Champs magn´ etiques, interpolation et sym´ etrie
Jean Dolbeault
http://www.ceremade.dauphine.fr/ ∼ dolbeaul Ceremade, Universit´e Paris-Dauphine
March 29, 2019
S´ eminaire de Math´ ematiques Appliqu´ ees
Coll` ege de France
Outline
Without magnetic fields: symmetry and symmetry breaking in interpolation inequalities
B Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequalities on the sphere B Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
B Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities With magnetic fields in dimensions 2 and 3 B Interpolation inequalities and spectral estimates
B Estimates, numerics; an open question on constant magnetic fields Magnetic rings: the case of S 1
B A one-dimensional magnetic interpolation inequality
B Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring estimates, Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields and a new Hardy inequality in R 2
Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields in R 2 B Aharonov-Bohm effect
B Interpolation and Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities in R 2 B Aharonov-Symmetry and symmetry breaking
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
A joint research program (mostly) with...
M.J. Esteban, Ceremade, Universit´e Paris-Dauphine B symmetry, interpolation, Keller-Lieb-Thirring, magnetic fields
M. Loss, Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta) B symmetry, interpolation, Keller-Lieb-Thirring, magnetic fields
A. Laptev, Imperial College London B Keller-Lieb-Thirring, magnetic fields
D. Bonheure, Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles B Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry and symmetry breaking in interpolation inequalities
without magnetic field
Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequalities on the sphere Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities on R 2
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
A result of uniqueness on a classical example
On the sphere S d , let us consider the positive solutions of
− ∆u + λ u = u p−1 p ∈ [1, 2) ∪ (2, 2 ∗ ] if d ≥ 3, 2 ∗ = d−2 2 d
p ∈ [1, 2) ∪ (2, + ∞ ) if d = 1, 2 Theorem
If λ ≤ d , u ≡ λ 1/(p−2) is the unique solution
[Gidas & Spruck, 1981], [Bidaut-V´eron & V´eron, 1991]
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Bifurcation point of view and symmetry breaking
2 4 6 8 10
2 4 6 8
Figure: (p − 2) λ 7→ (p − 2) µ(λ) with d = 3 k∇ u k 2 L
2( S
d) + λ k u k 2 L
2( S
d) ≥ µ(λ) k u k 2 L
p( S
d)
Taylor expansion of u = 1 + ε ϕ 1 as ε → 0 with − ∆ϕ 1 = d ϕ 1
µ(λ) < λ if and only if λ > d p − 2
B The inequality holds with µ(λ) = λ = p−2 d [Bakry & Emery, 1985]
[Beckner, 1993], [Bidaut-V´eron & V´eron, 1991, Corollary 6.1]
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
The Bakry-Emery method on the sphere
Entropy functional E p [ρ] := p−2 1 h ´
S
dρ
2pdµ − ´
S
dρ dµ
2pi
if p 6 = 2 E 2 [ρ] := ´
S
dρ log
ρ kρk
L1 (Sd)dµ Fisher information functional
I p [ρ] := ´
S
d|∇ ρ
1p| 2 d µ
[Bakry & Emery, 1985] carr´ e du champ method: use the heat flow
∂ρ
∂t = ∆ρ and observe that dt d E p [ρ] = − I p [ρ]
d dt
I p [ρ] − d E p [ρ]
≤ 0 = ⇒ I p [ρ] ≥ d E p [ρ]
with ρ = | u | p , if p ≤ 2 # := (d−1) 2d
2+1
2 J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetryThe evolution under the fast diffusion flow
To overcome the limitation p ≤ 2 # , one can consider a nonlinear diffusion of fast diffusion / porous medium type
∂ρ
∂t = ∆ρ m
[Demange], [JD, Esteban, Kowalczyk, Loss]: for any p ∈ [1, 2 ∗ ] K p [ρ] := d
dt
I p [ρ] − d E p [ρ]
≤ 0
1.0 1.5 2.5 3.0
0.0 0.5 1.5 2.0
(p, m) admissible region, d = 5
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
References
JD, M. J. Esteban, M. Kowalczyk, and M. Loss. Improved interpolation inequalities on the sphere. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems Series S, 7 (4): 695-724, 2014.
JD, M.J. Esteban, and M. Loss. Interpolation inequalities on the sphere: linear vs. nonlinear flows. Annales de la facult´e des sciences de Toulouse S´er. 6, 26 (2): 351-379, 2017
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
The Keller-Lieb-Tirring inequality is equivalent to an interpolation inequality of Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev type
We measure a quantitative deviation with respect to the semi-classical regime due to finite size effects
Joint work with M.J. Esteban and A. Laptev
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
An introduction to (Keller)-Lieb-Thirring inequalities in R d
(λ k ) k≥1 : eigenvalues of the Schr¨odinger operator H = − ∆ − V on R d Euclidean case [Keller, 1961]
| λ 1 | γ ≤ L 1 γ,d ˆ
R
dV γ+
d 2
+
[Lieb-Thirring, 1976]
X
k≥1
| λ k | γ ≤ L γ,d
ˆ
R
dV γ+
d
+
2γ ≥ 1/2 if d = 1, γ > 0 if d = 2 and γ ≥ 0 if d ≥ 3 [Weidl], [Cwikel], [Rosenbljum], [Aizenman], [Laptev-Weidl], [Helffer], [Robert], [JD-Felmer-Loss-Paturel], [JD-Laptev-Loss]...[Frank, Hundertmark, Jex, Nam]
Compact manifolds: log Sobolev case: [Federbusch], [Rothaus];
case γ = 0 (Rozenbljum-Lieb-Cwikel inequality): [Levin-Solomyak];
[Lieb], [Levin], [Ouabaz-Poupaud]... [Ilyin]
B How does one take into account the finite size effects on S d ?
