Unconventional water resource use and management

Bari : CIHEAM

Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 1(1) 1993

pages 57-74

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--- Indelicato S., Tamburino V., Zimbone S.M. U n con ven tion al water resou rce u se an d man agemen t.

Etat de l'agriculture en Méditerranée : Ressources en eau : développement et gestion dans les pays méditerranéens . Bari : CIHEAM, 1993. p. 57-74 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 1(1))

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S . (*), V.(**), Zimbone (**)

as most of

an

is quite difficult to make a classification of

the is the most in managing

is a complex since

of unconventional ^. content (such as

with high saline as sea some and

.

a long most use of

this a is the main

effects of of The of

the analysis of case-studies.lead us to the conclusion that the development of in

on the guidelines.

out with the financial of in the context of 1.

(*) (**)

3.1

et comme la plupah des pays de la

l’utilisation de non conventionnelles la

satisfaction des besoins est difficile une

classification non conventionnelles. La qualite de l’eau est le plus la gestion des non conventionnelle; la qualite

l .

avec continuite. On deux de

et contenu de (comme les eaux usCes municipa1es)’et la seconde incluant

saline (comme et les eaux

usees et etc.). le

des eaux usees municipales a et6 et

maintenant il le systkme d’utilisation plus des

non conventionnelles, cette un qui met en evidence les

, effets dans l’utilisation en des eaux usee municipales. Les

de la et l’analyse des cas nous de que le

developpement est negligeable dans les

y a des valides la specifique et en se fondant les

~

1.

and each use has specific spatial of

of quantity quality (Yevjevich, 1978).

has usually modified the of in to satisfy

demand; has been modified by means of plants,

by means of location by means of supply,

conveyance and also been made to modify

by seeding clouds with

The main uses life,

, and navigation. Some of

as acquatic life sometimes been classified

The of salts and waste elements (both with a

the in also

as Conventional

is no to be

of such

sea has

the snow, is

and the in in These

definitions of as

of quantity and quality.

The sea These

the quality is The

kept in some to

the type of in; fol- example, this is the case of

is in

The definition of is most

influence quantitative and of in

of not

be

3.3

l

2. The robe water

~ As is in managing unconventional

~

some

quality is the most complex of the space, time) each use.

of depends on the.type solids

(dissolved suspended); the

can also affect the suitability of the use.

by means of he can also

unintentionally affect way) All

be modified by means of quite

costs. costs play a

' these costs can about U100 US mA3 (e.g. simple

1/10 US mA3 of. With advanced

of

cost cost the desalination of sea to cost and plant type and size) 1 US

..

As we can see, in some cases of ^'

expensive supply, costs);

guideline, given in 1958 by the Social Council of the O.N.U.,

of quality, unless it is a which

a quality of be is widely accepted.

Often, of has

use The kinds of is

of no if is to

(including in situ uses such as

by modifying

As of fact and in

in by utilization modalities. A is given by the

of

example in have a

saline in a consequence of

volumes is almost the

seems to in

2.2 uses of urzcowerztiorzal water resources As we have seen it is difficult to

select two main the content o f ^.

dissolved solids. Sea

some level of salinity which

may be included in this The

of dissolved solids the salts

elements almost all kinds of uses aquatic life

and some Less such-as

use only this

of soil and

modalities limit the disadvantages linked to salinity (i.e. in to

et

The of dissolved solids

may be osmosis The

desalination of sea is an economic point of is

in in

plants which can keep the costs low by out the double function of

The of. should all those

which contain animal quality is consequently

a high content of

zootechnic food

effluents, not to mention some

may all be included in this The substances in few exceptions (i.e. do not pollute cultivated soils; consequently,

in many of the the use of is ideal.

As space is limited we the of

municipal

and enough to

us to make some

2.3 of tvastewater for ana! subsequent erzvirorzmerztal efiects

As of conditions is the

most of all the possible of unconventional use.

speaking this is most common in the inland at a

suitable height above sea level some cases it is

also to the effluent of by suitable

(Shuval et et al., 1990).

in a complex way a

which make the evaluation of of

difficult et al., 1992).

The to the the absence of a

i n bodies, the soil of salts,

heavy metals, etc.) the (to

soil, etc.) of of effects of

etc.), as shown in the cause- condition-ëffect

I :

of fig. 1. The of the effects depend on a single condition on a combination of conditions.

Some less by a dotted

line) soil of

gaseous substances.

1 shows of effects

each link in it is to develop a

quantifies the effects on the basis of the values assumed by

impact actions and conditions. some cases this is as of This is the case of the

on soil the

of

a to

it is to

established,

on the effects of municipal out in

at

al.,

- the of of

(ni-

- of soi1

- the on

(the effects depending also on

- to the soil the actual and poten-

tial volume of

3.7

\

-

2.4 Loculized wastewater irrigation order tu reduce sanitaly risks

The m i n of is constituted by This

can be solved both by by

to

fact in s~nall of

of Thus, in these cases it is best to limit

example just to lo

any contact of et al., 1989).

as

if in

often occlusion of is a

out in study the causes of

occlusion of at

The a

between 2 and 4 et al., et al., 1988). flows

to as

in

of unit is usually possible to

flows to acceptable values by of

sufficient length. Good also 1972, 1979).

to of occhsion, by holes

between 0.5 and 1.5 to half of is sufficient.

Cleaning out of nylon

with out of

have to be so often even if effluent has been employed.

out on systems have shown

a low absent of

contact of a of

3.9

due (in

to et al., 1988).

