MAY 10

· n E EWFO D OBER EW IIA AN CO PA

78 805

CENTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES I

TOTAL OF 10 PAGES 0 ^LV MAY BE XEROXED

(Without Author's ~ermission)

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,

ARGARET . CH G

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TRADE . NEWF'ouN'OLANO IN TRANSiT I ON: . THfl_N.EWFOUNOLANO

. , . ; • •• ' . .

A~~~ RO~~Rf 'NEIIM~~AND . CO~~ANY · ... .

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1180•1805

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by

.

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r , :

' , 'Margaret. A. Chang· ·

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A T-hes

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S•Jbmltt-ed .In Partial Ful·flllment. ·

·, of the Requl renief!J"S :for the 'oegree of·

@r .

_{~ I}

,.

'· .

. . .. ,

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Dep.•rtment of HI sto ..

r'y ·

. Mamo'rlal ·Unlverslty of Newfoundland . •.

I • ' • t ct" • ' •

/ . ·'

.

., August 1.974

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· ABSTRACT'

~ \ a . . • · , .

. ^Be~een· 1775. and 1805, .the Newfoundland fishery changed ·from

. . . . . ./ . . . i . . . .

~ing primarily •migratory•. - carried ,on by transient~_. fro11 Britain ..;.

'

. .

\ " I ~ ' • '

to ^~tng _almost completely •sectentllt:"Y.·-- ^carr~ed on by permanent

. .

.

^{. '. . . \}

resident~ ·of the tslia,_d, ... · Suc_ti

a

fundiaien~l. change called for

~o · . , _ • ·' , · . •• •' •

· .ext~sh~ adaptatiq~s .on ~~e.par)of the merchant( a~ ~,rad~~~--'-.,··.

.... ·., . . involved, .and 'ndeed.- many· 'of them fa1.1ed

tO suni. ve· . .

^{~ver, the . ,,}

. . . " ~ ' . . .,

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J '

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. . / /

. ^/ /

,·

/..

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: •. · ol'de~t establ1$hed .. ·fam11y tn the trade,

ihe.

Nftllnans of Dartmouth.

' • ' • ... t '\::t • ' Jl • ' I ' • ' : ,. - • ;_I• ' '\,. , ... • , '

···~ I

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I •

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not onl.{ survived· but actuaJly. expandl!d~i ·By' 1806 .t~etr operation. was ' ·

. • . . f' '

• . • ' .• ' ' '~.r.:.:. . . " • . ' . .

lar9er. ~ban it. had been in 1776 and they· contro~-led -a 1arger share of

, . '

. .

. ^[ I . . f .

. -~ . the' entire· trade.

cv I

. I

. . . '

· Before the-outbrea_k of the '-w:-1ean War 1n ·1775 the larger

.,

: 0. .. • : ' • •• • ' l • t• • • .•

.

~ ^.

/

I

~ ·. -~-

merchan'ts had performed uny functions, supplying .the·local planters,· .. //

· - . . • . .J· • •• : • .•• • • ••

the by9'boat inen,· ~nd

the!'

sinaller '~~erchants; _bUt concentrating iato1y ...

;-

I

. ... " . . . . /

on the

~pe~at1on ^of

_. ^{. f1.sh1ng} _'

~essels

and creWs on their _{. ~}

· awn

_.

~cco~t·

_{' ...}

^.

^{. -f!{ ·-.}

To

a

^large

^de9r~·.

the changing structUre of ttM! .ftshery

~n .

^be:

attr~_~ted ^to.

^the)

speei~~~ - cond_tt~ons

^of

~.: -.r·1~~

^.·war

for ~ by

^end1.

• "' ' I ' • •

th~ tradftfonal d~l-in_ of popul~t1o~. to AMr~ca 'during u~favorible . . . ·.

. '• ... .. , -~ ,·

periods, ttM! popUlation of the-.'island becalle IIIDre.and IIIOre Per-anent~

• J J • • - • ' '

Wt.th the. operations of the migrator fisher,Y ,inteitupted by,.the' ·· ·

·. . . ' . ' . . • ,.,..,., :. . . l . q . . . - . -· ..,,

hostilities. the sedentary ltshery

_{. · .} .

^·.·

ex .

^{nded .}

^-

to fflt the 91p.^.

/

'

· rhe ."

merc'}ants

reacted -by

concen~ra~tng

^..

~~

^{. . suppl)f}

t~ade

^tO

the~e

^,,

.

^·'

'\ '.. ' .

•.

• I • - I .

resident ftshennen, and focused mor~ ind

110re

^{.on· tr~d1ng with}

^thai

^{for :_}

.. ^{' ..}

.

^-

..

^{- .,}

.

^{.-... .}

......

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'f1sh - ~ather than fishing for

-tht!lnselves.