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
H¨ older duality and link with interpolation inequalities
Let p = q−2 q . Consider the Schr¨ odinger energy ˆ
S
d|∇ u | 2 − ˆ
S
dV | u | 2 ≥ ˆ
S
d|∇ u | 2 − µ k u k 2 L
q( S
d)
≥ − λ(µ) k u k 2 L
2( S
d) if µ = k V + k L
p( S
d)
We deduce from k∇ u k 2 L
2( S
d) + λ k u k 2 L
2( S
d) ≥ µ(λ) k u k 2 L
q( S
d) that k∇ u k 2 L
2( S
d) − µ(λ) k u k 2 L
q( S
d) ≥ − λ k u k 2 L
2( S
d)
2 4 6 8 10 12
2 4 6 8 10 12
2 4 6 8 10 12
2 4 6 8 10
µ(λ)
12λ(µ)
q = d = 3
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
A Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequality on the sphere
Let d ≥ 1, p ∈
max { 1, d/2 } , + ∞
and µ ∗ := d 2 (p − 1) Theorem (JD-Esteban-Laptev)
There exists a convex increasing function λ s.t. λ(µ) = µ if µ ∈ 0, µ ∗ and λ(µ) > µ if µ ∈ µ ∗ , + ∞
and, for any p < d/2,
| λ 1 ( − ∆ − V ) | ≤ λ k V k L
p( S
d)
∀ V ∈ L p (S d ) This estimate is optimal
For large values of µ, we have λ(µ) p−
d2= L 1 p−
d2
,d (κ q,d µ) p (1 + o(1))
If p = d /2 and d ≥ 3, the inequality holds with λ(µ) = µ iff µ ∈ [0, µ ∗ ]
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
A Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequality: second formulation
Let d ≥ 1, γ = p − d/2 Corollary (JD-Esteban-Laptev)
| λ 1 ( − ∆ − V ) | γ . L 1 γ,d ˆ
S
dV γ+
d2as µ = k V k L
γ+d2
( S
d) → ∞ if either γ > max { 0, 1 − d /2 } or γ = 1/2 and d = 1 However, if µ = k V k L
γ+d2( S
d) ≤ µ ∗ , then we have
| λ 1 ( − ∆ − V ) | γ+
d2≤ ˆ
S
dV γ+
d2for any γ ≥ max { 0, 1 − d/2 } and this estimate is optimal
L 1 γ,d is the optimal constant in the Euclidean one bound state ineq.
| λ 1 ( − ∆ − φ) | γ ≤ L 1 γ,d ˆ
R
dφ γ+ +
d2dx
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
References
JD, M. J. Esteban, and A. Laptev. Spectral estimates on the sphere. Analysis & PDE, 7 (2): 435-460, 2014
JD, M.J. Esteban, A. Laptev, M. Loss. Spectral properties of Schr¨ odinger operators on compact manifolds: Rigidity, flows,
interpolation and spectral estimates. Comptes Rendus Math´ematique, 351 (11-12): 437-440, 2013
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg, symmetry and symmetry breaking results, and weighted nonlinear flows
Joint work with M.J. Esteban and M. Loss
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
Critical Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequality
Let D a,b := n
v ∈ L p R d , | x | −b dx
: | x | −a |∇ v | ∈ L 2 R d , dx o ˆ
R
d| v | p
| x | b p dx 2/p
≤ C a,b
ˆ
R
d|∇ v | 2
| x | 2 a dx ∀ v ∈ D a,b holds under conditions on a and b
p = 2 d
d − 2 + 2 (b − a) (critical case) B An optimal function among radial functions:
v ? (x ) =
1 + | x | (p−2) (a
c−a) −
p−22and C ? a,b = k | x | −b v ? k 2 p
k | x | −a ∇ v ? k 2 2
Question: C a,b = C ? a,b (symmetry) or C a,b > C ? a,b (symmetry breaking) ?
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Critical CKN: range of the parameters
Figure: d = 3 ˆ
R
d| v | p
| x | b p dx 2/p
≤ C a,b
ˆ
R
d|∇ v | 2
| x | 2 a dx
a b
0 1
−1
b = a
b = a+ 1
a =
d−22p
p = 2 d
d − 2 + 2 (b − a) a < a c := (d − 2)/2 a ≤ b ≤ a + 1 if d ≥ 3, a + 1/2 < b ≤ a + 1 if d = 1 and a < b ≤ a + 1 < 1,
p = 2/(b − a) if d = 2
[Il’in (1961)]
[Glaser, Martin, Grosse, Thirring (1976)]
[Caffarelli, Kohn, Nirenberg (1984)]
[F. Catrina, Z.-Q. Wang (2001)]
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
Linear instability of radial minimizers:
the Felli-Schneider curve
The Felli & Schneider curve b FS (a) := d ( a c − a )
2 p
(a c − a) 2 + d − 1 + a − a c
a b
0
[Smets], [Smets, Willem], [Catrina, Wang], [Felli, Schneider]
