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Temperature and relative humidity in park buildings Maritime provinces

(2)

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA

D I V I S I O N O F BUILDING RF:SEARCH

TEMPERATUHE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY I N PARK BUILDINGS MARITIME PROVINCES by D. C. T i b b e t t s and D. R. R o b s o n

I n t e r n a l

R e p o r t No. 268 of t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h OTTAWA A p r i l

1963

(3)

PREFACE

It

is often of value to be able to estimate

the temperatures and humidities which will occur in

structures left unheated under Canadian climatic

conditions. Prediction based on calculations of

heat and moisture exchanges is extremely complex

and often of uncertain accuracy. Actual measured

values for particular cases can therefore be of

assistance in providing some basis for prediction

in other cases which may arise. The opportunity to

obtain such information is welcomed by the Division,

particularly when as in this case it can be combined

with other interests and can be carried out with the

c

o -operation and assistance of the owners.

The authors are research officers of the

staff of the Atlantic Regional Station of the Division

in Halifax. Mr. Robson is a mechanical engineer;

Mr.

Tibbetts, a civil engineer, is officer-in-charge

of the Station.

Ottawa

(4)

TEEIIPERATURE AND FE3LATIVE HUhIIDITY I N FARK BUILDINGS

MARITIME FROVINCES

D. C. T i b b e t t s and D. R. Robson

I n October 1961, w i t h t h e co-operation of t h e

Department of Northern A f f a i r s and National Resources, Parks Branch, b u i l d i n g s i n t h r e e National Parks i n t h e Maritime

Provinces were instrumented t o o b t a i n information on indoor temperature and r e l a t i v e humidity i n heated, unheated, and p a r t i a l l y heated b u i l d i n g s . Included were p a r t i a l l y heated unoccupied b u i l d i n g s and unheated unoccupied b u i l d i n g s i n Fundy National Park a t Alma, N.B. and Prince Edward I s l a n d National Park a t Cavendish. Por purposes of t h i s r e p o r t , p a r t i a l l y heated means heated a t a temperature below t h a t normally acceptable i n occupied b u i l d i n g s . A heated occupied dwelling i n Cape Breton Highlands National Park a t Ingonish Beach was a l s o instrumented.

I n a d d i t i o n , through t h e co-operation of , t h e Manager and t h e S t a f f Engineer a t K e l t i c Lodge, instruments were

i n s t a l l e d on t h e main and t h i r d f l o o r s of t h e Lodge and i n t h e e n g i n e e r t s house. These b u i l d i n g s a l s o a r e a t Ingonish Beach.

Besides t h e D i v i s i o n t s i n t e r e s t i n o b t a i n i n g indoor temperature and humidity r e c o r d s i n b u i l d i n g s i n v a r i o u s

geographical a r e a s of Canada, t h e o f f i c e r s of t h e Parks Branch were i n t e r e s t e d i n l e a r n i n g of c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g i n unheated and p a r t i a l l y heated unoccupied b u i l d i n g s d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r months. The h e a t i n g of some previously unheated b t - l d i n g s had r e s u l t e d i n severe wood checking i n b u i l d i n g s and f n r n i s h i n g s . Some b u i l d i n g s r e q u i r e h e a t because of f r o s t e f f e c t s on foundations; nevertheless, i n s p i t e of some foundation

movement, many b u i l d i n g s of wood c o n s t r u c t i o n can be s a f e l y l e f t unheated w i t h r e s u l t a n t f u e l savings. A howledge of t y p i c a l i n s i d e c o n d i t i o n s i n w i n t e r might a l s o prove u s e f u l i n a s s e s s i n g t h e performance of p r o t e c t i v e c o a t i n g s on wood s i d i n g s when comparing unoccupied b u i l d i n g s w i t h those

experiencing normal occupancy. A c o n s t a n t record of tempera- t u r e c o n d i t i o n s i n l a r g e b u i l d i n g s (such a s K e l t i c Lodge) t h a t a r e maintained through t h e w i n t e r months a t temperatures considerably belov? normally a c c e p t a b l e temperatures i s thought t o be u s e f u l t o t h e owners of such b u i l d i n g s w i t h regard t o

"maintenance" h e a t i n g c o s t s .

P o r t u n a t e l y , c l i m a t o l o g i c a l s t a t i o n s were l o c a t e d r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e t o a l l b u i l d i n g s instrumented s o t h a t outdoor

(5)

temperature r e c o r d s were o b t a i n e d from t h e Department of T r a n s p o r t through t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n of t h e D i v i s i o n t s C l i m a t o l o g i s t .

