Establishment of the African nuclear energy commission for the development of nuclear science and technology in Africa : report by the secretariat

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA Meeting of Plenipotentiaries on the

Establishment of the African Nuclear

Energy Commission

Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 22 - 25 May 1989

Distr.: o

LIMITED K

ECA/NRD/ERU/T/87 January 1989

Original: ENGLISH'

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AFRICAN NUCLEAR ENERGY COMMISSION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AFRICA

Report by the Secretariat

Table of contents

.Paragraphs Pa^es -

6-9S 2-22

2 TEE'; TT03, HUCT,^.. bCIr.. Uu -*1 ■ x 1J-

2.1 Introduction ?_

2.2 T?ood an: .-v-riculture ^

-; i 1 r.ro- "roductioa

""■" " 12-14 3

9 2.2 Anial Production

15-22 '""-■

o?3 Control of Insect Pests

*" " . 23-27

??4 ^ood "reservation

2.2.5 Irrigation Mater I'^nase^ent

30-34 7

-> 3 Mater Resources Development ^

35-46 ' -

2 4 iiinin^ ->_,

35-3T- '

2.4.1 Introduction

37-41 9 4 2 ineral Exploration

"* ' 42

2 4 3 ineral Extraction

43-46 -;

2.4.4 ineral Processm-

47-(";0 "?p*12 2 5 V.ealth an.1 iedicine

Z* . 47

2.5.1 Introduction.

48-3'. lU

i 5.2 :edical Diagnosis

52-53 ^ J~j

2.5.3 i.edic-1 Therapy _

54-60 ■'"u 2.5.4 Znviroarer-tal Health

61-75 12""5

2.6 Industry

61-65 12 13

2.^.1 Introduction 2 6.2 rvadio".raph;'

. ,, 68 U

2.6.4 detection o:~ .-auLts 13-14

2 * , .uteriliz-ition, Disinfection and Curing *i9

-1"- 70 14

2.6.6 Industrial Gauges

- 2 -

2.6.7 Ouality Control 71

2.6.3 Tfeasurenent in Dyananic Processes 72

1 /

2.6.9 Cross-linking and Grafting -?-r

' 1 /

2.6.10 Polymerization 7/

2.6.1? Industrial Ifeterial Processing 75 ^

2.7 Electricity Generation 76_Q1

/-.7. Seed for and Sunnly of Electricity 76-82 ^

in Africa

2O7_? Huclear Power .loday P3-';fi

2.7.3 Approach to Nuclear Power S7_91 ?c_21 3. ASSESSKEhT OF THE STtuattov

^' 99-108 _2o-_j

4. 1'iANDATE Af© LEGISLATIVE AUTHORIT- FOR THE

ESTABLISHIIEHT OF THE AFRICA.^ HUCLSAR EMERfY

CCH-MISSIO?? (/^JEC)

109-116 25-27

5. OBJECTIVES AI^D ACTIONS OF THE AFRICA!! NUCLEAR 117-121 2 --)

ENERGY COfMISSION (AMEC) 3.1 Introduction

117-11^ 2?

5.2 Objectives of AJ'EC _{on o^.}

5.3 Functions of ANEC 6. ORGANI^TIOT^I, STRUCTURE

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Secretariat of the Technical Advisory 123-124

122

3M1

Corraittee

6.3 The Technical Advisory Comittee on 125-129 ^-J2

Nuclear Science and Technology (TAC on NUST)

7. PROJECTS AIT1) PROOFA?ffiF^ o^ thp Tn/wtTn.T .«i^iiiLa Jj THE TECHNICAL ADVISORY 130-131 33-34 :£E 0«r MUCLEAR SCIErCE i^JT) TECHHOLOGY

■ ^-1 0 r>

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

« THE 0,

F0R THE DEVELOPS 0F SCIENCE A*D TECH^OC* IN

to t, INTRODUCTION

,. The bane of Africa today co drugs, from household goods and equipment, from toys « ""^"^

aircraft andships, and from

vith very little ^"'

crippling debts. Have the ^ ^uou,1 The ffiaior prob

^cst Africans, men and women, toil «"^ » are outdated and not being the products of African traditional technolog, ^^ ^.^ comprise

= »—ie—to exact a fair

-;mnnrts* from food and beverages

T ' teaching and laboratory

£oa wheels and tyres to

Machines, and all these

their'ar^s in idleness^ ,o Indeed

The ffiaior problem is ttat

d d t being

deal.

2 The crux of the

in the world today and which Africa ufficient background, knowledge

3. This decisive.factor j ^^^^K^-^

is now being recognized Thus '^^"^^^ of developing countries, Action conceded that Africa ^f^ed countries, and is the rcost backward

the largest concentration of least «v P technoiogy for development.

and disadvantaged in the field of . «^« ^^ stftes were urged to adopt

Appreciating the linkage between these ills Hem technology base

Measures to ensure the ^velopmen ade^uate ^ ^ spear.headi

4. Noting that in spite of past and £^^?^

lack the necessary national ""^""^rior the execution of their

remained dependent on foreign techmeal skills for ^^

scientific and technological tasks, it was urged th vv ^.

given to the development of human resources *«'£«" innovation and

technology ^"^^T^^^'^^Oology, on the one hand

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 2

and . , r, it ia

**"**"

imperative

^{«" «»}

^{«* Pica's}

capacity xn modern science and technology.

2. NEED FOR NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

^ l

science becomes ever i

each adding its bit to wccte the world. Therefore Africa technology and attempt to mao regions' numerous problems of unu and technology, which in spite of De potential for the future, is already applications in food and agriculture medicine, industry, electrical power

uses whereas environmental pollution by radioactive l

wreck havoc, on bio systems they reach nnd „,„.! iVe .e

devastate life on earth. nuclear war if 2-2 Food and Agriculture

2.2.1 Crop Production

at

that transfcras °f Ufe" But «

*< *«*" d-erse technologies

£ 3nd the advancement of

f °f Bode™

°"

u ls n"Clear sciunce nCW> but with a 8reat

COntribut-- through

^ ^1

e and nuclear ^

unleashed would

^^tief^r

where the population growth rate

m 35 out of 41 countries. ^t ' eSpeciaU? » -b-Saharan Africa

JT^^ in f°°d P-duction

nitrogen to regenerate .oil fert Hty TfeeYIT ^ "X en0U8h a^spheric lands have to be cultivated core intensively »d ^& :n"easin8 P°P"lation, faru>

for regeneration of soil fertilii-v ^ i7 he falloB Period essential

steadily impoverished Soiirncreasedero°sOn8^ ^ a"°rded" The resu1' i

crop yields, soneti^es amounting to as ","' dnese"ification and decrease in country can afford the foreign currencyT !! ?° t0 8°^ Even where "»

they are often too costly for ffiost far^rfs°r the importation of commercial fertilizers,

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87 Page 3

8. Another important cause of soil .^^J^^^d^S^OZ from the felling of trees fo,: fu«= woo. It, thre nj:uelwo ^ ^ ^

of energy needs furthermore 80. of the Wf^ capacity of the impoverished

of energy requirements.- In a vicious --^^^nished and the depletion and degraded soil to produce fuelw°°d " ^™5 miuion people are facing

continues. In the African region an estm^ « ™" ^ £n experience

fuelwood crisis in 1987 and perhaps up to 5; million t-opi same by the year 2000.

and boosts the yield of rice

1C. A very wide an, still eXpanain8 ^J^^^^^

the application of diverse ^«^u s wn ch -^ * '^ gaOTia

improvement and muta^nesis. Generally, «-» penetic chanSes usher

radiation or fast neutrons^^o in -^ ^ ^^itn LS^hLacLristics are

numerous new species from rfnich r.nt varicu eld

selected. Among the characteristics so^ti^s sought otten '^/

modernize an almost antiquated agriculture.

ii Modern aids to agriculture like insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers

imize the effects of their residues.

