• Aucun résultat trouvé

الثنائية المجلسية في دول المغرب العربي

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "الثنائية المجلسية في دول المغرب العربي"

Copied!
611
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)  

(2)           !"!#$ %& ( ) ' , -.  :*#$. < <<êe†ÃÖ]<h†Ç¹]<Ùæ <»<íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]. < <‹Þçi<Hh†Ç¹]<H†ñ]ˆ¢]<íÖ^u<íÞ…^ÏÚ<í‰]…

(3)   

(4)         "#$ % && '&&( :  : +&, *). :) . -.

(5)  ..   .    

(6)       &2 1/  0 

(7)   +&.  &".   4 /5#... 3 &2 1.. 6 $ 

(8)   +&    

(9)  . -.... 2.

(10) 1/ . . $. 17 +& 2 7. *  .. 3 &21.. 6 $. 17 +& 2 7. 8 -.. &2 1/  0 $. 17 +& 2 7. . .. &2 4/  0 $. 17 +& 2 7.  9 ... ‫م‬2018-2017 :‫السنة الجامعية‬.

(11) < <<†{Ó% << <ë„Ö]<)féÒ<Üè†ÓÖ]<‚fÂ<…çjÒ‚Ö]<ƒ^j‰ù]<±]<Ùæ_<Ý^ÏÚ<»<Ø舢]<†Ó7Ö^e<Ý‚Ïi_< < <á^Ò<^ÛÒ<Ý^Ûjâ]< ØÓe<ä×u]†Ú<ØÒ<^Ãe^jÚ< Ä•]çj¹]< ØÛÃÖ]< ]„â<î×Â<Í]†%ý]<ØfÎ <ÅçË7¹]<†Ó7Ö^e<äqçi_<^ÛÒ<Já^ßjÚ÷]æ<†è‚ÏjÖ]<ØÒ<CÚ<ä×Ê<EjŠq^¹]<íÖ^‰…<ÄÚ<ÔÖƒ <]„â< í7Î^ß¹< íèç–ÃÖ]< ØfÎ< ë„Ö]< ‚Û¦< ëæ]‚Ƈ< ì„i^‰ù]< ì ^ŠÖ]< ±c< Ý]Muý^e <EjŠq^¹]<íÖ^‰…<í7Î^ßÚ<»<Ù^£]<äé×Â<á^Ò<^ÛÒ<í7Î^ß¹]<íßr×Ö<^Šéñ…<áçÓèæ<ØÛÃÖ] <íèç–Â< ^–è_< ØfÎ< ë„Ö]< Íçק< çÛé‘< …çjÒ‚Ö]< ]„Òæ< Há^ßjÚý]< ØÒ< CÚ< ä×Ê <ØÒ<äÖ<àÒ_<ë„Ö]<š^è…<Xæ ^·<ƒ^j‰úÖ<†Ó7Ö^e<äqçi_<^ÛÒ<Hä×Æ^7Ú<ÜÆ…<í7Î^ß¹] <íÖ^‰…< í7Î^ßÚ< íèç–Â< ÙçfÏe< á^ßjÚý]< Øèˆq< ä×Ê< ^é’~%< Ý]Muý]æ< †è‚ÏjÖ] <å‚ßÂ< l‚qæ< ë„Ö]< á^fÃ%< ê%^éÂ< …çjÒ‚Ö]< ±c< ^–è_< †Ó7Ö^e< äqçi_æ< å]…çjÒ‚Ö] <†è‚ÏjÖ]< ØÒ< CÚ< ä×Ê< ê×ÛÃÖ]< îjuæ< ê‰]…‚Ö]< ë…]ç7Ú< í×é_< ëçßù]< Ü‚Ö] <…çjÒ‚Ö]< ±c< †Ó7Ö^e< ^–è_< Ý‚Ïi_æ< êÖ< äÚ‚Î< ^Ú< î×Â< ]E}< a]< å]ˆqæ< Ý]Muý]æ <îb_<CÚ<ä×Ê<ä×Æ^7Ú<ÜÆ…<ØÛÃÖ]<]„â<í7Î^ßÚ<íèç–Â<ØfÎ<ë„Ö]<‚Û¦<Œ^ʆ_çe < <<J†è‚ÏjÖ]æ<Ý]Muý]<l]…^f <íèç–ÃÖ]< ÙçfÎ< î×Â< àŠ£]< ð]ˆ¢]< Üãè‡^«< á_< a]< Üg< ç _< ð÷öâ< ØÓÖæ< << < < <<Jí7Î^ß¹]æ <ƒ^j‰ù]< ±c< †è‚ÏjÖ]æ< Ý]Muý]< l]…^fÂ< îb`e< ÅçË7¹]< †Ó7Ö^e< Ý‚Ïi_< ^ÛÒ< << < <àÚ< äjéÏÖ< ^Ú< î×Â< í×Î…æ< íÃÚ^œ< íé‰^éŠÖ]< Ýç×ÃÖ]< íé×Ò< àÚ< ܉^Î< ç×éÚ< …çjÒ‚Ö] <x’Þ<àÚ<äè‚Ö<äi‚qæ<^Ú<î×Â<†è‚ÏjÖ]<ØÒ<CÚ<ä×Ê<Ä•]çj¹]<ØÛÃÖ]<]„â<Ý^³ý<Ü < <J]E}<a]<å]ˆrÊ<äéqçiæ< ^%…cæ.