The functional C ? a,b
ˆ
R
d|∇ v | 2
| x | 2 a dx − ˆ
R
d| v | p
| x | b p dx 2/p
is linearly instable at v = v
J. Dolbeault?
Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetrySymmetry versus symmetry breaking:
the sharp result in the critical case
[JD, Esteban, Loss (2016)]
a b
0
Theorem
Let d ≥ 2 and p < 2 ∗ . If either a ∈ [0, a c ) and b > 0, or a < 0 and b ≥ b FS (a), then the optimal functions for the critical
Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities are radially symmetric
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
The symmetry proof in one slide
A change of variables: v( | x | α−1 x ) = w (x), D α v = α ∂v ∂s , 1 s ∇ ω v k v k L
2p,d−n( R
d) ≤ K α,n,p k D α v k ϑ L
2,d−n( R
d) k v k 1−ϑ L
p+1,d−n( R
d) ∀ v ∈ H p d−n,d−n (R d )
Concavity of the R´enyi entropy power: with L α = − D ∗ α D α = α 2 u 00 + n−1 s u 0
+ s 1
2∆ ω u and ∂u ∂t = L α u m
− dt d G [u(t , · )] ´
R
du m dµ 1−σ
≥ (1 − m) (σ − 1) ´
R
du m L α P −
´
Rd
´ u |D
αP|
2dµ
Rd
u
mdµ
2
dµ + 2 ´
R
dα 4 1 − 1 n
P 00 − P s
0− α
2(n−1) ∆
ωP s
22
+ 2α s
22∇ ω P 0 − ∇
ωs P
2 u m d µ + 2 ´
R
d(n − 2) α 2 FS − α 2
|∇ ω P | 2 + c(n , m , d) |∇ P
ω2P|
4u m d µ
Elliptic regularity and the Emden-Fowler transformation: justifying the integrations by parts
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
The variational problem on the cylinder
B With the Emden-Fowler transformation
v (r, ω) = r a−a
cϕ(s, ω) with r = | x | , s = − log r and ω = x r the variational problem becomes
Λ 7→ µ(Λ) := min
ϕ∈H
1(C)
k ∂ s ϕ k 2 L
2(C) + k∇ ω ϕ k 2 L
2(C) + Λ k ϕ k 2 L
2(C)
k ϕ k 2 L
p(C)
is a concave increasing function Restricted to symmetric functions, the variational problem becomes
µ ? (Λ) := min
ϕ∈H
1( R )
k ∂ s ϕ k 2 L
2( R
d) + Λ k ϕ k 2 L
2( R
d)
k ϕ k 2 L
p( R
d)
= µ ? (1) Λ α Symmetry means µ(Λ) = µ ? (Λ)
Symmetry breaking means µ(Λ) < µ ? (Λ)
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Interpolation on the sphere
Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities on the sphere
CKN inequalities, symmetry breaking and weighted nonlinear flows
Numerical results
20 40 60 80 100
10 20 30 40 50
symmetric non-symmetric asymptotic
bifurcation µ
Λ
αµ(Λ)
(Λ) = µ
(1) Λ
αParametric plot of the branch of optimal functions for p = 2.8, d = 5.
Non-symmetric solutions bifurcate from symmetric ones at a bifurcation point Λ
1computed by V. Felli and M. Schneider. The branch behaves for large values of Λ as shown by F. Catrina and Z.-Q. Wang
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Three references
Lecture notes on Symmetry and nonlinear diffusion flows...
a course on entropy methods (see webpage)
[JD, Maria J. Esteban, and Michael Loss] Symmetry and symmetry breaking: rigidity and flows in elliptic PDEs
... the elliptic point of view: Proc. Int. Cong. of Math., Rio de Janeiro, 3: 2279-2304, 2018.
[JD, Maria J. Esteban, and Michael Loss] Interpolation inequalities, nonlinear flows, boundary terms, optimality and linearization... the parabolic point of view
Journal of elliptic and parabolic equations, 2: 267-295, 2016.
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
Magnetic interpolation inequalities in the Euclidean space
B Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms B Estimates in dimension d = 2 for constant magnetic fields
Lower estimates
Upper estimates and numerical results
A linear stability result (numerical) and an open question Warning: assumptions are not repeated
Estimates are given only in the case p > 2 but similar estimates hold in the other cases
Joint work with M.J. Esteban, A. Laptev and M. Loss
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Magnetic Laplacian and spectral gap
In dimensions d = 2 and d = 3: the magnetic Laplacian is
− ∆ A ψ = − ∆ ψ − 2 i A · ∇ ψ + | A | 2 ψ − i (div A) ψ
where the magnetic potential (resp. field) is A (resp. B = curl A) and H 1 A (R d ) :=
ψ ∈ L 2 (R d ) : ∇ A ψ ∈ L 2 (R d ) , ∇ A := ∇ + i A Spectral gap inequality
k∇ A ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ Λ[B] k ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) ∀ ψ ∈ H 1 A ( R d ) Λ depends only on B = curl A
Assumption: equality holds for some ψ ∈ H 1 A ( R d ) If B is a constant magnetic field, Λ[B] = | B |
If d = 2, spec( − ∆ A ) = { (2j + 1) | B | : j ∈ N } is generated by the Landau levels. The Lowest Landau Level corresponds to j = 0
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
Magnetic interpolation inequalities
k∇ A ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) + α k ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ µ B (α) k ψ k 2 L
p( R
d) ∀ ψ ∈ H 1 A (R d ) for any α ∈ ( − Λ[B], + ∞ ) and any p ∈ (2, 2 ∗ ),
k∇ A ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) + β k ψ k 2 L
p( R
d) ≥ ν B (β) k ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) ∀ ψ ∈ H 1 A ( R d ) for any β ∈ (0, + ∞ ) and any p ∈ (1, 2)
k∇ A ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ γ ˆ
R
d| ψ | 2 log | ψ | 2 k ψ k 2 L
2( R
d)
!