2.2.2 Animal Production

iiililllli

are followed and measured over the reproductive cycle. With the results possible to devise improvement of the reproductive efficiency.

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 4

feeds like grass and straw I~ ^i, V dl3e"ive tract their fibrous

enable them'to produc,milk Lt !" ^ f" COnVerted inttJ Pr°d""* that techniques havAeen us" to study Z „£« "t "• Radi°a"ive tracing

and nutritive value of feedstuffs "?«proces*and analyse the digestibility

by the recent development of t" "ruLr ^SSlbUltles have "«n enhanced Scotland popularly styled "artificiaT cow" e^M -°n T'^*" (WS1W) in the laboratory without the »s " " 1*7 g the StUdieS tO be

.ore milk or indeed any

and other helminthic or"anisT "us nuM "^ ?f VaCCineS a8ai°" "orms role in Africa where infect^us an^ lr >" 'echni£'Ues can Pl»7 a notable

toll in animal production P^rasxtic diseases often take their

2-2.3 Control of

;;r""f": r

^ction

losses arise Products during storage.

tranSmitted "y insects such

used

SS;, rSTS; SK.S ;;rf ^--S^

and the percentape is a lot hLher in d , "^ a3ricultural production

from direct damage to plants aLan£??dT Com^ ^h

■fitted by insects, and destruction" o ^ "r

In addition, human lives are lost th „ h

as malaria, yellow fever, onchoccrci'sis tT itted "y insects such losses has become crucial for surviva n Afrl"' T' PreVention °f ^

food production and drought is endemL " Population has outstripped

|6. Insecticides developed in the last 4,i „

m the control of these pests Th"« K y S °r S° have becn "i^l

because the insects grlduaUy itelo.TJlt ™ ^^ successful

chemicals pollute the environment- 1h reslstanctJ to «ie chemicals, the

are harmful to plants and S'S hT"1'^' ^^ ^^ Which

methods are required for insect control Consequently, alternative '?• Apart from the sterile ■»,„, > ,, •

the alternative methods include the use ofI to pre-empt mating by confusing insects tf

together; inundative release of "

resistance. isotope tracer ^^l

these methods. Radiation is also used ^ of agricultural commodities especia S f

and m breeding resistant plant varieties!

paratt treatment ermonoi (sex attractants)

^ "* females ^tting

Predators; and developing host lmf'Ortant ™les in developing

genetic engineering

ECA/NRD/ERD/7/87 Page 5

,8. Of uajor Stance is the sterile insect technics _(SIT)

technique, X-rays or ^ radxation is ^^^^^i^ ability

with doses that do not adversely affect their mat.nr is

reproduction.

19. A major advantage of bIT « Most of the other methods are usually

veness in area-wide insect control.

Preferably in combination, in _™* 7i i too expensive

is the only effective means of complete eradication.

—«.

-■ s

60%.

21 One of the big cooperative SIT projects is the Biological Control of

21. Jne ox __ t ; . A t frou bein£ dtrtinental to huiian the

' al trypanosomiasis wnicn destroy

ar?e area (about 70%) of the agricultural SIT project, BIGOT, has eradicated tl

- ■ 1500 square ki

of Nigeria.

ana grazing land of ^tron vastly boost food

RCA/NRD/EPU/7/87

Page 6

2*2'4 Food Preservation

23. It is worrying that while Africa

production to feed her-rapidly E

*wunt of post harvest losses of annual production. This is methods of food storage and -Jres new methods are ur^ntly needed.

^ food

\ """"" * "Win,

°Ut " t0 30Z of the

traditional and current

Sh°rt °f the "quirenents and radiation from Cobalt-60. rl I'. \ * a08t P°?«»l"r source seems to be their self-life but also inhibits thTlerm"?, f°°dstuffs not only prolongs controls pathogenic a2entS, parasites and °f tUberS and other WetaK

achleves .icrobial sterilisation of ^ices ™?Th thf.a"ack them, and^

now the xrradiation technique is wel !, "„ ' '^ H '" in^-tB. By including aevelopin2 countries. and haS sPread a" °ver the wo^ld

sOBe advantages

1 :Phy,ieal condition of the

acceptance of irradiated foo:!_oo:!. problem of public

- - ' «-•

27. Food irradiation offers

=; ■„„, „

^€. Water is scarce in rnanv narf nf ^^ -

regions. Irrigation becomes nec^Vt"

s - "•— he 3aVannah and Sahelian

quantifying the water requir^ents and I? t^™* non-d^«"ctive way.

ge by crops fron these studieTthe ^dr"ndersta«^n3 the dynamics of wat^

ua.e crop production. S"rCe Bater can b* ^na^ed efficiently to

^.^^^.^^riVtf^-Vr^VEU

ECA/NSD/ERU/7/87 Page 7

2,3 Water Resources Development

30. Availa.iUty.ot sufficient and agricultural and industrial purposes i

water Africa " »

also river,s,

s rstrsrs

underground V7ater

including those that are not available by any other means.

33 On surface water, nuclear techniques provide information on run-off fro

„

For

decisions is the determxnation of the residence tine or a?e of best"andoost .owerful method of investigating the occurence of g

recharge and identifying fossil ^roundwater.

2.4 Mining

2.4.1

35. The modern world depends ouch on minin, for raw materials which constitute

the mainstay of the manufacturing industry and energy production " »"»r£

and processing

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 8

36 Nuclear analytical techniques can contribute to national economies by

2

^{can be} where other methods are not applicable.

2.4.2 Mineral Exploration

i-an-tio. about the interactin8 2»4-3 Uineral Extraction

are

■"

is used t0 8rade

at low pressures

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87 Page 9

2.4.4 Mineral Processing;

43. Tracer technics, cental analysis and j^^ ££

S =sr

information on several metals at the same tine.

