Bari : CIHEAM
Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 1(1) 1993
pages 57-74
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--- Indelicato S., Tamburino V., Zimbone S.M. U n con ven tion al water resou rce u se an d man agemen t.
Etat de l'agriculture en Méditerranée : Ressources en eau : développement et gestion dans les pays méditerranéens . Bari : CIHEAM, 1993. p. 57-74 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 1(1))
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S . (*), V.(**), Zimbone (**)
as most of
an
is quite difficult to make a classification of
the is the most in managing
is a complex since
of unconventional . content (such as
with high saline as sea some and
.
a long most use of
this a is the main
effects of of The of
the analysis of case-studies.lead us to the conclusion that the development of in
on the guidelines.
out with the financial of in the context of 1.
(*) (**)
3.1
et comme la plupah des pays de la
l’utilisation de non conventionnelles la
satisfaction des besoins est difficile une
classification non conventionnelles. La qualite de l’eau est le plus la gestion des non conventionnelle; la qualite
l .
est un complexe que les qualile de l’eau sont et ils 1 non conventionnelles, la incluant d’eaux avec d’elev6es substancesavec continuite. On deux de
et contenu de (comme les eaux usCes municipa1es)’et la seconde incluant
saline (comme et les eaux
usees et etc.). le
des eaux usees municipales a et6 et
maintenant il le systkme d’utilisation plus des
non conventionnelles, cette un qui met en evidence les
, effets dans l’utilisation en des eaux usee municipales. Les
de la et l’analyse des cas nous de que le
developpement est negligeable dans les
y a des valides la specifique et en se fondant les
~
1.
and each use has specific spatial of
of quantity quality (Yevjevich, 1978).
has usually modified the of in to satisfy
demand; has been modified by means of plants,
by means of location by means of supply,
conveyance and also been made to modify
by seeding clouds with
The main uses life,
, and navigation. Some of
as acquatic life sometimes been classified
The of salts and waste elements (both with a
the in also
as Conventional
is no to be
of such
sea has
the snow, is
and the in in These
definitions of as
of quantity and quality.
The sea These
the quality is The
kept in some to
the type of in; fol- example, this is the case of
is in
The definition of is most
influence quantitative and of in
of not
be
3.3
l
2.2. The robe water
~ As is in managing unconventional
~
some
quality is the most complex of the space, time) each use.
of depends on the.type solids
(dissolved suspended); the
can also affect the suitability of the use.
by means of he can also
unintentionally affect way) All
be modified by means of quite
costs. costs play a
' these costs can about U100 US mA3 (e.g. simple
1/10 US mA3 of. With advanced
of
cost cost the desalination of sea to cost and plant type and size) 1 US
..
As we can see, in some cases of '
expensive supply, costs);
guideline, given in 1958 by the Social Council of the O.N.U.,
of quality, unless it is a which
a quality of be is widely accepted.
Often, of has
use The kinds of is
of no if is to
(including in situ uses such as
by modifying
As of fact and in
in by utilization modalities. A is given by the
of
example in have a
saline in a consequence of
volumes is almost the
seems to in
2.2 uses of urzcowerztiorzal water resources As we have seen it is difficult to
select two main the content o f .
dissolved solids. Sea
some level of salinity which
may be included in this The
of dissolved solids the salts
elements almost all kinds of uses aquatic life
and some Less such-as
use only this
of soil and
modalities limit the disadvantages linked to salinity (i.e. in to
et
The of dissolved solids
may be osmosis The
desalination of sea is an economic point of is
in in
plants which can keep the costs low by out the double function of
The of. should all those
which contain animal quality is consequently
a high content of
zootechnic food
effluents, not to mention some
may all be included in this The substances in few exceptions (i.e. do not pollute cultivated soils; consequently,
in many of the the use of is ideal.
As space is limited we the of
municipal
and enough to
us to make some
2.3 of tvastewater for ana! subsequent erzvirorzmerztal efiects
As of conditions is the
most of all the possible of unconventional use.
speaking this is most common in the inland at a
suitable height above sea level some cases it is
also to the effluent of by suitable
(Shuval et et al., 1990).
in a complex way a
which make the evaluation of of
difficult et al., 1992).
The to the the absence of a
i n bodies, the soil of salts,
heavy metals, etc.) the (to
soil, etc.) of of effects of
etc.), as shown in the cause- condition-ëffect
I :
of fig. 1. The of the effects depend on a single condition on a combination of conditions.
Some less by a dotted
line) soil of
gaseous substances.
1 shows of effects
each link in it is to develop a
quantifies the effects on the basis of the values assumed by
impact actions and conditions. some cases this is as of This is the case of the
on soil the
of
a to
it is to
established,
on the effects of municipal out in
at
al.,
1988):- the of of
(ni-
- of soi1
- the on
(the effects depending also on
- to the soil the actual and poten-
tial volume of
3.7
\
-
2.4 Loculized wastewater irrigation order tu reduce sanitaly risks
The m i n of is constituted by This
can be solved both by by
to
fact in s~nall of
of Thus, in these cases it is best to limit
example just to lo
any contact of et al., 1989).
as
if in
often occlusion of is a
out in study the causes of
occlusion of at
The a
between 2 and 4 et al., et al., 1988). flows
to as
in
of unit is usually possible to
flows to acceptable values by of
sufficient length. Good also 1972, 1979).
to of occhsion, by holes
between 0.5 and 1.5 to half of is sufficient.