dx + ξ B (γ) k ψ k 2 L
2( R
d)
(limit case corresponding to p = 2) for any γ ∈ (0, + ∞ )
C p :=
min u∈H
1( R
d)\{0}
k∇uk
2L2 (Rd)
+kuk
2L2 (Rd)
kuk
2Lp(Rd)
if p ∈ (2, 2 ∗ ) min u∈H
1( R
d)\{0}
k∇uk
2L2 (Rd)
+kuk
2Lp(Rd)
kuk
2L2 (Rd)
if p ∈ (1, 2) µ 0 (1) = C p if p ∈ (2, 2 ∗ ), ν 0 (1) = C p if p ∈ (1, 2)
ξ 0 (γ) = γ log π e 2 /γ
if p = 2
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Technical assumptions
A ∈ L α loc ( R d ), α > 2 if d = 2 or α = 3 if d = 3 and
σ→+∞ lim σ d−2 ˆ
R
d| A(x) | 2 e −σ |x| dx = 0 if p ∈ (2, 2 ∗ )
σ→+∞ lim σ
d2−1
log σ ˆ
R
d| A(x) | 2 e −σ |x|
2dx = 0 if p = 2
σ→+∞ lim σ d−2 ˆ
|x|<1/σ | A(x ) | 2 dx if p ∈ (1, 2) These estimates can be found in [Esteban, Lions, 1989]
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
A statement
Theorem
p ∈ (2, 2 ∗ ): µ B is monotone increasing on ( − Λ[B], + ∞ ), concave and
α→(−Λ[B]) lim
+µ B (α) = 0 and lim
α→+∞ µ B (α) α
d−22−
dp= C p
p ∈ (1, 2): ν B is monotone increasing on (0, + ∞ ), concave and
β→0 lim
+ν B (β ) = Λ[B] and lim
β→+∞ ν B (β) β −
2p+d2(2−p)p= C p
ξ B is continuous on (0, + ∞ ), concave, ξ B (0) = Λ[B] and ξ B (γ) = d 2 γ log π γ e
2(1 + o (1)) as γ → + ∞ Constant magnetic fields: equality is achieved
Nonconstant magnetic fields: only partial answers are known
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
2 4 6 8 10 2
4 6 8
Figure: Case d = 2, p = 3, B = 1: plot of α 7→ (2 π)
2p−1µ
B(α)
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 2 4 6 8
Figure: Case d = 2, p = 1.4, B = 1: plot of β 7→ ν
B(β) The horizontal axis is measured in units of (2 π)
1−2pβ
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Magnetic Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities
λ A,V is the principal eigenvalue of − ∆ A + V
α B : (0, + ∞ ) → ( − Λ, + ∞ ) is the inverse function of α 7→ µ B (α) Corollary
(i) For any q = p/(p − 2) ∈ (d /2, + ∞ ) and any potential V ∈ L q + (R d ) λ A,V ≥ − α B ( k V k L
q( R
d) )
lim µ→0
+α B (µ) = Λ and lim µ→+∞ α B (µ) µ
d−2−22 (q+1)q= − C
2 (q+1) d−2−2q
p
(ii) For any q = p/(2 − p) ∈ (1, + ∞ ) and any 0 < W −1 ∈ L q (R d ) λ A,W ≥ ν B
k W −1 k −1 L
q( R
d)
(iii) For any γ > 0 and any W ≥ 0 s.t. e −W /γ ∈ L 1 (R d ) λ A,W ≥ ξ B (γ) − γ log ´
R
de −W /γ dx
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
Proofs
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Interpolation without magnetic field...