Particularly useful

44. Can^ ray absorption and scattering technics ™ Particularly useful^

materials.

if The apolication of nuclear techniques to the various stages of the

^ S/££ or the .eO.etry of the situation

TweU r^ the : i ; ^ S/££ eLIudes otherMthod.. These advantages lead to considerable fxnancxal

savings

2.5 Health and i*

2.5.1 47.

rfco-i e"d ialiLd fields in eeiicine. Hucelar medicine techniques sc.ent ftcallv identify the orx.ins of and changes during stages- of disease and they

highly sophisticated nev ones,

countries apply at least the commonest techniques.

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 10

2.5.2 Medical Diagnosis

48 The ccnxmest technique for internal diagnosis is the X-ray. It is

hard to imagine of what the state of medical diagnosis would have been without the X-ray, ana yet the technique has become so co iron and basic to medicine that it is little remembered as a product of nuclear science and technology, .•lore powerful nuclear imaging devices than the X-ray are now in use.

49. After a patient has taken radioactive drugs or other drugs labelled with radioisotopes, modern instrumentation uses the emissions from the radioactive

materials to scan and-produce an image of the target organ. While the Lthld

of scintigraphy gives an ordinary picture of the organ, the technique of

tomography gives a 3-dtan.ional picture of the organ. In nuclear medicine, o of the most widely used radioisotopes is the metastable technetium-99,as though

Tech™, 0? ^ pr°duCti0n is *** b*y™* "»st developing countries.

Technetium-99m radiopharmceuticals are used in the location of tumours a^

diagnosis of liver and kidney diseases. Iodine-125 is also an important "" '

radio pharmaceutical.

50. Apart frota the possibility of scanning organs incluuinr the brain, which

was referred u above, nuclear tracer techniques are also use'd in studyC

re^HrT3 °J °rganS> ExCretion of a ^belling isotope by the kiine^

ablorn ' fun^Cl°nmg,9 the volurae and circulation of blood as veil as with Chromium-51, and the pancreas can be studied vith selenium-75.

one

ll'taintZT/^ dia"no"ic.technicI"« that has now assumed Ereat irnportance and

attained wide use i8 radioimmunoassay (kla). This technique provides a

vi^;slndeXPenS1V£ t£ChniqUe Of >—ring extre-ely s^ill anounts of horMne=s

c ^ T! rZyn'eSs S°me Proteins> he,atitis virus, and rany other sub

stances of raedxcal interest circulating in blood, without the natient investing

any radioactivity HIA uses radionuclide-labelled substances introduced £

to a sample of the patient's blood to 8tudy the biocheraical processes

even'in'L 1

in

^ haB.aSSUtled s° mu<=h iEPortance that it is estinated that

yet countries.

2.5.3 Medical Therapy

52. sterilization is very important in xedical theraoy. Surgical dressi-,>s

sutures, syringes, surgical gloves, needles , catheters and many other products must be sterilized, rtadio sterilization, most commonly with -a.™

iTsiz t:::tCoh:v° soarr-is ^^^^^ p^e^d t: heir

ticaUv lai' !CaUSe °f-ltS advanta8"- The materials can be herme

tically sealeu in packages making them inaccessible to micro-organisms and

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87 Page 11

after the radiation penetrates the ore-package, the sterilization is preserved indefinitely until opened. This makes radio sterilization safer. Heat

sensitive materials may be sterilized by ?>ases or chemicals but these often give-rise to undesirable residues and reactions. I^adiosterilizatipn

scarcely raises the temperature of the raaterials and is therefore preferred for the sterilization of heat sensitive i-aterials like plastics, medical

and other biological preparations,Pharmaceuticals like solutions, ointments and powders, liadiosterilization is easily automated and routinized and

consequently the process is cheaper.

53. Radioactive isotopes are also used directly for the treatment of diseases. Examples are the common treatment of cancer of the thyroid with, radioactive iodine and the treatment of cervical cancer by internal irradiation.

2.5.4 Environmental Health

54. There is a great and well-founded concern about the environmental

pollution by the emissions of toxic gases, sulphur dioxide (S02> and nitrogen oxide (NO ) into the atmosphere from coal and oil-fired boilers in electrical power plants and industrial installations. The detrimental effects are

immediate and long-term,

55. The immediate effect is in a limited area but results in chronic respiratory disease, hsari: anJ. lun;- problems, and deterioration of the environment. The problem is really serious. One power plant,..of. capacity

500 IE) may consume 250 to 300 tons of coal per hour, and discharge tens of tons of S09 per hour, depending on the sulphur content of the coal (usually 0.2%

to 10%). It has been estimated that in USA alone air pollution would cause in about 10,000 deaths and about 25 million respiratory disease cases per

year.

56. The long-term effect of these toxic, so called flue or stack gases, would involve very large geographical areas across national frontiers. By photochemical conversion of the toxic gases in the atmosphere, sulfuric and nitric acides are produced which come down in the form of "acid rain". Acid rain devastates forests, earth flora, and acidifies lakes and dams, and has

been reported in USA, Europe, and Asia. :

57. In many countries including USA, Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, EEC, India and China, strigent regulations have been intoruced limiting the level of the flue gases, SO' and NO , to be released into the attnosphere, but their permissible levels differ from country to country. Hundred of millions of dollars are nov? involved in efforts to "scrub" the stack gases prior to

release.

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 12

llr <m T^.C°nVentiofl frubbers remove 3C and NO in two separate orocesses

For S02, lime is used and products of little or no commercial value are

produced resulting in another Problem of waste disposal. For NO , the process

o^ selective catalytic reduction uses aKcohia reagent to convertxnitrogen oxides into atmospheric nitrogen.

59. _ Nuclear radiation processing has now been developed to solve this crucial problem. In the presence of ammonia, oxygen, water and some other chemxcals intentionally introduced, the stack gases are irradiated with an electron beam of high energy (300 to 800 KV), Ionising the gases and

exciting atOMs and nolacules. The components of the complex quickly react

forming useful byproducts.. : The process is sinole and safe to operate and

, maintain, and capable of removing over 90a pf-SO, and up to 90% of NO .

.he advantage of simultaneous removal of both ou and NO in one dry process

makes it highly competitive and economically viable. x Process

lith ,Jl Sh?l*he n?ted that electricity generation in the African region

LleasTof ^fxic flL'nCreaSinv and ^ indUStri6S ^ ^^ tO ^ to L

release of toxic flue gases. Yet, environmental consciousness is low and

ntly t0 coatr1 £h l

exist presently to control the release of these 2.6 Industry

2.6.1

tl»liJt?ot7\ technology provide a altitude of industrial

! "7s; S° ™«"^ 'hat it ls impossible to enumerate them in a brief,

report Nuclear techniques benefit most industries. The applications are

not only numerous but diverse, and often one technique is enable oi

serving several purposes. Consequently, it is not easy to devise «"

effective scheme for categorizing them.