Cleaning out of nylon
with out of
have to be so often even if effluent has been employed.
out on systems have shown
a low absent of
contact of a of
3.9
due (in
to et al., 1988).
3. ON
No complete on in
is some .cannot on
2O0*1OA6 of which 70% is
on 46*10*3 long.
The one
climatic conditions. The some of
the Yugoslavia) have
availability of fully nlade use of. The
Spain) and the island of
have less some of these
to e. g. Sicily and
a case the of as they have a the South and the
East of Libya,
Tunisia); in widely used:
in Egypt and
in
At the moment amounts to
than 16*10A6 ha. some East,
of the
is a when dealing with
some exist; in
Spain be adapted by the some
some set down; in it would seem that
no
The of of some (i.e.
in 1973 1989 the published some
guidelines on These
guidelines have been adopted by is in of applying them.
is of 2 20
to be cooked, but in fact in some as Emilia
less
Tunisia has These
the the quality of
the conditions of use of in
of is laid down; this of a
into et al., 1990).
Egypt, of some
kinds of qudity
of the effluents et al., 1985; Soulie et al., 1991).
of set down in 1988,
of
a11 because of the lack of 1978).
of
and the quality of et al., 1991).
et in some guidelines
given in
some
out
3.11
The of is the
This above all in the
in of common in
have also been many aiming at
' The out in the
techniques methods, type etc.
simple techniques such as stabilization ponds seem to
good technical and economical small systems
et ponds do
limiting small by a low economic value of
land.
The development of is quite one to
in the While
has been developed mainly in the South and in the East, in the
it has been employed above of
golf etc.) in a means to
of seems to be limited to cases (Soulie et al., 1991).
the of than a and has
all the in of a et al., 1991).
with its of islands and coastlines about
with seems on a modest scale despite the
need coastal et al.,
1991).
as of
demand cannot be met by the limited availability of conventional
Almost all About 18 of
is equal to about 25%
80% of comes
l '
l i
of et
al., 1982).
studjes have been developed
out on the municipal sewage of Foggia (1932) and Naples
(1971). Studies the planning of of have out in Sicily,
The of most of the
cases of and by the
of in
must and the psycological opposition that is the cause
conle in the
of in et al., 1982; et al., 1989).
a long time,
above all of the big towns. The is
is then used mainly to and
Owing to the of being
out in to suitable
(Soulie et al., 1991).
in some has been adopted,
epidemics and a high saline content in
Spain, despite being one of of has been going
a long cases as as
a specific plan of et al., 1991).
with of about 1.5*10*3 1988
is 90% of it
and in some cases golf et al.,
1990).
its in the
does not seem to have examined in a
possibility of if in above
3.13
all in the coastal the subsequent
of et al., 1991).
4. .
as the use of
has been seen to play an in
satisfying the
The use as instance
of of
effects of of
and its of many
such soil, subsoil
cultivated and availabilty and cost of the best
technical and economic solution has to be chosen individual case. The of the analysis of case-studies lead us to the conclusion that the development of
. a in the
good should be
based on and should the diffusion of planned and
The of is not to be
in the management of attention should be paid such as saline content, which involve costs significant negative effects on utilization.
A.S., 1985, Egyptian in the and use of sewage and sludge in of the FAO
Nicosia,
1985, of (the Ghouta) with polluted
the of the FAO Nicosia,
l G., 1989, sul di Gela, Atti del del
l l
Catania su: Nuove le zone Sicilia, 27-29
i
A., 1992, study on the influence of with saline
using and on tomato and salt in soils,
of the 16th vol. 1.
A., 1987, Tunisienne de et d’utilisation des
effluents et fins, on
S., Li Nicosia O., 1988, di con acque
Secondo n.
S., S., V, 1990, su piccoli
di acque utilizzate
n. 1.
S., G., V., 1992, in supply
systems alleviating the effects of the 1987- 90 in Sicily, of the 16th 1.
Code, Title 17 - 1968, Statewide
the safe use of waste and
impoundments, State of
A., Li Nicosia O., V., 1985, con acque
n. 3,
3.15
Ganci V., 1978, of sewage effluent in the island of on
S., V., A., 1982, con acque in
"Studi su l'utilizzazione di acque Fondazione del
Catania,
S., V., S., 1988, and health aspects-of
municipal 2nd on
Sant'Angelo Naples, 5-7
S., V., S., 1992,
effects of of municipal investigations in Sicily,
of the 1st Simposium on -
de vol. 2.
Waste News n. 23, 1985,
aspects of and use in and the
July.
Saied A, 1990, des eaux et des boues en
Tunisie, 2eme Symposium la du Lilieu la
Juin.
Shuval Adin A., Fatta1 E., Yekutiel . . 1986, in
developing health effects and technical solutions, Technical n. 51, Washington USA,
Soulie L., 1991, Technolgie la
des eaux es6es dans le basin 38me de la Agence
Cote 24-26
V., A., 1982, con acque in alcuni paesi del mondo, "Sludi su l',utilizzazione di acque Fondazione
del Catania,
V., S., 1989, Small systems of of municipal
in Sicily. of 1 l t h on
4-8
G., 1972, di un di
a mezzo di tubi di plastica, V Convegno Nazionale sulle applicazioni delle plastiche in
G., 1979, La E n. 2.
Technical n. 517, 1973, of
effluents: methods of and health
Technical. n. 778, 1989,
guidelines the use of in and Geneva.
Yevjevich V., 1978, Conjunctive of the on
Conjunctive Use o1 of
3.17