Assume that p > 2 and let C p denote the best constant in k∇ u k 2 L
2( R
d) + k u k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ C p k u k 2 L
p( R
d) ∀ u ∈ H 1 ( R d ) By scaling, if we test the inequality by u · /λ
, we find that
k∇ u k 2 L
2( R
d) +λ 2 k u k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ C p λ 2− d (1−
2p) k u k 2 L
p( R
d) ∀ u ∈ H 1 (R d ) ∀ λ > 0 An optimization on λ > 0 shows that the best constant in the
scale-invariant inequality k∇ u k d (1−
2 p
)
L
2( R
d) k u k 2−d (1−
2 p
)
L
2( R
d) ≥ S p k u k 2 L
p( R
d) ∀ u ∈ H 1 ( R d ) is given by
S p = 2 1 p (2 p − d (p − 2)) 1−d
p−22p(d (p − 2))
d(p−2)2pC p
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
... and with magnetic field
Proposition
Let d = 2 or 3. For any p ∈ (2, + ∞ ), any α > − Λ = − Λ[B] < 0
µ B (α) ≥ µ interp (α) :=
S p (α + Λ) Λ −d
p−22pif α ∈ h
− Λ, Λ (2p−d d (p−2) (p−2)) i C p α 1−d
p−22pif α ≥ Λ (2p−d d (p−2) (p−2))
Diamagnetic inequality: k∇| ψ |k L
2( R
d) ≤ k∇ A ψ k L
2( R
d)
Non-magnetic inequality with λ = α+Λ 1−t t , t ∈ [0, 1]
k∇ A ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) + α k ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ t
k∇ A ψ k 2 L
2( R
d) − Λ k ψ k 2 L
2( R
d)
+ (1 − t)
k∇| ψ |k L
2( R
d) + α + Λ t
1 − t k ψ k 2 L
2( R
d)
≥ C p (1 − t)
d(p−2)2p(α + t Λ) 1−d
p−22pk ψ k 2 L
p( R
d)
and optimize on t ∈ [max { 0, − α/Λ } , 1]
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
The special case of constant magnetic field in dimension d = 2
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
Constant magnetic field, d = 2...
Assume that B = (0, B) is constant, d = 2 and choose A 1 = B 2 x 2 , A 2 = − B 2 x 1 ∀ x = (x 1 , x 2 ) ∈ R 2 Proposition
[Loss, Thaller, 1997] Consider a constant magnetic field with field strength B in two dimensions. For every c ∈ [0, 1], we have
ˆ
R
2|∇ A ψ | 2 dx ≥ 1 − c 2 ˆ
R
2|∇ ψ | 2 dx + c B ˆ
R
2ψ 2 dx and equality holds with ψ = u e iS and u > 0 if and only if
− ∂ 2 u 2 , ∂ 1 u 2
= 2 u 2
c (A + ∇ S)
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
... a computation (d = 2, constant magnetic field)
ˆ
R
2|∇ A ψ | 2 dx = ˆ
R
2|∇ u | 2 dx + ˆ
R
2| A + ∇ S | 2 u 2 dx
= 1 − c 2 ˆ
R
2|∇ u | 2 dx + ˆ
R
2c 2 |∇ u | 2 + | A + ∇ S | 2 u 2 dx
| {z }
≥ ´
R2
2 c |∇u| |A+∇S|u dx
with equality only if c |∇ u | = | A + ∇ S | u
2 |∇ u | | A + ∇ S | u = |∇ u 2 | | A + ∇ S | ≥ ∇ u 2 ⊥
· (A + ∇ S) where ∇ u 2 ⊥
:= − ∂ 2 u 2 , ∂ 1 u 2 Equality case: − ∂ 2 u 2 , ∂ 1 u 2
= γ (A + ∇ S) for γ = 2 u 2 /c Integration by parts yields
ˆ
R
2c 2 |∇ u | 2 + | A + ∇ S | 2 u 2
dx ≥ B c ˆ
R
2u 2 dx
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
... a lower estimate (d = 2, constant magnetic field)
Proposition
Consider a constant magnetic field with field strength B in two dimensions. Given any p ∈ (2, + ∞ ), and any α > − B, we have
µ B (α) ≥ C p 1 − c 2 1−
p2(α + c B )
2p=: µ LT (α) with
c = c(p, η) =
p η 2 + p − 1 − η
p − 1 = 1
η + p
η 2 + p − 1 ∈ (0, 1) and η = α (p − 2)/(2 B)
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Upper estimate (1): d = 2, constant magnetic field
For every integer k ∈ N we introduce the special symmetry class ψ(x) =
x
2+i x
1|x|
k
v( | x | ) ∀ x = (x 1 , x 2 ) ∈ R 2 ( C k ) [Esteban, Lions, 1989]: if ψ ∈ C k , then
1 2 π
ˆ
R
2|∇ A ψ | 2 dx = ˆ +∞
0 | v 0 | 2 r dr + ˆ +∞
0 k r − B r 2
2
| v | 2 r dr and optimality is achieved in C k
Test function v σ (r) = e − r
2/(2 σ) : an optimization on σ > 0 provides an explicit expression of µ Gauss (α) such that
Proposition If p > 2, then
µ B (α) ≤ µ Gauss (α) ∀ α > − Λ[B]
This estimate is not optimal because v σ does not solve the Euler-Lagrange equations
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
Upper estimate (2): d = 2, constant magnetic field
A more numerical point of view . The Euler-Lagrange equation in C 0 is
− v 00 − v 0 r +
B
24 r 2 + α
v = µ EL (α) ˆ +∞
0 | v | p r dr
p2−1
| v | p−2 v We can restrict the problem to positive solutions such that
µ EL (α) =
ˆ +∞
0 | v | p r dr 1−
p2and then we have to solve the reduced problem
− v 00 − v 0 r +
B
24 r 2 + α
v = | v | p−2 v
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Numerical results and the symmetry issue
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
2 4 6 8 10
-1 1 2 3
0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
2 4
-1
6
Figure: Case d = 2, p = 3, B = 1 Upper estimates: α 7→ µ
Gauss(α), µ
EL(α) Lower estimates: α 7→ µ
interp(α), µ
LT(α)
The exact value associated with µ
Blies in the grey area.