62. In term of process, three classes may 3e recognized. In one class

rrr"6" VarylnS a"enuation on Passi°B through the material'of anrtr

ensing of th

Passi°B through the materia

t dii

wl the appropriate sensing of the output radiation provides an image or a scanning of the material. In the second class, radiation fro* a sealed source or.form an isotope taking part in the process (a tracer)

S^es rise to certain physical signals which can be measured to monitor properties of interest,. In the thrid class, the radiation is just a source of energy that induces specific physical, chemical or biological changes resulting in desired properties.in the material receivinE the energy. ,

63. Hany radioisotopes act as the source of radiation in orocesses to which

they are particularly suited. The most popular source is Cobalt-60

installed in about 140 industrial facilities. The radiation may be produced by a separate process organised for that purpose as in the simple case of A-ray from X-ray tube. The separate process may however be complicated as in the production of an cl ctron bem (E71.) frm m accelerator

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87 Page 13

64. For any industrial application certain electron^^^

considered for an seriate choice of^h. - a ion penetration

d6f°S";teri:i- char^of theiadiation which affects penetration; power to rnsurfad^uatrkrSut; intensity for adequate rate of reaction; efficiency;

process control; reliability; and safety.

fiS In tracer techniques these factors present little or no problem bacause

hey ar so ££ isotopes to choose fro,. Ataost all ^™«*« ^f^.

from the tracer technique. The field and applications are so wide that W

is preparing a guidebook on the applications of radioisotope tracers in

industry.

2.6.2 Radiography

66 In radiography the varying attenuation of radiation on passing through the test materials is appropriately scanned e.g. with appropriate emulsion of a photographic film receiving the output radiation. X-rays and ™ ; ^ radiation are used to check welds, casting am. ceramics. > °*h« circumstances neutron absorption is used for detection of voids and undesired inclusions

as in rocket propellants. The process is non-destructive.

2.6.3 Autoradiography

67 Autoradiography works on the saue principle as radiography but in auto-

radiogrtphythe source of the radiation emitted is part of the test, -terial

The st^aaterial is either a natural emitter of radiation or a radioi o oPe

intentionally incorporated in it. This my be usea for checking for faults

in c° tings, ceramics and vital parts of industrial machines and equipment in other situation,, it is used for detecting the localization of particu^-

compounds and elements in parts of plants or organs of aninals.

2.6.4 Detection of Faults

63 A major use of the tracer technique is in the detection of faults.

These incTuL: detection of leakage in oil and other fluid carrying pipes;

location of blockages in pipelines; leakage in undergound well and storage tanks wear inside engir.es and blast furnaces; rusts and corrosion inside

boilersTTeakage in .Li-conductor.; etc. Tracers also monitor leakage m

heat exchangers.

2.6.5 Sterilization. Disinfection and Curing

69. Ga^ radiation, mostly from cobalt-6G is used in sterilization of i«any industrial products especially *en bulky and or prepackaged, ."has also oeen used for disinfection of sewage, sludge and curing of woou-plastic

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 14

composites. The application of electron beams (EB) is limited to thin

materials because of the very shallow penetration. EE is used for curing of coatings on paper, film, wood, plastics, metal etc.} EB have also been used for disinfection of grains and decontamination of animal feed.

2.6.6 Industrial Gauges

70. Nucleonic gauges are able to measure level, thickness and density. They

are usually applied in difficult situations where the use of conventional gauges are not possible or convenient. They have been applied to measure and monitor the level of liquid in a sealed opaque container; the thickness of a moving sheet in a production line; the wear in cutting tools; the density of a corrosive mediums or the density of a fluid at very high teraperatur- inside a furnace. Radiation gauges are also used to control the process of filling packages and tubes, for example: tobacco in a stick of cigrarette toothpaste in a tube, ana the filling of liquids and powder in similar

circumstances.

2.6.7 Quality Control

71. Radiation techniques are ideal for quality control and scores of thousanas are m use in raany industries. Nucleonic gauges are used to optimize quality in industries producing sheets of materials. In the pa-e- mdustry, they continuously monitor the paper weight per unit area and"in steel industry they monitor thickness of steel. In other situations,

quality is ensured by use of tracers to monitor mixin* efficiency and oarticle

size distribution.

2.6.8 Measurement in Dynamic Processes

72. Tracer techniques are particularly convenient and are widely used for

measurement and monitoring in dynamic situations. Examples include flow rates, oranching ratio, by passing, two phases flows, diffusion, permeation and dynamics of migration. Others include oil consumption in industrial Plants, mercury inventory in electrolytic cells, off-shore sand and sediment studies m harbours, silt movement, sand drift studies, and kinetic studies.

2.6.9 Cross-linking and Grafting

73. Electron bean (EB) has found many uses in cross-linking and grafting Low energy EE is used for cross-linking thin wire insulation, polyethylene

film to produce heat shrinkable film for packaging thin ^lastTc nil

High energy EB is used for cross-linking plastics e.g. wire and cable insulation (polyethylene and polyvinylchloride i.e FVC), he.it shrinkable materials, hot water polythylene pipes, foamed polyethlene (used for thermal insulation, crash padding floating jackets, floor mats etc).

Gamma radiation has also been used in grafting for battery separators.

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87 Page 15

2.6.10 Polymerization

74. Gamma radiation is used for polymerization and for ^e improvement of woodrlastic and wood polymer composites. High energy electron beam is also

used for modification of bulk polymers.

2.6.11 Industrial Ilaterial Processing

75 In addition to cross-linking, grafting and polymerization, radiation is

"so used in some other indutrial processes. Gamn» radiation is used for 1 Lotion of rubber latex. High energy electron bean „, al.o used

in vulcanization of rubberr and in the production of high liquid ^sorbent Materials which have resulted in products like tarpon., diapers and air-

freshner elements.

2.7 Electricity Generation

2.7.1 Need for and Supply of Electricity in Africa

76 The strong connection between economic growth and energy consumption is"ver7we 1 known and is genrally demonstrated by the very high energy

nation per caoita coupled with high standard of living ir^^trxal ed

countries as compared with the small energy consumption and low standard of living in most developing countries. Therefore there is no gainsaying the fait that for economic and social development, reliable and economical

energy supplies must be available.

77. To illustrate, with less than 5% of the world population, the USA in

985 consumed 25% of the total world energy Production, an average of aaout 320 GJ per capita, as compared with about 200 GJ average-consumption per

capital for all industrialized countries. The entire developing world with 5. of the world population, in the san* 1985 censu^d only about the sam amount of energy as USA, an average consumption of less than 25 GJ per capita

73. Nearer hoae, a similar comparison holds. In 1978 South Af'-a was responsible for 54.87. of all the electricity oroduced, and 58.1% of all the

electricity consumed in Africa.