(12) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ. < <íڂϹ]           ! "      

(13)     )*" + ,   - .    !  $%    &'( 

(14)   #      &/ "      +$% 0  / 12 3  4  *, *" 5,   ! & 6  $  -7%      / ,   +$% 1  ! * 8  , !  9  : ' 0 0 ;   <  ", # '  .) " * %*    . (1). (Monocaméralisme) ,*   >  ,*  ?     *@ A . 6 5 , )*"  6 !@A

(15)  4 &!  $%    3    ! ; # '   .  ,  $'( ! &  ! 8 " 7 " 0;  !2'  &8,   !   # ' &"   " @  )  #  , ,  '   !  " , , , "   3    8, -   !   7 0  +$% 8 , )*" , ,  ,,E 7" 9 *, ) ! #  , , !     ; * , ,  7> ,     !    0 *    *   ;   @ 3  +$% !, + "    3 , )*" , & ,,E 8 ) F   " (Bicaméralisme) ,*  ? 

(16)   "     ,,E  ,  1 ;G &,*  ? 

(17)  !@A  )*" A , ,  , >  H  9  0   I$ J#  ?  !    ,,E  %   &     5*.   

(18)  9       ,  7   &         .    @ , , 8%$ !    monocamérisme ou monocaméralisme    K (1)

(19) *  &[" &,] !#A    "

(20)  & "   " KIK &  "  K *  5*. .686: &1995 &  &) >  &2 * 1.

(21) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ !     * !  , ,  %       5* 1 ;G &  H .   8, 4 &!  $% "       "   J  *, 8 #   * " 1 % (#  )  ,  N  ,  & * ;  *@ A  ,*  ? * !    "  3  5  0    !' *, 97  - "   !  !#>  !  * " /  &, , 5    #       5 ,    !;A # ' &  !' !    !  , &  !;  

(22)    # . 7  : ' I*  ', "        , , -  ! !2O,    )  #

(23) " & %N   &     /  "; " - -  ,A .*, , ,   . %  ,      5* 5,( (  N I$ # ,  "   , , 3  !" A  &  !'  " "   #     !        5* 5,( ,A % &

(24)  -, ) ! #   #  ,    3  +$% "       "   J # !   -  6 -.   5,   % 9         H P     .

(25)  -, ) ! #   N

(26) " 1 O 5,>    /  2O,  5  !  JA  ,      !        5* 5,(     "    #  &, ,     02'  3  !