3. ON

No complete on in

is some .cannot on

2O0*1OA6 of which 70% is

on 46*10*3 long.

The one

climatic conditions. The some of

the Yugoslavia) have

availability of fully nlade use of. The

Spain) and the island of

have less some of these

to e. g. Sicily and

a case the of as they have a the South and the

East of Libya,

Tunisia); in widely used:

in Egypt and

in

At the moment amounts to

than 16*10A6 ha. some East,

of the

is a when dealing with

some exist; in

Spain be adapted by the some

some set down; in it would seem that

no

The of of some (i.e.

in 1973 1989 the published some

guidelines on These

guidelines have been adopted by is in of applying them.

is of 2 20

to be cooked, but in fact in some as Emilia

less

Tunisia has These

the the quality of

the conditions of use of in

of is laid down; this of a

into et al., 1990).

Egypt, of some

kinds of qudity

of the effluents et al., 1985; Soulie et al., 1991).

of set down in 1988,

of

a11 because of the lack of 1978).

of

and the quality of et al., 1991).

et in some guidelines

given in

some

out

3.11

The of is the

This above all in the

in of common in

have also been many aiming at

' The out in the

techniques methods, type etc.

simple techniques such as stabilization ponds seem to

good technical and economical small systems

et ponds do

limiting small by a low economic value of

land.

The development of is quite one to

in the While

has been developed mainly in the South and in the East, in the

it has been employed above of

golf etc.) in a means to

of seems to be limited to cases (Soulie et al., 1991).

the of than a and has

all the in of a et al., 1991).

with its of islands and coastlines about

with seems on a modest scale despite the

need coastal et al.,

1991).

as of

demand cannot be met by the limited availability of conventional

Almost all About 18 of

is equal to about 25%

80% of comes

l '

l i

of et

al., 1982).

studjes have been developed

out on the municipal sewage of Foggia (1932) and Naples

(1971). Studies the planning of of have out in Sicily,

The of most of the

cases of and by the

of in

must and the psycological opposition that is the cause

conle in the

of in et al., 1982; et al., 1989).

a long time,

above all of the big towns. The is

is then used mainly to and

Owing to the of being

out in to suitable

(Soulie et al., 1991).

in some has been adopted,

epidemics and a high saline content in

Spain, despite being one of of has been going

a long cases as as

a specific plan of et al., 1991).

with of about 1.5*10*3 1988

is 90% of it

and in some cases golf et al.,

1990).

its in the

does not seem to have examined in a

possibility of if in above

3.13

all in the coastal the subsequent

of et al., 1991).

4. .

as the use of

has been seen to play an in

satisfying the

The use as instance

of of

effects of of

and its of many

such soil, subsoil

cultivated and availabilty and cost of the best

technical and economic solution has to be chosen individual case. The of the analysis of case-studies lead us to the conclusion that the development of

. a in the

good should be

based on and should the diffusion of planned and

The of is not to be

in the management of attention should be paid such as saline content, which involve costs significant negative effects on utilization.

A.S., 1985, Egyptian in the and use of sewage and sludge in of the FAO

Nicosia,

1985, of (the Ghouta) with polluted

the of the FAO Nicosia,

l G., 1989, sul di Gela, Atti del del

l l

Catania su: Nuove le zone Sicilia, 27-29

i

A., 1992, study on the influence of with saline

using and on tomato and salt in soils,

of the 16th vol. 1.

A., 1987, Tunisienne de et d’utilisation des

effluents et fins, on

S., Li Nicosia O., 1988, di con acque

Secondo n.

S., S., V, 1990, su piccoli

di acque utilizzate

n. 1.

S., G., V., 1992, in supply

systems alleviating the effects of the 1987- 90 in Sicily, of the 16th 1.

Code, Title 17 - 1968, Statewide

the safe use of waste and

impoundments, State of

A., Li Nicosia O., V., 1985, con acque

n. 3,

3.15

Ganci V., 1978, of sewage effluent in the island of on

S., V., A., 1982, con acque in

"Studi su l'utilizzazione di acque Fondazione del

Catania,

S., V., S., 1988, and health aspects-of

municipal 2nd on

Sant'Angelo Naples, 5-7

S., V., S., 1992,

effects of of municipal investigations in Sicily,

of the 1st Simposium on -

de vol. 2.

Waste News n. 23, 1985,

aspects of and use in and the

July.

Saied A, 1990, des eaux et des boues en

Tunisie, 2eme Symposium la du Lilieu la

Juin.

Shuval Adin A., Fatta1 E., Yekutiel ^{. .} 1986, in

developing health effects and technical solutions, Technical n. 51, Washington USA,

Soulie L., 1991, Technolgie la

des eaux es6es dans le basin 38me de la Agence

Cote 24-26

V., A., 1982, con acque in alcuni paesi del mondo, "Sludi su l',utilizzazione di acque Fondazione

del Catania,

V., S., 1989, Small systems of of municipal

in Sicily. of 1 l t h on

4-8

G., 1972, di un di

a mezzo di tubi di plastica, V Convegno Nazionale sulle applicazioni delle plastiche in

G., 1979, La E n. 2.

Technical n. 517, 1973, of

effluents: methods of and health

Technical. n. 778, 1989,

guidelines the use of in and Geneva.

Yevjevich V., 1978, Conjunctive of the on

Conjunctive Use o1 of

3.17