The connection between electricity consumption and socio-economic

entTeven stronger. Statistics demonstrate a linear -Uionship

•sri srss^rs:

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 16

a mi, ^ Str°ng conneccion between elctricity consumption

and GDP was not impaired. Therefore, for a higher socio-economic growth,

eWr*r? -laCrea-e the ?roductlon and consumption of energy in general but of

Industrie1 TYh "T^1"' *«y talk of closing the gap between the

industrialized and developing countries would seem to demand a higher rate

L?ZeT "Yhe pr?duCti°n and consur^tion of electricity in the develop

than m the industrialized countries. ' ^

80. In the face of this dire need for a highly accelerated increase in the production and consumption of electricity in Africa, a t983 study by EGA

revealed a dismal picture. During the period 1970-1978, electricity consumption

per capita in developing Africa, grew at the rate of 4.6% per Inn™! C°nSU^tlOn Dunn, the second half of the 1970s, the growth rate droned to onTy 2% per annum as a consequence of increasing energy prices and increasingly difficult

domestic conditions which led to substantial decrease in industrial activities Adopting a historical trend also showed that electricity production cSuld be

increasing at a rate of about 7.4% oer annum between 1978 and 2008.

01. ECA concluded that if historical trends continued, even the proiected moderate potential demand based on 197. consumption trends might no't b«

by the projected supply. The ECA study then iferred:

"The^above projections of electricity production show that, unless developing African countries increase and diversify their nroductive capacity the relatively moderate projected historical demand would have to be substantially curtailed to natch available supply. The frustrated demand by 2000 would amount to 135,667 OWh or twice the total electricity consumption in 1970. The implications of such a situation are quite disastrous as. (1) an increasing number of households would have to live much below the minimum standard of

living (iO rural electrification would be seriously jeopardized as would in consequence, productivity in the agricultural sector and (m) a growing number of industrial activities would continue to be negatively affected by energy shortages. Indeed, if actual consumption in 2008 would have been limited to available supply, the level of per capita consumption in 2008 would be only 561 KWh/

K^SSK*t0 the 1979 >« * i

has not taken into account the other sources of energy such as electricit wmcn will make additional demand on elerrririi-v e.inni-r a j* * ECA rpvim, i-« 1Q7Q *• -'iwau on electricity supply. According to an

c,la review, in 1973 firewood accounted for 85 MTOE representing 70% of the

total energy needed in Africa. Unless the domination'of energy u'ply n

ffrestr " redUCed>/reat ****** wuid be done to agriculture?

P^LrVrrCe!!r3nd ecological balance, and increasing problems of

erosion and desertification would be created.

Page 17

2.7.2 Nuclear -Power Today ■

33. According to IAEA, nuclear nower in developing countries today

contributes only about 3% of their total electricity production, comoarsd with about 13% for industrialized countries, and a world average of 15.5%. It should be instructive to Africa to see the situation in terms of individual countries and consequently the following three tables are reproduced from IAEA

statistics.

Table 1s Nuclear Share in Per Cent of Electricity Production in 19fi6 (Source z IAEA .Pris)

France Belgium Sweden Taiwan

Korea, Rep. of Switzerland Finland Bulgaria

Germany, 7ed. Rep.

Spa in Hungary Japan

Czechoslovakia

69. n 67.0 so .3 43.8*

43.6 39.2 38.4 3C.0 29.4 29.4 25.8 24.7 21.0*

United Kingdom United States Canada

Ger^ay, Dera. Rep.

Argentina

USSR

South Africa Netherlands vuposlavia Italy India Pakistan Brazil

18.4 16.6 14.7 11.6*

11.3*

10.0*

5.3 6.2 5.4 4.5 2,7

34. ^or the world as a whole the nuclear electricity generation as a percentage of the total electricity veneration has steadily increased 5r

0.!% in i960, to G.7% in B35, to 1.G% in 1971, to 5.5% in 1975, to 0.5%

in 1980, and 397 nuclear no- /r reactors ©Derating i:i the 26 countries above nrovideO 1,514.t T-*h or 15.5% of the world's electricity in 193G.

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 18

Table 2: - Distribution of Installed "uclear Generatin- Capacity in the TTorld. 31 Dece^fcer 1936

(Source* IAE/. °riT )

Industrialized Countries; ')2 07

USA France UoSll Japan German Canada United Sweden

Fed. Ren.

Kinpdoir.

30.

16.

10.

9.

6.

4.

3.

9%

3"

1%

4%

9%

1%

7%

5%

.'■-am

■■elwiur*

3itzerland

^inland South Africa Cerran Dei?. Ke^.

Italy

Netherlands

2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0

.2/, At

.1%

= 6%

.5%

.2%

Developing Countries

Korea, Ren. of Taiwan

Czechoslovakia Bulgaria

Hungary

1. ?■%

1.0%

0.6«7 0.5%

India Argentina Prazil Yugoslavia Pakistan

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

k%

3%

2%

2%

1%

3 h fVfcted that n° Africa'"' C0UTtr'r "ugl

3 Wher« 4 of the 10 deveXooin, countries are fron

t^ SLr l

for a nlace in and 2

Page 19

Table 3:

(Source: I'-"

Units

Argentina :.irazil tul^aria Chi~ia Cuba

Czechoslovakia Hungary

India Iran Korei

lexico Pakistan Poland

.orania

\eactors in Operation Total Caoacity

;n: (e)

-> 935

2 1 235 1 :54 5 3^0

632

factors under Construction Total Cavacit*"

1 1 2

1 2 09 1 4

<■»

*( 245 1 ?0f

316 5 50"' 41'-

p ;i >";

2 400 1 300 ' 30^

in USS:1.

Yugoslavia

36. However .^^^^^.t ^^l^

has increased the :,eso,ve or c.ie , . m_.tr,te t^at the risk fron

han.1, the nuclear ^"^ "^7^^'^^ o"er industries and points

nuclear ro^er is r,ot greater than the rxsi i release.

at the Bhcal che,.ical accent on .ecenhcr 7 1X4 in

poisonous r,as. -re i.r.ortantlv. the .bcrno j J,cc^e»t nuci£ar

international co-ooeration for ti,htemn? safety -asures u sa£e or industry. It also rekindled the discussion o^ a £ desir

"fail-safe" reactors that would not require any actio^o ^,

do-* when anything ,oes seriously .ron, . «=e^"L,ctor shut itself 4ov. on

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/87

Page 20

2-7-3 Approach ^to _Power

by an

sources. e generation from diversifiedneed ca« °^ "e satisfied

priroarv

Algeria, Angola, the Cor-

United Republic'of A

countries oil inport rW.M requiren^nts. Conse.u^tly

-»ny African countries ^

«- allocate 60 to 70, of their

Habon

tza re

^ exDorters <* oil, lar«e ™"«tv of African

energv

dovelo,rant in

resources had beer advocated

problem, but in nant ca"^ th 0^^^

suffered fron their prMlStur Ja I

expert group apOo nted ^ IAEA ir 7,T*"&

proven status of nuclear cover ^ \ surrounding solar oov" wind

on then, for lar.e scale electr'

although they could nlay a rol i

areas not connected to ILll L" "ri"^

nuclear power with the M c ! '

coal based power with i^ 'raCtlcal

f 8

of Action, renewable energy

"eW techn°l°^es had

^ in ^-ca. Indeed, a senior

^ view, that in contrast to the

chnlcal '^ econor^ic uncertainties

^ d° nOt "^ ^end

ln the foreseeable future

^ villaRe'1 ^

C°nCluded that ^

and safety standards and

trtuterfofoi!STST^ .Si^ ^ ^

electricity necessarv for General SJ h'-neratio! of the large amounts of

countries. It should bt noted that in r0"^ 'eVe!o™ ™ Oevelboin, cost for a nuclear power "w \ " f generation of electricity, the fuel an oil-fired, one h.lf o* that for 7 i 7- ^ ^ °™ third the f"el "« for

generating cost. coal-fired nlant, assuming plants of equal

90. However, we have seen fro- sectio- ? 7 7 -i.

countries engaged in nuclear wneratior of 1 f V6> *hat °nly ab°Ut 2i% of the developing countries of Asia an" Win\ ^lectr^lty ln "36 belong to the