(27)  , , +$   

(28)  # " &3'   '* @ , ,>     % 5 ,    A*'  3 

(29)  5  !  J :;  # -   ,*  ?  ., 

(30) " 7 

(31) " '  ,,E R % , % ! ;      0;  5   +$% ! 5,( *  , ,  %> 7   2  +$%        # G &  !' , , 3  0*' 5      " 5  "   , ,    I$ * 5,( * "        : 

(32)   "      ,    &"   )  #  , , 6  7   !2'. "  S % ! ; 9  R )*"  J , 6$ 6 ,. 2.

(33) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ . ,,E  ,    5* &5  8O   !   ;,  5* &?7   > 5* 5,( &, , 3  0*' 5    !? ,  12 5  /> 2 +$% 7 &       5 ,        ; !A    

(34)      "    #  

(35) 

(36)   @ -  # 3  +$%    & %,  ,,E  ,   .-  # , ,   !    H . / 8 O  6$T    5 ,       5* 5,(  % " 0;  $% ! T -  8  ! 

(37) . ) I* 5,( *        > 7  .5   +$%  , >    ;  0" 6 ,

(38)   *# $ H @   /       5* 5,( H @    1 A !* ,     , ,  !   

(39) % *

(40)  /G I$ 9 &,*  ?     /      ? 

(41)  : %> +$%

(42) N 6 ,    !   # ' 5  8O  &?7    7  O

(43)  &   *#  @ /"   ,*  ! ; $ &(1) O ,*       5 , )*"

(44) 

(45)  / )*" 0   - ?  2 ;  ,*   

(46)    0  ,* 

(47)  .O  %" 5*  ) ,  O

(48)  /,A %   ? 

(49)  /*" & 

(50)   ,* 

(51)     ?   ,*  ?    

(52)  0# $ . *#  +$%  6

(53) ',  5( /*" &

(54) A  O :,*  ? 

(55)  2#  0  K (1) «Bicaméralisme/Bicamérisme N.M :système politique fondé sur un parlement composé de deux chambre distinctes, par ex : chambre des députés et sénat, chambre des lords et chambre des communes en G.B.Bi : deux et cammera : chambre»-Dictionnaire de la langue française [encyclopédie et Non propres], édition83, imprimé en Italie 1994, p133.» , , 8%$ ) !  ?  Bicamérisme ou Bicaméralisme :  :  "   @  .120 : & , 9  &(8; !  ,*    @. 3.

(56) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ ,*  ?  H @  5  8O  &?7  !   

(57) %

(58) "  1996 ,  N )

(59)  $   6 , %  !2' -'> +$% ! +   (     5* 1 ;  5   2002 , 8O  ?7  ! 

(60) N &2011  , 9 8O   2016 , 6 , ! 9 ?7  / !  . ,   5  8O   / $'Z    # %   5*  1 ; [  &1962  , 20 $ &  5* 

(61)   ?7   &(1)2*  , 9@   *  A *  @.  / , 6$ ,,(   .(2); 5*   

(62)  3' - I$  ( 1963  , 10    "7  &*, #'; & *"  ?  : ';> *,  !'  N  #  > 8  *" 6$ &  6 % ! -  1965   19 82 % /   «-  5* » 8  , 2 , - ?%

(63)  " 1965 *  10   , A %. (3). ";

(64) ,   *,      5?  *,    . 5*  ! *  ; ?  -  5* > &  5* 

(65)  !  .1963  ,  5,E     , 5* ) " 4 &1776    22  ,  "   ) 9@   ,  *, > &*, 5 &A ;    ,. (4)«  ; 5*   » ,,(   5*  »1962  , 26

(66)  ,,(   5*  " - # ?2  @ K (1) " : « ,  F ' !'    - , )*"    E  &6?7 8;* *  ? 17 & , : # ?   !2'  !2,  $ ?7   ,  ,,E    &5   .4K3 : : &2009 &?7 &   &! > 5*  / *. ,  ,  8;*   - , »1963  , 10  ,  27 -  K. (2).    " -$ '(     ,A  *#> :) 64  &a..F.F  , - « .43 : &9  5A &5 : &1990 &?7 &97  ; " * 3  &6?7 , ,

(67)  &;  , K. (3). 72K72.70K70 : «  ; 5*  ) ,  5* ; A  5  »1976  ,  126 - K. (4). .94" &a..F.F  , - 4.