Hygrothermographs ( F i g u r e 1) were used f o r r e c o r d i n g purposes. These i n s t r u m e n t s measure temperature by a b i m e t a l element and humidity by a h a i r element. Measurements were recorded on a 7-day drum c h a r t . A s t h e performance of t h e h a i r element h a s a tendency t o v a r y over wide r a n g e s of humidity, p e r i o d i c c a l i b r a t i o n s a r e necessary. A Bendix

a s p i r a t i n g - t y p e psychrometer was used f o r c a l i b r a t i o n purposes. C h a r t s were changed weekly a t park l o c a t i o n s by

s t a f f of t h e Parks Branch and a t K e l t i c Lodge by t h e s t a f f e n g i n e e r and were mailed each month t o t h e D i v i s i o n ' s H a l i f a x S t a t i o n where t h e y were processed. Data from a l l i n s t r u m e n t s and from D.O.T. r e c o r d s were averaged on a weekly b a s i s and f o r purposes of t h i s r e p o r t a r e p r e s e n t e d g r a p h i c a l l y .

CAVENDISH, P.E.I.

Two b u i l d i n g s instrumented:

(1) Green Gables

-

unheated ( F i g u r e 2 a ) .

( 2 ) S t a f f House

-

50 t o 60°F

-

unoccupied ( F i g u r e 2 b ) . The weekly a v e r a g e s of t e m p e r a t u r e , r e l a t i v e humidity, and a i r moisture c o n t e n t ( g r / l b ) f o r b o t h houses a r e p r e s e n t e d i n graph f o m ( F i g u r e 5 )

.

When t h e c o l d e s t recorded minimum temperature (-15'F) f o r t h e p e r i o d occurred a t Stanhope, P.E.I.

,

t h e minimum

i n s i d e temperature i n t h e unheated house was +6OF. ALFTA. N.B.

Two b u i l d i n g s were instrumented:

(1) Golf Clubhouse

-

unheated ( F i g u r e 3 a ) .

( 2 ) Assembly H a l l

-

60+'F

-

unoccupied ( F i g u r e 3 b ) . Weekly a v e r a g e s of t e m p e r a t u r e , r e l a t i v e humidity, and a i r moisture c o n t e n t ( g r / l b ) f o r b o t h b u i l d i n g s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n graph form ( F i g u r e 6 ) .

When t h e c o l d e s t recorded minimum temperature (-2T°F) f o r t h e p e r i o d occurred a t Alma, N.B., t h e minimum i n s i d e

(6)

I N G O N I S H BEACH, N.S.

Three b u i l d i n g s were instrumented:

(1) S t a f f residence Cape Breton Highlands National Park

-

heated

-

occupied.

( 2 ) S t a f f r e s i d s n c e

-

K e l t i c Lodge

-

heated

-

occupied. ( 3 ) Main Building K e l t i c Lodge

-

60+"F

-

unoccupied

-

instrumented on two l e v e l s (Figure 4 ) .

Temperature and humidity c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e two

r e s i d e n c e s (two-storey) were s i m i l a r so t h a t t h e r e s u l t s could be averaged and t h e d a t a presented on one graph (Figure 7 ) . Por purposes of t h i s r e p o r t , t h e d a t a from two instruments a t K e l t i c Lodge were a l s o averaged and presented on one graph

(Pigure 7 ) .

It can g e n e r a l l y be s a i d , when c o n s i d e r i n g t h e averages f o r t h e period of i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n

-

10 October 1961 t o 17 June 1962- t h a t t h e temperature a t t h e t h i r d - f l o o r l e v e l was 10 deg l e s s t h a n f o r t h e main f l o o r with a r e s u l t i n g

h i g h e r r e l a t i v e humidity. Examination of p r e v i o u s l y prepared graphs of a i r moisture c o n t e n t ( g r / l b ) a t both l e v e l s i n d i c a t e d very l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e with t h a t on t h e t h i r d f l o o r being

s l i g h t l y h i g h e r on t h e average.

A s it i s known t h a t t h e management of K e l t i c Lodge has a s p e c i f i c i n t e r e s t i n t h e i n s i d e c o n d i t i o n s i n apprecia- t i o n of annual maintenance c o s t s , t h e following a d d i t i o n a l information on t h e Lodge has been included.

Temp R.H.