™jor reasons are the very 4iou^r ^"Ca *"* R°ne Vet fr°Q Africa- T™

engage in nuclear ,o«er .rodu io^ TT° " ■ '>™1°°™ «=«»try wishin. to

govem^nt and national co^i"^; o^Z^t^rV™^* ^^ lack of:

nt, orRamztiontl and regulating basis for radiation

rotectiou, adequate size o..

" inu has consistently ,iven R

i i tne

il, public acceptance- national

,^ technical and scientific

to .,-e

t inu has ^ ^ e

nuclear no«er oroductio-i, in tne course^ . (Vienna) Auto

iiodel for Analysis o, ^i.er y T ., er ^lanninp (jH.'?r).

■" - fM^-rA ai'l T^-aer'-v ,ind Nuclear cw«=i

three

.-atic System

analyse t

expansion in -levelonn,

identified proble-. s an.1 t

the nromtion and finarxi-> of their

•KC bas ,een ,lis^«' V; 1/^ " -

?0 participants To,, 15 oeuber ■•"«» ^" r power introduction and

the ,roble,s of a,-, constrain .»« e;.iechanis,s for dealinR with the

"^ "^r to assist developing countries ,,ith^

ear nower ,ro",ranres. The report o^ the

'^ uctIon is stron.1V advised to

„. vl* source like cobalt-60

t:

for ^aif .

cited above. A

1

-r« the automtic analysis o, the ,*^»' l;e ir,entified anc< thexr amounts

chart fro™ vhich the ^^"^^^^lestructive tool is hasea on tne

accurately deternx.e X.- ™J nucli.,es and their rates of ,ecay.

characteristic '^U li-es ol tnp. .

i«ov —rticles to hii»h energies. -■•■

g4. * .article accelerator -cartes nuc -r ^rticl^ ^.^

UBin, these to bo-^r. ^^^^^^^-0 Action entirolv new .articles

involving transfor'atioos or soteties predicted by theory.

2CA/NRD/ERU/7/87

?ape 22

iJ5« "- nuclear fission reactor ■;<=,.■

occur,. There are sevcrgl ^ » -'evxce xn wfcich controlled chain reaction

;-ost reactors are nuclear t eral'r • *" ' n6ec not '««" us here, fission of uraniu.. isoto,e (U-235) v h" ' '^ therral ""'™ns indue, the

an, t,? Fra;vlents lio.iter ^ £■ ^121™?* nr°dUCt iS 2-5 -'«' neurons

ra^iatxons esrecially electrons and »a-4 ra"s ?■ i'" S Copiouslv e-it diverse

source of diverse nuclear radiation. o* varXl P """^ " a —"able

raSo'0 "°dUCe "■•■""""ves, and i, "I^cin^T^" , I""6 «««'«»> can then radxatxons from w TO source, neutron ^e.era^r an , • , ^ the Sane JurDoses »«

the '-eoiaetry of the reactor nav TOke ,-; ,! ■"••^"articles acclerator though

enormous heat produce' b-.- fissLTct he u!%COn^alent for «=«tain .urooses! Ihe

power reactors. Ca ' he used t, generate electrcity as in nuclear

' in"UStry »n<1 so °". outlined in the

7 ^ "" theS£ ^ilitie. of a

1 above sections' are'base'""on the^

nuclear centre. It is therefore^

tuat can take ,lace in a nuclJ= r^ar^cene earCh a"d "^^ne

applications have been .ievelo.ed as ,, f" It! the first Place all the

continues. a reSl!lt °- research and the research

-'i • Almost all ii-uc t-i p

tecT,nilues. Since the -clearr it and hent which are the

-'-", see and tech^ c^ b

-onseiuently, the research around /reactor i

-^uxtion to adrinistrative ,nJ iPr i

ornallv ha

USUal "Nations,^lea

nUCl6ar

inistrative ,nJ iPr i reactor nornallv ha, research ,1 r

adxation, Protection and Safet,, "

additional de.artr. li C' _'

m

cent" «ith a

" ni«***™. there ^ be

■^ • ihe reactor provides an -11 aspects can he available ii

endeavour. The versatility o? » "^ ""dear 3 —"tive

ECA/NP-D/ERU/7^87 Paee 23

3.

«•

ASSESS.'*'? 0- TEE 3ITUATI';

"esuurces develop -er.t; ■ ineral

anHUcine; Industry; ^

S5J

»■ "

,„ ,„ .

Arab .Tauahiriya

1C2. An exanmle of u^rea

-W.IC*

v.e areas in which nuclear science

L^ a^%

;ion ,nd iraininB. Research aoJ

^t in science and tech»olo~ can

provides onnortunity cor

sarae vein a

an ions in the area or_y ir

^ ifl .,ccra

in

i, in certain r.a-ed African countries as o-lov countries by.19r7>

countries 1. 1^;^.^^ - here ^W b. a totat of 25 -cto.s

in nine countr es ,, ,.... -7 -f^^ r^nre^ed £r the M,. ..

proGUcm.". about oi^ -■ \ / M-lis baba, 24-2- iarcn i^

Leting of African Ezp.rt. - ^ / Unts could be operatin- xn »»«!

secretariat projected ^ ""^^Vfollo^ in one countrv by 19,3, ^

_hMr,ca

secretar ^

African countries outsxde ,

^

A£rica w

from nuclear ?over plants

ECA/NHD/ERU/7/87

24

such a plant ,ir,ht t

^ In

will be o^eratin,

other regions of the develo.in^Jh?

operating in t,/o countries and three ola«, countr.es; in Europe 15 plants are,

17 Plants are under construction in filt I

o-ratin, in four develop,,' countries

in three countries; in the toribbe"

country; and in the ,id,ile East two\Tnts

The situation in the .frica, r»-J V,

be note, that -ccor.i,,?to .4' °^ ^

capacity 1000.'J(e) and Libyan of total capacity ,;,6 :,';(e) .

the construct*

"t ^ UnUkely that «V •««* "" be not«> that t'UClear ;lants '?""

