planning in Washington DC 1790-1958

Copyright 1958 by the National Capital Planning Commission Agba, Ebelechukwu Godwin

A Study of Problems in New Urban Development and Construction: The Case of Abuja the New Federal Capital of Nigeria

Ph. D Thesis at MIT

Copyright 1986 Ebelechukwu G. Agba

Filleh, Nnamdi

African Architecture: Evolution and Transformation Copyright 1997 by McGraw Hill

Elleh, Nnamdi

Abuja: The Single most Ambitious Urban Design Project of the C entury

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Geisteswissenschafen -Weimar

Falola, Toyin; Salm, Steven J. Nigerian Cities

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The Master Plan for Abuja, the New Federal Capital of Nigeria Copyright 1979 by the Federal Capital Development Authority The Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA)

"Development ofAbuja the New Federal Capital City of Nigeria and the Challenges of Urbanization"

Presentation at the Africa Union of Architects Congress -- May 2005 - Abuja, Nigeria

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Between Justice and Beauty -- Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C.

Copyright 1995 by the John Hopkins University Press Gutheim, Frederick

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Copyright 1977 by the Smithsonian Institution Gutheim, Frederick; Washburn, Wilcomb E. The Federal City: Plans & Realities

Copyright 1976 by the Smithsonian Institution Holston, James

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Copyright 1989 by the University of Chicago Press Kaplan David H. and Holloway, Steven R.

Segregation in Cities

Copyright 1998 by the Association of American Geographers Kenzo Tange Associates (KTA)

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Urbanisrn, Colonialism, and the WXorld-Economyn Copyright 1990 by Routledge

Muinford, Lewis The City in Historv

Copyright 1961 by Lewis Mumflbrd O'Conner, Anthony

The African City

Copyright 1983 by African Publishing Company Peil, Margaret

LAGOS - The City is the People

Copyright 1991 by the Belhaven Press Reps, John W.

Monumental Washington The Planning and Development of the

Capital Center

Copyright 1967 by the Princeton University Press Roseman, Curtis; Dieter Laux, Hans and Thiemne, Gunter Ethnicity

Geographic Perspectives on Ethnic Change in Modem Cities

Copyright 1996 -Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc

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Center and Periphery: Essays in Macrosociology - "The Military in the Political Development of the New States"

Copyright 1975 by the University of Chicago Press

Sule, R.A Olu

New Towns World-Wide - "The N New Capital C.it:, fr.m Lagos to Abuja"

Copyright 1985 by the International Federation for housing and

Plannming

-Vale, Lawrence J.

Architecture, Power, and National Identity Copyright 1992 by Yale University

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Planning Policies and Affordable Housing in Nigeria - An Analysis

ofAbuja Master-Plan Scheme and the Re-Validation of Certificate of Occupancy

http://en. habitants.org/filemanager/download/154/

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Caboose - Travel Journals

http://www.caboose.org.uk!

Inter-American Development Bank (fDB): Sustainable Development Department

"About Social Exclusion"

http://www.iadb.org/sds/SOC/site 3094 e.htm 2005

Jibril, Ibrahim Usman

"Resettlement Issues, Squatter Settlements and the Problems of Land Administration in Abuja, Nigeria's Federal Capital" http://www.abujagis.com/index.html