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^{· .}

~

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^,.

^·.·

^•

^.

. · •... The boom

. that. ·oc~~rred afte~ . ~he e~ ~f ^the ~rican ^war

. helped ...

. '

~ . . . .

-

^{' . . . .} .. . ' .

- • • ' • G) •

·

revive both

·

branches of the fishery•

anct to

the casual .

on-looker~

the

·

~:

_:

m' tgrato~ ffs~~ry ~~

_{' " • "1} ^t()

~v~.agat.n ~

_{tt, ,} ^{'dom1Mnt •}0 ^.

:Th~ c~ash

, •

·:and

•

' (

·

..

' ·.

• ' I p • II' ' ' '

~ .

depres$1on of the late 1780's and early 1790•s, however, made tt clear

. .

' ..._;-- . . .

.

. .:

'

^{. . .. - . . ..}

· - ~that

those

who

resided on the 1s1and.

(th~

sedentan'

_fish!~n)

were

QflW

I •

-~

^•

^a,

.·pennanent"

fe4ture -·~f ~h~ N~undl~nd ff~h~~y· ^•

^{. If}

~-~~re ^wis

^to.

be ~·;- . : . ~

,. • ' • . . • "' • .c

. .

.

: . . ·. . ^{' \} : ...

lilY _

reduction tn . Production, it had io

be

at the

·

expense

.. _

of the

4'l • • • • < • 0 •

m1gritory ft'shery. ·. for

·there

were ' enough fis. hennetrres1dent

.on ·t'h~.: ~.

'· .Island

to.

Catci.W..:.~ ^{could i.e S . old} •'J! ^atcied ~rtllilr f..;UI~ iher ~e.

^{:' . .} \.

· -~ble_ ^to produc~ · ft ~re c.~ea~ly.

^-

^Any ·fn~f·t ~evtvaf of ._~he

^{. : .. : ..}

· · <·

migratory f~~~~- at the

end

·of ·'the~depressfon was . nip~ in

the

bu~ ·~_y· .· . : _ ..

. •• • • (1... . . , • . ' • • ' .. ' . ' •· . • ' • ,· .. • •

...

·

the

ou~reak,

fr:t

1793.

of

·war w1th ·.france. By .1800

the. structural

•· . · ..

• • • ' • ; • ~ • • • • , • • , • J •

.

^..

. changes 1n .t~

ftshe!'Y .~d

· ~un

to solidify,

~nd th.

e

•fgr~~ry_ fishery~

.. . .. . . ... .. . ^' . .

. .

^{. ' .. ;}

IS ^{it _had}

^existed

fOr ^centuries,

^.

had allnOSt tOtally disappeared.

.. · ^{o .}

. . : :· . These ~un~t{c~'u ^In

^the

Stril:ture of th~

^{British . · . ..}

·

--~·'

^·

^{. ·}

^.

^• .~

^.

· ·~t~hery 1~ :Newfouftd~~~ waters:_~re_· ·~nd. ~ . co1t~o1 ^{of . the} ~~~h,nt

^·

^{. ·}

·. /firms, which were the· ujor organizing forces

for~ yelrl.Y

.execution

/-, . . ' . ^,· . ·. . . . ·~ . ,, . .

: ·_ . ./ ·

of tlle. ft shery.

RObert. ~n

a.nct cOiipany had

· ..

for. any

year~·

operated

· . . .

- ' .

the'lw:o f_ tsh at

·

•rket

ttt

the end: of

rthe season, before r turning to · _

' . . .~ ^' .

.

^{.. . .. / '• . . ' ·~. . ~ . . '. . ... " _,. .}

. ·

,

·. _

Eng land.

Dur~ng

the

~ri

can Mar.

_

the

111111·.

found 1

ts

11tgratory •

~ ^{• • ( • •• • ' • .. '. • • • \ ' • • • ... : 4 • • •} t ~ • • - ••

opera~t~!:'s _

4

^{~ered b~ ·the}

hostfl 1t1es._

•-~. ~~Y .. ~urned_ ~re .heav1~y ·tO · \

tra!i1ng .rlth :~hO~e ~hhel'lle~ · who, ~re -~tf·ll· ^on the_ .island~

^.

^At. tt.e-- ~.,i ; ~·

o ~~~I • • ' • • -., • I r .~ •

<f I ' ,· . "• ·.·

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were put

^{to '!1uch .,·'"'}

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usage~ The·.range of Ports

.betWeen .

which 'they - ~lfed ··~ ~-cter.',·

^and

. ~~er

^tf.e·

~ear$·

^-they

va~-fed - ~s- t~ -

• o;. .. ' • ' • I • ' , ' • ' '

' • ' I I ' I • ¹ •' ' "

ftnn sought neMi" ·and cheaPer .sQurc~ -of supplt~ for their

: .·· • ',' . . . . : " i . . . .. . . ' .