Period Average (OF)

($1

Third Floor Main F l o o r

Minimum Average Weekly Temperature Third Floor

Main Floor

Maximum Avera ge Weekly R. H. Third Floor

Main Floor

Lowest T e m ~ e r a t u r e Reached Third Floor

(7)

Temperature r e c o r d s i n unheated b u i l d i n g s i n d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a s from October 1961 t o May 1962 i n d i c a t e

a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s between i n s i d e and o u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e s over most of t h a t p e r i o d . A t a minimum o u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s ranged from 2 1 t o 34OF.

I n w i n t e r r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t i e s i n unheated b u i l d i n g s a r e h i g h e r t h a n i n heated b u i l d i n g s . These h i g h e r h u m i d i t i e s a r e normally above t h e range where t r o u b l e i s experienced w i t h e x c e s s i v e shrinkage of components i n wood-frame b u i l d i n g s . A

comparison of unheated b u i l d i n g s w i t h p a r t i a l l y h e a t e d ones i n t h e same g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n s i n d i c a t e s a s m a l l e r range

of r e l a t i v e humidity f o r t h e unheated b u i l d i n g s a t a c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h e r v a l u e . A s wood moisture c o n t e n t s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e

r e l a t i v e humidity of t h e surrounding a i r , it i s important t h a t s a t i s f a c t o r y r e l a t i v e humidity l e v e l s be maintained t o avoid wood shrinkage. This becomes i n c r e a s i n g l y i m p o r t a n t when massive wood s t r u c t u r e s a r e involved.

I n t h e s e b u i l d i n g s , h e a t i n g was maintained below t h a t normally considered i n occupied b u i l d i n g s ( p a r t i a l l y h e a t e d ) and humidity l e v e l s were g e n e r a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r t h e t y p e s of b u i l d i n g s and i n t e r i o r f i n i s h e s involved. I n

only one b u i l d i n g d i d t h e r e l a t i v e humidity f a l l below 20 p e r c e n t d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r months.

I n t h e two occupied r e s i d e n c e s temperatures were maintained s l i g h t l y below 70°P on t h e average and t h e r e l a t i v e humidity was g e n e r a l l y i n t h e d e s i r a b l e range of 30 t o 40 p e r c e n t f o r occupied houses.

Except when f o u n d a t i o n s o r c e r t a i n s e r v i c e s i n b u i l d i n g s pose a problem, it a p p e a r s t o be good p r a c t i c e t o exclude h e a t from unoccupied b u i l d i n g s of frame c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e Maritimes i n t h e i n t e r e s t of reduced c o s t . When

f a c t o r s mentioned above must be c o n s i d e r e d , t h e h e a t i n g of b u i l d i n g s t o a temperature somewhat below 70°F, s a y t o 50°F,

i s suggested a s a s a t i s f a c t o r y compromise.

The h e l p and i n t e r e s t i n t h i s s t u d y of t h e e n g i n e e r i n g s t a f f a t each of t h e N a t i o n a l Parks and a t K e l t i c Lodge a r e

(8)

Figure

1

Hygrothermograph

(9)

Figure 2b Cavendish

-

Staff

House

(10)

F i g u r e 3b Fundy Park

-

Assembly Hall

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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \

-

- UNHEATED

---

-

-

HEATED

-

FIGURE

5

CAVENDISH

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T E M P E R A T U R E O F R E L A T I V E H U M I D I T Y 'lo AIR M O I S T U R E CONTENT GR/LB

-

N & l A V I Q ) 4 0 3

-

N W A V I r n 4

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F I G U R E

7

I N G O N I S H B E A C H

-

-

- 0 / -

--

--/- ---/-

-.

P - M - 1

-

- - /

-

-

. .

...

....

**

..*.

-

0 . *. ..ow *. ;

...

...

. .

0 . .

-

.**.-

. .

-

. . .

..

...

- 0 . .

...

.*

-

HOUSES

.

.

.

.

.--

-

*.

-

OUTDOOR TEMP * * * * * * o o

.

7 KELTIC LODGE

--

-

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,

I

- 0 s B 0 1 * r E g l * = E Z (

!

~

~

!AE:

~

N m % m O

~

~

~

C

d

OC T N OV DEC JAN

_ I

FEB

I

MAR

I

APR

N m l - z i j z I

MAY

Figure

Figure  2a  Cavendisl?  -  Green  G a b l e s
Figure  2b  Cavendish  -  Staff  House

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