(68) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ $% 9  , &    87 &  87       5?  .  ! ;    5* 

(69)  !   , - , )*" /

(70) "  &  ; 5*  /. & , $%  N.  %1  *, 9,

(71)   '@ ;  8;* -     ! !  1 A, 1 /" R'  6$ 9  &1988     ,         %   S   /    ,   6$ &(1)1989 6A 23   , , ,  6 , 5* 0     , )*"   & *,  !#A " *'  ,  #  /  , , 9  $    1 ;    *, ,. " $ &  5* 

(72)  1989  , A I$

(73) N . ;   ' ?7 !' &1992     5? !  ! 6$   ; 5* * ; 8    c 9@  6  , !  7" " 0;      '  7  %  , , %     -"  ?7 "   2#.   .*,* 5  /*#  O ! 9

(74)  O* @    ,,E. R " J# 6$  , ! 1 A, 8; 8 , 1996    28  5,E  *  ; *,   &   *,

(75)  : #' O ; 5*  8  )G &,*  ? 

(76)  ) ,*   >

(77)   6 , ,*  ?  - ! > ?7 ) I$ &(2) > 5* + ,   ,* 4   5* )*" 1 .  2016 , 6 , !   !   E 6 , %  !2' .; *, ! ;    ; 5*  8  )  > 1908 , A &!2,  ! ) ,*  ? 

(78)   # % 0"  8O   ,*    &3 ; 3

(79) , *"  * ; ,,E )*"  , H ; : .(3) "> 5*  > 5* % .09  &a..F.F & , - &1989 6A 23   #  ,K (1) .76 a..F.F  , - 1996    28 T 6 , !  98 -  K (2) &2011 &8O  &) >  &      &d O    &*"  )A# K(3) .08: 5.

(80) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ 4 &, $% " !2,    , ,

(81)  1  ". * F'

(82)  ,,E  J # 6 ;,   ,. / " 6$ 6 ;,    5*  4 ; ? 

(83)  , 1962  , 9@ 9 .  ! "    )  @  *   N & ;,  5* 8  5* % ,*      1 ;G # ,*    2" ) 3 6$    , , e    ,

(84)  

(85)  $ !  1 ; -  /  &(1) 2# /*T "   1965 ,   ! I*  !  ? ,  .O      T 5T*. /*  !  1 A,  )*" /@" 1970 ,   , 9@  % I* 

(86)  17 8' &8  5*  ,  5*    ! ; 4 &,*   >

(87)  5   '   ;   N H   " 'c 17 ;  

(88)  H  /. .  0O "  1984 &1977 ,  , 9 O    ! ;    5*   !   , / , )*"  A /* ;  ;   N ;   H    )*" I$ 1 . 1993 .8  5*     7 9 &  ,,E  ! ;.   !    ! #

(89) "  N. & 2#.  *,*,   * -'> +$% 9 &  77  +   @   6$ 1996 , 6 , !     +  77   * %  * 5* 1 

(90)  + @  &(2),*  ? 

(91)     * % - " )*" 5 ,>  8#  ,  3     / "  N &1962  , 9 8O  /" 6$  ;,  .8  5*   / 8  # #' . &1999 &8O  &) >  &8 ;  &8O   O 6$  

(92)  &9  '  K. (1). .14: &2003 &8O  &      &, ,  ,,E  6 ,    &)A#  ' K. (2). .152:. 6.

(93) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ )*"  A , , 3  8*N @       # #'    % ,*  ? 