Hetdoundlal)d .operat1~n·s. :,

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·. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..

' '

. L t ST OF. TABLES ·.

... ;'

. . l I S T ~ Qf. . MAPS . . ·' ⁼

•-"..:'--;---

. GRAPH-~ :.

INTRODUCTION

• I

CHAPTER . .,1

11

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i-AEiL£ q · F · cow(ENTs ·· . ·

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.•

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THE 'NEWFOUNDLAND .TRADE

·ro

^{THE END.}

· .. ~ ·OF THE E 1-GHTEENTH CE~TURY "

. . .

THE MERCHA~T COM~UNITY .

'•

THE NEWMANS·

OF

DAR.

. Page.·

l.f

"'II

r

vl vl vii_

. 1

' 35 . 67 . ' ·. 85

. '

1

'· "•

. ·'

.

~ ,· .... .... -: .

. ^{' .}

·,·

.

. ... "

NEWMAN '-S

TRADE

^OUR:

NG

^{THE LATE '.}

~::_:·_;

^{·, 06· , I}

·. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ~·

.

^' .

. . ^,

' .

H.OW )&afMAH'.S HA~DLED THEIR TRADE·

· CONC .. LUS I ON

.~ '

. . . .

..

l~~ ' : ··~~,) ·.' ~;'

Q • - ... -... •• • - -- - ( .. ~·::·::

197¹ .1' '· .. ·,' \

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. : . APPEND I X ^> 1,. . ' - . . NE.WM,AN_ 'M~TER ^{I Al. {)N M I_CRO'F}

I

^{LM .}

• . • . I

• • • . . 1 . .. . ~ ^{-. t --. (} ... • ... • .

o·217 ,. \:. ,..., .· ^{. .} . ^. ·.·~ ^.

. i ~ \

APPEND I X · 11

· -

I '

. 'B tBL I OGRAPHY

\

, ..

' ~-

1 \-~. ..

. (·

. ^'

~. ~ • • • <'I

'MEASURING .UNrTS USED BY.-.NEWMAN'.S

'. . 1780-1800 ' . .

£1..'

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. 223 ~ . . ~. ,,

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!1, A£KHOWLEDGEMEHTS. .

,

^..

: • • • • ,_ • • • • • • 0

:, ~ ·- - . : · I wou.ld like. to .aclcnowledge w1 th deep grat1tud&-II\Y debt. to 1ftY ·.

· ·

_-sUPe~1~or,

_{,. .} ^Dr. _.

Kei~. Matthews~ . wt~ut

^his

~ss~~e . ~~d ~nstant

^.

~.

· ~ ... : · encouragement;at .-a11; stages,_._this study'

wo61_'d

never have

bMn · ·

' ·. o^{1 \ ' • • "' • • •} ~-. ^•

. : -. ! ·. .' ·· ·._ COIIPleted •. I

would

also .

like

to,regtster 11\Y, thanks :to the. staff of

; · ' -' · . · . p . a . . •· .•.• ·· ·

-... , .\,. • • • • ... - : : : . . . --· • j.

;,:(._.- ~ l:::· . - · :- ~ri.a1 U~h~rsity

^Library,

~-·f4ts_s ~-s

^{O'.Dea. and}

other ~taff:~.·

^·.

• -::-1 · lqf!lllbers· -at the Centre

for

Newfoundland

· s

^ies, the staff at Inter-

-r.' ,... ..::. ~ ~. . . ~ ' . ^{t • • • '}

. _ _.-_, ._:~,_ · Library ·Loans:·

and

to Mfss

EIIIM

^{Brown of e}

cataloguing -Deplrtlient

.

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. ' . . . ., ^'

.· : ~-gave • s~~h cheerful assistanc.e 1n construct_ing Appendix Two~ I

.. • . . l. . '• . • .. ' ' •

. . ' . • . . l._ . ( '· . . • . . . \ '

~u~d .11ke tO think ·the staff ·at the. Provincial Archives·, Ra ..

ttcularly

·

..:,.~

^.Johri. Green and Mr.

Da~1d

^{·Divis, who· hive}

.bee~ ~~~generous wit~··

··• thefr

ossfsta;;u li..; p~fded.Appendtx ~< 'IliOUld . ~lso ~keto tt.\n~

I , ' , • I ,, • ' ' , , ' ' ~ • ' , • • •

0 I I '

·-.-. . . \ . ^the following: MT • . Shannon' Ryan, Jor his suppc)rt and 1nteres -Mr~ · '.

. . ·. . . ' . .·

...