Plots represent the curves log
10(µ/µ
EL)
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Asymptotics (1): Lowest Landau Level
Proposition
Let d = 2 and consider a constant magnetic field with field strength B. If ψ α is a minimizer for µ B (α) such that k ψ α k L
p( R
d) = 1, then there exists a non trivial ϕ α ∈ LLL such that
α→(−B) lim
+k ψ α − ϕ α k H
1A( R
2) = 0
Let ψ α ∈ H 1 A (R 2 ) be an optimal function such that k ψ α k L
p( R
d) = 1 and let us decompose it as ψ α = ϕ α + χ α , where ϕ α ∈ LLL and χ α is in the orthogonal of LLL
µ B (α) ≥ (α+B) k ϕ α k 2 L
2( R
d) +(α+3B) k χ α k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ (α+3B) k χ α k 2 L
2( R
d) ∼ 2B k χ α k 2 L
2( R
d)
as α → ( − B) + because k∇ χ α k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ 3B k χ α k 2 L
2( R
d)
Since lim α→(−B)
+µ B (α) = 0, lim α→(−B)
+k χ α k L
2( R
d) = 0 and
µ B (α) = (α+B) k ϕ α k 2 L
2( R
d) + k∇ A χ α k 2 L
2( R
d) +α k χ α k 2 L
2( R
d) ≥ 2 3 k∇ A χ α k 2 L
2( R
d)
concludes the proof
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
Asymptotics (2): semi-classical regime
Let us consider the small magnetic field regime. We assume that the magnetic potential is given by
A 1 = B 2 x 2 , A 2 = − B 2 x 1 ∀ x = (x 1 , x 2 ) ∈ R 2
if d = 2. In dimension d = 3, we choose A = B 2 ( − x 2 , x 1 , 0) and observe that the constant magnetic field is B = (0, 0, B), while the spectral gap is Λ[B] = B .
Proposition
Let d = 2 or 3 and consider a constant magnetic field B of intensity B with magnetic potential A
For any p ∈ (2, 2 ∗ ) and any fixed α and µ > 0, we have
ε→0 lim
+µ εB (α) = C p α
dp−
d−22Consider any function ψ ∈ H 1 A (R d ) and let ψ(x ) = χ( √ ε x ),
√ ε A x / √ ε
= A(x) with our conventions on A
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Numerical stability of radial optimal functions
Let us denote by ψ 0 an optimal function in ( C 0 ) such that
− ψ 0 00 − ψ 0 0 r +
B
24 r 2 + α
ψ 0 = | ψ 0 | p−2 ψ 0
and consider the test function
ψ ε = ψ 0 + ε e i θ v where v = v (r ) and e i θ = (x 1 + i x 2 )/r As ε → 0 + , the leading order term is
2 π ˆ
R
2| v 0 | 2 dx + ˆ
R
21 r − B r 2
2 + α
| v | 2 dx − p 2
ˆ +∞
0 | ψ 0 | p−2 v 2 r dr
ε 2
and we have to solve the eigenvalue problem
− v 00 − v 0 r +
1 r − B r 2
2 + α
v − p 2 | ψ 0 | p−2 v = µ v
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
2 4 6 8
1 2 3 4
Figure: Case p = 3 and B = 1: plot of the eigenvalue µ as a function of α A careful investigation shows that µ is always positive, including in the limiting case as α → (−B )
+, thus proving the numerical stability of the optimal function in C
0with respect to perturbations in C
1J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
An open question of symmetry
[Bonheure, Nys, Van Schaftingen, 2016] for a fixed α > 0 and for B small enough, the optimal functions are radially symmetric functions, i.e., belong to C 0
This regime is equivalent to the regime as α → + ∞ for a given B, at least if the magnetic field is constant
Numerically our upper and lower bounds are (in dimension d = 2, for a constant magnetic field) numerically extremely close
The optimal function in C 0 is linearly stable with respect to perturbations in C 1
B Prove that the optimality case is achieved among radial function if d = 2 and B is a constant magnetic field
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Three interpolation inequalities and their dual forms Proofs for general magnetic fields
Estimates in dimensiond= 2 for constant magnetic fields Numerical results and the symmetry issue
Reference
JD, M.J. Esteban, A. Laptev, M. Loss. Interpolation inequalities and spectral estimates for magnetic operators. Annales Henri Poincar´e, 19 (5): 1439-1463, May 2018
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Magnetic rings
B A magnetic interpolation inequality on S 1 : with p > 2 k ψ 0 + i a ψ k 2 L
2( S
1) + α k ψ k 2 L
2( S
1) ≥ µ a,p (α) k ψ k 2 L
p( S
1)
B Consequences
A Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequality
A new Hardy inequality for Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields in R 2 Joint work with M.J. Esteban, A. Laptev and M. Loss
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Magnetic interpolation on the circle Proof: how to eliminate the phase
Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring and Hardy inequalities
Magnetic flux, a reduction