,

1

V devel°^'-« countries and

Sia 2° "lantS are

"" Und" "nstructio, / ""'er c°n"ructiOn in ore

construction in on; coui,trv

? "T' ren6dy- Xt Sh-"

T ■>" U'° "lantS 6ach of

a has also .lanned for tvo slants

regions and thflac'lfof"uch nrc-'rws'in \^TeSS ™de in "^ « otter :'evelo.inP

nuclear w,er but also in other areas o" 4 T^"'? "°u °"ly " the "ea of of developing countries in Asia ,m' "aci^ " io ? '',Chartin" the activities a-Ucations belittles si,_ilar activities in Zl? " ' "" °f i

---ar like ,ood and ^

be°t«.n al-,ays emphasized internatio'a! ^^?T : disc!^.,

jp. It recently convened at ,reat ex"" e

in Geneva, 13 ,t,rch to 10 ,,ril 19fi7 Cor %

in t,,e Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Ene^v £

lized nations (including USA and U-5SR1 a\-«

nuclear safety, thenonudear ^usion oil

international co-operation efforts '

co-o.eration

."eacef"l «ses of. :,uclear ln"Ortant »^ld conference

™,^ /"^"^ional Generation

"" • 6" the leadinF i

cn°,oncTr3tl-^ in ^T in areas lik

MA " the focus oE

"e11

a.vant.Re. In each case thTCs

tion

between all the countries on th,

Asia and the Pacific, it is the IAEA's "

"

coneration arran,,-ent

theoth-- I" the case of

■loi nade ln taese two regions. XImressive ^ro-ress in

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/37

,-ii thP ibove is the urgent need for co-operation in the

°*he"ocu 4 t£ deration shouH take advanta,e. of the

. .he ocus ^r t co-o.eration should 'oster

t^mL to .orce its .ace C

s

^- -r\ ip.s *t?G/t. and the peculiar circumstances o'>:

;"i?ic ;>ro^a ^ a^orciect. .anv dictate, with the involved or ,,,,

of , UI^IDO, IT-fESCO, etc.

t.-r,s

eaer,y. In ^ re,ar. ,entxo, a . ,a;,e^ t.e ^

thl ul Oo.sihle access bv develo.in, countries to

^^^^^1 ..cesses » «£. U- t-J-^-- gatisfy

resources, includin- nuclear technology or tl.e production

their ener^7 nee-s.

co-oneratio, in the reaceful Ues- o- "aclesr ...

(i) considered that international co-o-eratio. in this field .as

indispensablei

and social develorient of rany countries;

(iii) *™ ..rricular attention to oara,ra»h 77 (f) of the ^a,os Plan

(iii)

of Action (T.?A) vhicn recorwended that:

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/37

Pagi- 26

yutmz the 19lO's the strategy for the developing countries c;: Africa in their natural resources !evelo^rfint, should air at working closelv yith the international community and other non-African agencies involved in natural resources development of the region, so that external

resources are directed princinally to natural resources development projects "Mch promote and sustain co-operative arrangements arson?

Merger States so as to e-.ajle the rerion eo obtain the dullest Dossible development benefits florin- fror regional linkages"; 3tv%

(iv) dre'J particular attention t-.. nara-ra^h 293 of T?A on the utilization of nuclear ener-/;. (a) caUin- for the training of the necessary technical cadre and encouragement of research so as to follov technological developments in the field and be aule Co make the ri-ht choice when the time comes; an.f (b) also calling for usin- the uranium nroduce.! in Africa as a source of enerw b«

building nuclear -.ower stations in the forn of joint ^roiects anon?

neighbouring countries in lew of the size of the slants*which would probabalv

be available;

^v^ an': drew particular attention to naragra^ 294 (i) , (c) o- L?'

record lending:

•?ro;otion of the establishment of an African ^uclear rnerrv r-ency

uith a view to follo^in- un r!evelo "-ent in nuclear technology, fortttulatin^

aaci haronisinR nuclear energy ievelo "ent nropranr^es in ,'frica an:l nrovidin- manDover training in the nuclear field ;

(vi) and sur-gested in their ^ara^raph 55(5) of their report thac;

"EGA, in^co-o-eration with other international organizations concerned

suc.i as ?S?\ IAL;', *rJi,, U'TD? and relevant financial institutions should -lay a- active and effective rale in rabilisin* financial -no technical resources, and in or^anizin^. co-operative efforts in su^ort o -eraber :>.ates in the initiation .i^ ex'ansior of activities related to nuclear -cer and other nuclear ?-?vlications por economic an,? social

.evelo-;pent in the region";

(vii) and finally recommended:

"The esta^lishvient of an appropriate international mechanisr to ensure proper and effective coordination and co-ooerative activities ae well as to reviev and monitor progress ani nrovide the necessary guidance and policy directions in the Lnlenentation of the measures ainerl at

■ironotin'-; international co-operation in the neacef-ul uses of nuclear energy for economic and social development".

ECA/tfW 'ERU/7/87

112

^ vnsters Resolution S72( XO m Edition, the EC. Gonference - ^^ ,,ith the executive heads

or

:\frican nuclear sciertists;

s-cio~econo:dc sectors;

(c) ,o assisc Africa countries « master nuclear science a^

teclrioloj'.y; d

with finished nuclear technolor/.

iq^--" bienniut" and the Energ;/ or' ,,3. The a^roveJ rro.ra.^e Bud^et or 1 ^^.^ o, a .^tin". o^ r-over^: .»

^ranr* for 1^5-7 for "^.. "^^ ^'"rican "'uclear Ener^v =».»-J

PXenipotenti.ries for the "f-1"^ "f,^ o,,ortunity to ,«t t. consx^er

^ *^s^v^ —£or ^they '*

as^w for the assistance of EGA.

"-■a an.-1 I*"'"7'! on the

m. T,ere has been so,e consultation ,ef,een -A an. .-.

of a;*ec. . ,o

■« rp of ^C/ in section v*-- .

U5. It regains to a.d that the ^^^ ",^elo"inent of co-ordinated policies

allows 15CA to assist _ ^ro'iotinf economic anfi tectino

as a basis £or practical action i "'e cowers the Connaission, after development in the region; an-.; se^^ ^certied s to establish such subsiMar/

discussion with any s?ecialLZe , e^cilit.,cin. che carrvin- out of its

bo-ues as it rteev-s appropriate ,or -^

responsibilities. ^ . , c --..-.

,16 It is therefore in order to establish --^ — — E(,,; ay

It; the active and effective ™ticnj^ ^r .rassroot liaison -,ith the

-aintain a .mil co-ordinating secretary an expertise and support :or Member States of the re,ion. ite I/-- ^J the I.^A would be enabled to report

„ „„ . -nfl with representation in a. --.» a-jv^ to enable it to nroTar£~es; ^na w-1-1--1 Lt ^_ , , , ^a r-^-.-iresentei m jLi- *-u

their fields o^ operations.

ECA/NRD/ERU/7/37

Page 23

5.