(94)  )*"   2011 ,   , 9@  !" 6$  > &  . 9  );  *' - - 9 &8  5* 8  )  ;,  5* )*" 1 .  . * , , !  /" *'

(95)  6$ &*,     , ! > H ;  G &5    > 5* ) ,   1 ; )*" :  /G &1956    20  ,,( 5*  ?  - A   / 6 & ;,  5* 8  5* % ,*    .(1),       ,*  ,*  ? 

(96)  " *' )  " 1959 T, /*"  #   ,  TN  N ) / !   , 6$ &8  5* %  5*  ! ;     !    - "  *"   #  , , H @ Z  9@ 6$ 2002  , !2'      ; * !   J  2"  * , ,  ,,E 

(97)  A 8  )  ;,  5* 1 ;G /   ?  )*"

(98)   *  * %

(99)  .8  5*. 3 , )*"   5* 1 ; " &,*  ? 

(100)  5  8O  &?7  / %$' - @ !  /  ,  / %  4 

(101)  $% , !   J    $% 5 " 3 & A.  @" & ?  J# 6$     A " 0;   . .,*  ?   *  *   * H @ 

(102) . - @ 3  : ' ! ;.    J , ,*  ? 

(103)  !  / %   ! 5  3 & # #'  7 0 $% 

(104)  $ 5  8O  &?7 $' $A 9@ /@   #    

(105)  )*"

(106)  $%  " *       +  1> 5* ! !'   ! "

(107)  A " 0;  !2'    !  - "  *  " ' # #'* !    )*" !  +$% - 3

(108)  (1 ). - Sadok Chaabane, la Tunisie politique ;un autre regard, maison arabe du livre, Tunisie, 2008, p91. 7.

(109) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ .,*  ?  (; 3' !        ;,  ,* &?7   > 5* 1 ;.    9  " 0;     ; 5*       #  A     . 7 &5  8O   T,*  ? 

(110)  $'>   7    5  8O   8  ,* &?7  

(111) T  ' A*' )*" 0      &, ! &!  +$ ,   " . )*" 5* ! !'  !   ' !  "     @"   ,* ( $% )*" T# #'   )*" - 3    &3'     +  1> 3 .  "  3 ,  &6?7 , ,

(112)       5      5* 1 ;   " )*" !2'  ,*  ? 

(113)  !  +$%  - @ " 4 G &,   O    

(114) .  ;,  ,*.  > 5* 4G *    " 0; . ? 

(115)  *     A*'  @,

(116) 7* % , )*" ?   *  #   d *" ,    $ *"

(117)  

(118) ? " " < #. !2'  ,*  . O*     

(119)  &      6$ ,*  ? 

(120)   

(121) N )* $ & *%  !,  " A*' ! ;  !     /  ,   > -  1 A    /  &  !> )*" /   @,        %@,  4      8  +$% )*" , . O  &?7   ,G. .!  +$%      5*         & O ,*   )*"

(122) "    ,*  ? 

(123)   $G. $% & 

(124)   A  I$  0*' &3' )    0*' + " . /

(125)  ) &  ! / I;     

(126) " /  #  /" 8 .!;A  <  3 5  , ,

(127)  !  , % &  ) &,*  ? 

(128)    A  4. 8.

(129) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ T *  # #'

(130)  $%  /  

(131)   (  &/    6  +$%  2   . "  * "   ) 6 #  9@  $ /$ , ,

(132)  .  -'> , 5  8O  &?7  ,*  ?  H @ ,  % 7 % . . "  / @   . 2016 , % ( 1996 , ?7  !  6 , 5,E * # N        5* 4  2002 , 5  2011 ,

(133)  1996 , 8O  ?   " 0;  & '  $% 1      8 ,> " 4*  !        > +7A 9     6 , 5,E  %  ,*  T " 0;  9 &3'   &, ! &42 !      +7A 9  / ' 6$   )*" 0   "  # #'  ,  O  &?7  9 ; !   , ,

(134)   &  1>  4,  5* * 6 , 5,E  *,  !#  O   " 0;     &'d 5*  8  )    ; ./ @ 3 ; &8O  &?7 !     , ,*  ?  H @ ,  '  H @ > 8  $

(135)  $  2"     )  7 8  +  5  ? 