Assume that a : R → R is a 2π-periodic function such that its restriction to ( − π, π] ≈ S 1 is in L 1 (S 1 ) and define the space
X a :=
ψ ∈ C per ( R ) : ψ 0 + i a ψ ∈ L 2 ( S 1 )
A standard change of gauge (see e.g. [Ilyin, Laptev, Loss, Zelik, 2016])
ψ(s) 7→ e i
´
s−π
(a(s)−¯ a) dσ ψ(s) where a ¯ := ´ π
−π a(s) dσ is the magnetic flux, reduces the problem to a is a constant function
For any k ∈ Z , ψ by s 7→ e iks ψ(s) shows that µ a,p (α) = µ k+a,p (α) a ∈ [0, 1]
µ a,p (α) = µ 1−a,p (α) because
| ψ 0 + i a ψ | 2 = | χ 0 + i (1 − a) χ | 2 =
ψ 0 − i a ψ
2 if χ(s) = e −is ψ(s) a ∈ [0, 1/2]
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Optimal interpolation
We want to characterize the optimal constant in the inequality k ψ 0 + i a ψ k 2 L
2( S
1) + α k ψ k 2 L
2( S
1) ≥ µ a,p (α) k ψ k 2 L
p( S
1)
written for any p > 2, a ∈ (0, 1/2], α ∈ ( − a 2 , + ∞ ), ψ ∈ X a µ a,p (α) := inf
ψ∈X
a\{0}
´ π
−π | ψ 0 + i a ψ | 2 + α | ψ | 2 dσ k ψ k 2 L
p( S
1)
p = − 2 = 2 d /(d − 2) with d = 1 [Exner, Harrell, Loss, 1998]
p = + ∞ [Galunov, Olienik, 1995] [Ilyin, Laptev, Loss, Zelik, 2016]
lim α→− a
2µ a,p (α) = 0 [JD, Esteban, Laptev, Loss, 2016]
Using a Fourier series ψ(s) = P
k ∈ Z ψ k e iks , we obtain that k ψ 0 + i a ψ k 2 L
2( S
1) = X
k ∈ Z
(a + k) 2 | ψ k | 2 ≥ a 2 k ψ k 2 L
2( S
1)
ψ 7→ k ψ 0 + i a ψ k 2 L
2( S
1) + α k ψ k 2 L
2( S
1) is coercive for any α > − a 2
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Magnetic interpolation on the circle Proof: how to eliminate the phase
Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring and Hardy inequalities
An interpolation result for the magnetic ring
Theorem
For any p > 2, a ∈ R , and α > − a 2 , µ a,p (α) is achieved and
(i) if a ∈ [0, 1/2] and a 2 (p + 2) + α (p − 2) ≤ 1, then µ a,p (α) = a 2 + α and equality is achieved only by the constant functions
(ii) if a ∈ [0, 1/2] and a 2 (p + 2) + α (p − 2) > 1, then µ a,p (α) < a 2 + α and equality is not achieved by the constant functions
If α > − a 2 , a 7→ µ a,p (α) is monotone increasing on (0, 1/2)
-0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Figure: α 7→ µ
a,p(α) with p = 4 and (left) a = 0.45 or (right) a = 0.2
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
The proof: how to eliminate the phase
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Magnetic interpolation on the circle Proof: how to eliminate the phase
Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring and Hardy inequalities
Reformulations of the interpolation problem (1/3)
Any minimizer ψ ∈ X a of µ a,p (α) satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equation (H a + α) ψ = | ψ | p−2 ψ , H a ψ = −
d ds + i a
2
ψ (*)
up to a multiplication by a constant and v (s) = ψ(s) e ias satisfies the condition
v (s + 2π) = e 2iπa v (s) ∀ s ∈ R Hence
µ a,p (α) = min
v∈Y
a\{0} Q p,α [v]
where Y a :=
v ∈ C ( R ) : v 0 ∈ L 2 ( S 1 ) , (*) holds and Q p,α [v] := k v 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) + α k v k 2 L
2( S
1)
k v k 2 L
p( S
1)
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Reformulations of the interpolation problem (2/3)
With v = u e iφ the boundary condition becomes
u(π) = u( − π) , φ(π) = 2π (a + k ) + φ( − π) (**) for some k ∈ Z , and k v 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) = k u 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) + k u φ 0 k 2 L
2( S
1)
Hence
µ a,p (α) = min
(u,φ)∈Z
a\{0}
k u 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) + k u φ 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) + α k u k 2 L
2( S
1)
k u k 2 L
p( S
1)
where Z a :=
(u , φ) ∈ C( R ) 2 : u 0 , u φ 0 ∈ L 2 ( S 1 ) , (**) holds
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Magnetic interpolation on the circle Proof: how to eliminate the phase
Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring and Hardy inequalities
Reformulations of the interpolation problem (3/3)
We use the Euler-Lagrange equations
− u 00 + | φ 0 | 2 u + α u = | u | p−2 u and (φ 0 u 2 ) 0 = 0
Integrating the second equation, and assuming that u never vanishes , we find a constant L such that φ 0 = L / u 2 . Taking (*) into account, we deduce from
L ˆ π
−π
ds u 2 =
ˆ π
−π
φ 0 ds = 2π (a + k ) that
k u φ 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) = L 2 ˆ π
−π
dσ
u 2 = (a + k) 2 k u −1 k 2 L
2( S
1)
Hence
φ(s) − φ(0) = a + k k u −1 k 2 L
2( S
1)
ˆ s
−π
ds u 2