^{. ', . ' ' . ' ' .}

· · Ralph 'Hopk1nsor\, ·for proeP.rtn9

_ Mips

Nos.- l ,~ 4, 5 and 6i Dr. Mat

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' . ' . . . . .· . : . . . . ^. . ^. . ' . ' . . . ^' \.

for Maps·

ftOi· .-

² and ~; ~ I_,sut'ance ASsoCiation~ of Newfoundland for.,. · ', .

·.

~

^use

.Qf_-the~~

^Libraey;

Mts~· Ma~a~·t·Rose, ^for

^._

^hl!r

^excellent

^{Job' .}

^of:·,

~

^{.. . OL.}

. typing~ .~ . ~ ~ ^gOcMt., fri~.

^{Mrs:·· .}

.,ris P1k~. fo~· - the .~tenets.,·: ^{. ,\ .}

1·

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. ' . • . ' •' ' ' ; :~ '• ' # -t,. . • ' ' "' ' ' "' ~ . ' \• • \, ' ., !I '

cons.-ed 1n doing the prel,•t~ry typing. ·.

Wttttout

the

ftnanctar·

supPort·

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' ' I ~ • ' I • ~ ' ' ' I • r ' ^{j ' ( ) '}

I .

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. providect'by tl)e Head of •. the. Htstoey;Depart.n·t, Mr~ Panting,· ~nd t~· · · · ·

• - . ' • . . •. ' . . . •. 1

.

'pro~i~cial ·. ~v~~t~

^:this

s:~d,y ^would'

^.

..Ot

^aha_ve'

~ possi~Je. ·~ ~ .

^{·. :·. '• - .·.}

w1s.h.

to express

·lt.Y gratitude--~to~. tha. · . · . /· . · · · . ~ · ..

j _. I • · • · ·

Fin~lly~ · . I ^wu1a

^{like J ·lthai.k. -.y}

~sN~. for --~ ^patience

^{' and·: I • • · . • .}

. . ,

' .

^{' .. .}

1 ._: \ ,enfouragaent and IIW biby 'daug.hter

for

doing

.wtthou~ h8r '-.other: ·~

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nigh~

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· ,.· ·_.Table _Page ^{' ,-}

.

^·.

' .

-

t

f . I , . . . .• • .

0 1. ·· P~uction of tbe Newfoundland Fishery 1771-1783

' / I ~

2 • ..

it \ ~ /::~ . . • ri~ .. ~f.

^the

....found1~nd ^Fishery ~·lnl-1710

^·

.

~~

,·.. ^{. '} ..

3. · .The· Ret1dent Po.,Ulition of Newfoundland 177.1-1783

I . ,ft· ,' . , "' . ' , . ., , . . .

~,. ·The Ht.gratory Population pf Neffo~land 1771-1783

· · ^{~r · 1~ tate~}

^{.of the ...}

^{: ~is~ry_}

^..

~~ ~1ntals l771~17s3

^{· ..}

. 7 .

"'

. \8 ^{. .} ,·

• I

lO.

" lJ

. 1.•. . I . . . . •. . . . •

. · 6. ManpoWer Expans.ion in the !teWfoUndlancl Fishery ·1781-

. I 17~ · . ·. ·. ^{•c . :}

. . '12 17'• .

". / /7.· P~uctio~' · of ~ - F~shery

^{tn· ..}

Qu~n~ls

^1783-1788·.

8.· . . Total. tatch ~of the .F1s~ery 1~84-~7~

. . I ·. . . . .

9:) · The By-Boat F1she~⁴ 1770.1810.

' .

· 10. Thet"£uropean Bankers ·178Q-1~3

.

^{' .}

11. Migritory. and Sedentary ·Percentages of·

the

Total .

. . tatch 1801-1810

· .

1 r · ·

12:· Inhabitants 1790-1810

·13.

14~

The •Most Powerful Traders tn HWfoimclllnd• 1785 ·

West ~untry' ~hanb - ·Date~ of.

^Entry·

~~~ ~e . ,

• '18' .· .

• o

21 . 26 • . ^;r..

'\.o.. 28 • .

'. 32, .. ':

" ": _.. 33 . .

~6 ' . fMwfound1anct(Trade . · . · .

· Sclittt~h Expo~ \t..llarf~t~nd

17$S.:180T

~ "

^.

~·

15. '·51.-. .·

• (' ' • I

_.16~ Public

Jtouse· s

tn _. st. John's .1797/98 and 1807/08 · ·

~ . '

-59 . ·.·

17 ~ · )¥h8n.

•Th8

t.ost PoWerful Tra~ers.

in

Newfoundla~·

·· · · (1785)' Withdrew froa the Trade . · 61

-18.

Harke.~ .

^for'

Fts~ ~ported

^by

-~s ~ .7ao-f799 .

' . ' .. ^{' '.}

19. . Profit/loss .on Total i0perat1ons ^{"'' ' I}

• 99

106

• • • 1

~~i ^{. .}

~ .

.

^.

·. 111

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