5.1 Introduction

1*8. '''ith AITEC

-terial resources neeJ^^cert

enable ias*er States to ;oiu forces an ac Energy Agency vith ^

«t thc

'13- AI-JEC will .■oster r^

-"Pover, faciHties and e -cxentxstB for Greater ooo in, collaborti

:':™> ■'■■

"

' ay b<3 tO° sml1 *> ^ve a viable

^hin the region ,-ncludinP

ide °^"tUnities to

i and

or Greater ooo in, %^

collaboration. Co-seque,ti.,\rlin ■ ' "^ COT™"ication and

In short, -outh-south'cooperitio" (T"r)" ™'"iB /frlCa Wl11 be -«--«d.

econoroxc development boosted. } "lU ;e "reatl" enhanced and Socio-

y)ojectives

- considerations the

^inR it possible to achieve a stel v '"Clear science an,; technolo-v!

technoloJ°deve4otenVin Africa""

d transfer of

ogy in the African rp,ior of African ca.a'-iUty ir '

plans for ""cl

lear aci3 :„

ECA/TWD/EIHJ/7/87 Page 2y

at the

regional, subre-io

-'n^f'o- 'cot ■■ro'Ta

nuc.ear

"encies

^syster

le throush nuclear science an- tec .0.0

5 .3 ''unctions of A-■ -'-

f the -Ticin nuclear -uer- Co^ission include

The functions of the ...nctin

the ler,ber states

2. ,„ in

""

f facilities of Member States.

■

. - the ruclear never industry frou the 3. To assist ia f:e .ievelo.T.ent o'. ^e nucle ^ .^^

exploration for nuclear materials to t,e nst,;Utx ^ n£cessarv w n

for electricity ^ration, enco-n -j ^lerateJ electrcitv su^ly

the contribution oE^uclear^ov r t the

ror rapid socio-economic ..eve_o.

4. to denote the develoonent Ucation of nuclear tecHniiues to

A a o especially in the

and Toelicine, actf industry

5. To npo-e -^

.ell as .loint .roiects in wh-h he

thereby enhancing ever, uevelon^erc

harness cooperative e,£ort, as -t frw. the Btron,«r country

u.-to-dat. i^tor, o. the ^«H natural resources,

ECA/NRD/EKU/7/37

Page 30

and disseminate essential

'L

teclmolo~v in the region.

8cience an'~

nt workers in the fields activities in nuclear science an-

the ^

t0 achieve

. technology in

points and accelerate -^

-• 1 Introduction

I--'-. f.s stated in the \totV '■•ro^r^n*- ~ u ^-,,

FCA is ejected to organize' a ■■■eetr'-- of ^r!-ECA *?r *he bienn*«-- ^^7, tre

establishr*'.t of an /fricar tTu 1 ^ '"'» "" 'ier51 ^tentiaries on the

Cfie ijCA Conference tc ::vn'or ; ■■*■ ^■^£'ri> -Gsolution 572 0^X1^ a?

on Africa ac-uirin'>V th- biqi!^!?? "" '." t= at cr>r'lasis should he olace.'

ana >en' imw»i uai 'yej-1 mvoJved ror the start in the !PVPiri o ^^i " liai- "-"i science and fprhnni am.^ , cecunolory

technoio-.'. rather ti an Tnere^; receiving f - , nuclear science and fie erohasis is now .leinn place-i t -ii'ished nuclear technology. a5

energy ->roductioa, it is'su^ested^h110 ^ S°ienCe ar'" technology rather thar clevelonr,ent o- nuclear science'an-l cecWo^ ^-'^ eStai)lisSed for ^e

-uch 3 oo.h- coulr, je a co ittee of ex-err / °n a S1 :'le ortanization.

on nuclear Science a-: lechnoio^ ' (-■> r^ ^ ^ Technical A-'visor^ Co :

■'uclear -Inerfy Co-dqoinr- t~-' ' """"' °a ''U""J rather than an African approach has been proposed. a sl!;Tiler and i»re ora-matic

in accordance vrith the -i'^b ^

oi of .eace^ul uses o, nuclear e^r-'r. ;"te.rnatfon?1- deration in the

« is ,ro-,oseJ chat t:,e :V. 3boul.! e,t b'U '-J ' exlst1^ institutions, structure.. The activities of T - r „ t^-^ "ro^^ "ithin its existing

resources division of t:!e ico^onic Co i'«- p je °r;^i«d hy the -atural

-n.l technol0,y Md >Jl!Cr ,; ,,^^e ° ' ; S1?:' for »»» through its science

a vorkip- relationship wif, the'l'rl' ,+ ;rh- '? ~:eCeSS;irv for ECA to vcrk out

"er,y, an,. ,,.hich „„ ,rovide in^ts'.^'t n^ S'1eciali^'' ""ency for .ucle.r

by T\C on :TJC-_. r tie li- -x-o-rar-r.es to be for-nulated '"ovever, in ovier to nro-d,'e so^p -,,■-,•

tne technical ;,r3.ra,,,es in nuclear scLnce ", TTI" ""''" ^ t0 coo^i"«e m nuclear scic.ee and technolo- i" be re^i re" °7 " A*ri"' "

provide one, it ,,111 be necess,rv to ex „ ".the r^" ™^« cannot sources o' funrin---. explore t.,e -ossibility of extra budetary

Page 31

for the consideration of the

m The responsibilities of the «P«t in nuclear science ana technolo,, ,. .o service the Technical Mvisor, <Wt«. on ^ Science an,

Technology (TAC or TOST).

2. To prepare programmes and Technical Advisory Committee.

3. To ,ro,ose -..oliciea an, strategies for the consideration o* the

Technical Advisory Co-vittee.

^o^a-r" records and minutes of the 4. To prepare present and preserve na.er,, records

Technical Advisor; Co::.-ittee.

5. To kee. in touch ,ith, and foster the activities oS -*« States „

nuclear science aivi technolov.

i^ between African nro-ra-r«s anc

„„„; ^

authorities of I7.'' atn -^-<

, ,evelo, ,ocu,entation of nuclear science an, i* toC-rch an, ,evelo,,ent .orders on revest

3. To ,isse,inate information on t,e activities on nuclear science and

technology.

9. ,o .rovide ^visor, services on nuclear science and fchnolo, to

raensber States on request.

6.3 Th

for 8uWep.loM are considered:

125. As a COI.ittee o* exp r nee, to lir,it the size of the echni

...intaininr seo",ra-?hical spreaa. -or

(a) The .orth ,Iric. suh-re^on within to area of coverage of tne ,^

centre at Tangiers:

(b) The Uest Mrica su,-re?ion vithln the area of coverage „, the lan^

centre at Hianey; mr^

(c) ,,e Central Africa suWe.ion witblr the areas of coverage o. the -,

centres at Yaounde and Gisenyi; and

{d) „ ,ast a^ South ^rica suh-re^ion .ithin the area of cover^e o.

tIUX?OC centre at T.asaka.