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Let us define
Q a,p,α [u] := k u 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) + a 2 k u −1 k −2 L
2( S
1) + α k u k 2 L
2( S
1)
k u k 2 L
p( S
1)
Lemma
For any a ∈ (0, 1/2), p > 2, α > − a 2 , µ a,p (α) = min
u∈H
1( S
1)\{0} Q a,p,α [u]
is achieved by a function u > 0
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Magnetic interpolation on the circle Proof: how to eliminate the phase
Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring and Hardy inequalities
Proofs
The existence proof is done on the original formulation of the problem using the diamagnetic inequality
ψ(s) e ias = v 1 (s) + i v 2 (s), solves
− v j 00 + α v j = (v 1 2 + v 2 2 )
p2−1 v j , j = 1 , 2
and the Wronskian w = (v 1 v 2 0 − v 1 0 v 2 ) is constant so that ψ(s) = 0 is incompatible with the twisted boundary condition
if a 2 (p + 2) + α (p − 2) ≤ 1, then µ a,p (α) = a 2 + α because
k u 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) +a 2 k u −1 k −2 L
2( S
1) +α k u k 2 L
2( S
1) = (1 − 4 a 2 ) k u 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) +α k u k 2 L
2( S
1)
+ 4 a 2
k u 0 k 2 L
2( S
1) + 1 4 k u −1 k 2 L
2( S
1)
if a 2 (p + 2) + α (p − 2) > 1, the test function u ε := 1 + ε w 1
Q a,p,α [u ε ] = a 2 + α + 1 − a 2 (p + 2) − α (p − 2)
ε 2 + o (ε 2 ) proves the linear instability of the constants and µ a,p (α) < a 2 + α
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Q a,p,α [u] := ku
0
k
2L2 (S1 )+a
2ku
−1k
−2L2 (S1 )+α kuk
2L2 (S1 )kuk
2Lp(S1 )
,
µ a,p (α) = min
u∈H
1( S
1)\{0} Q a,p,α [u]
Q p,α [u] = Q a=0,p,α [u] , ν p (α) := inf
v ∈H
10( S
1)\{0} Q p,α [v ] Proposition
∀ p > 2, α > − a 2 , we have µ a,p (α) < µ 1/2,p (α) ≤ ν p (α) = µ 1/2,p (α)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Figure: p = 4, α = 0, a = 0.40, 0.41,. . . 0.49; u
00+ u
p−1= 0
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Magnetic interpolation on the circle Proof: how to eliminate the phase
Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring and Hardy inequalities
Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequalities and Hardy inequalities for Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
A Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequality
Magnetic Schr¨odinger operator H a − ϕ = − ds d + i a 2 ψ − ϕ The function α 7→ µ a,p (α) is monotone increasing, concave, and therefore has an inverse, denoted by α a,p : R + → ( − a 2 , + ∞ ), which is monotone increasing, and convex
Corollary
Let p > 2, a ∈ [0, 1/2], q = p/(p − 2) and assume that ϕ is a non-negative function in L q (S 1 ). Then
λ 1 (H a − ϕ) ≥ − α a,p k ϕ k L
q( S
1)
and α a,p (µ) = µ − a 2 iff 4 a 2 + µ (p − 2) ≤ 1 (optimal ϕ is constant) Equality is achieved
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Symmetry in non-magnetic interpolation inequalities Magnetic interpolation in the Euclidean space Magnetic rings: the one-dimensional periodic case Symmetry in Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
Magnetic interpolation on the circle Proof: how to eliminate the phase
Consequences: Keller-Lieb-Thirring and Hardy inequalities
Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields
On the two-dimensional Euclidean space R 2 , let us introduce the polar coordinates (r, ϑ) ∈ [0, + ∞ ) × S 1 of x ∈ R 2 and consider a magnetic potential a in a transversal (Poincar´e) gauge, or Poincar´e gauge
(a, e r ) = 0 and (a, e ϑ ) = a ϑ (r , ϑ) Magnetic Schr¨ odinger energy
ˆ
R
2| (i ∇ +a) Ψ | 2 dx = ˆ +∞
0
ˆ π
−π
| ∂ r Ψ | 2 + 1
r 2 | ∂ ϑ Ψ + i r a ϑ Ψ | 2
r dϑ d r Aharonov-Bohm magnetic fields: a ϑ (r, ϑ) = a/r for some constant a ∈ R (a is the magnetic flux), with magnetic field b = curl a ˆ
R
2| (i ∇ +a) Ψ | 2 dx ≥ τ ˆ
R
2ϕ(x/ | x | )
| x | 2 | Ψ | 2 dx ∀ ϕ ∈ L q (S 1 ) , q ∈ (1, + ∞ )
= ⇒ τ = τ a, k ϕ k L
q( S
1)
?
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry
Hardy inequalities
[Hoffmann-Ostenhof, Laptev, 2015] proved Hardy’s inequality ˆ
R
d|∇ Ψ | 2 dx ≥ τ ˆ
R
dϕ(x/ | x | )
| x | 2 | Ψ | 2 dx
where the constant τ depends on the value of k ϕ k L
q( S
d−1) and d ≥ 3 Aharonov-Bohm vector potential in dimension d = 2
a(x) = a x 2
| x | 2 , − x 1
| x | 2
, x = (x 1 , x 2 ) ∈ R 2 , a ∈ R and recall the inequality [Laptev, Weidl, 1999]
ˆ
R
2| (i ∇ + a) Ψ | 2 dx ≥ min
k ∈ Z
(a − k ) 2 ˆ
R
2| Ψ |
| x | 2 dx
J. Dolbeault Magnetic fields,interpolation & symmetry