(136)    , -A  !  +$% "  "    #  &, , %#      5* 1 ;.   ;  9  %1 " $ ,*  . ,,E  7  ,   @ ; !  -  &!  9,   , ,  ' )*"   ,   1, 

(137)  &+2" <   ! ;.  

(138)  ) * ** f  !2'  H @   4*  12  >  @    :'  ,  O  &?7    #    : # %  . ? 

(139)  A*'    " 4*    '  f  $ &,*  ?  . @  !@ ) ! #   N ,* . 9.

(140) JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ<íÚ‚ÏÚ  ,*  ? 

(141)  H @  4 G &  # R /A* 4 !  4 * ;  , *  % &  # R / &  , 5  8O  &?7   , H @  , &, 17 R    !

(142)  $ &##'  1 , &5  ,  # '  # +$% 7 &, ! 42 ! * ,  "  : # , & %  !   &   : #  ##'   ,   > * .H @  :'  

(143)     1 "G J , 2  @   &  

(144)    " 0;     N &+2"  $  ! ;.  2 $%  E , 8*N )*"  .    5  8O  &?7  ,*  ?  5, ! > !#A :' :2

(145) , 1  4  G &, H @    9    7

(146)  $    A*' !  " ,*  ? 

(147)   "  A*'  %( 3      5*  . 5  8O  &?7  !  # '   !#A

(148)   &3 ,  $% )*"   # #'   )*" 

(149) *   - ? @" * ; 4  5*  ?     !  +$%

(150)  A " 0;   ,*  5* ! !' A !  7 4  !#A  & T # #' ,. 3  , "  !  $   9; 3 , )*" /      1>    !  / % !  ,*  ? 

(151)   *   * !' !   $% 5 " .3'   ?   *  # 

(152)  9 / , . 10.

(153) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ]. < <íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<<VÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ]. 9  *  1   *  '  8 ,>   ,*  ? 

(154)      !2'   12  -A  ,* " )   @ " &    -O# 7  3 *.  4 6$

(155) ,   62  ;" 9 .3'    * 12   7 ! > 5*   '      ,> %      5*   !  ),    '    , , !    !    

(156)   $ &# N .       5* . (1).  * 5* - #.     ; ?   * "     0   ,  .  J@ ! ;  *# A   7  /,*     *,  !    / 4 &   F ' ,*  ? 

(157)  !  4*

(158)   /

(159) , 8, !  

(160)  *    $%  

(161)  &  5 , )*"

(162)  .(2)"  ) & # , ,    1 , & @   !  # ' 0 * 7. 1787  , 8    > -      ,*  ? 

(163)   I$  8 ,> 5A   1   > -  * 

(164)  $% % ; & 8 ,>      )  "

(165)  ", )A' /  1795 ,    , # ' & -  * ! ,*  ? 

(166) 

(167)  &       (  $'   $%  !   J , . &    *   % &;"    !2'   >   % , ?

(168)   + . &,.   -(;  

(169)   #

(170) . KMaurice Duverger,Institution politiques et droit constitutionnel,9 eme edition, P.U.F.Paris, p 164. &6#  6 ,

(171)  6?7 6 ,

(172)   /    F 7 

(173)  &

(174)    K(2). 1. .17 : &2009 & ,.    1    &) >  &  ,  &  , &   

(175)   2,   @ ; *, &5    *" K .69 : &2008 & " &>   -7 &) > 11.

(176) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] .(1)    *' 2  !      5*  6E  & * A ! ;*   " 7    # )*" ,*  ? 

(177)  ; *  - % 4*

(178)   ! > 0#   O * )*" #   &

(179)  $   !  2000 ,  &1970 ,     , ' +   !  " J# @     ;" , '   I %  &  0*' "   ,   )  9A    . (2).   !     I$   A    5* 1 ; 8  )*" .(3) 1 , / $'(  I$ ! / R . ! &,*  ? 

(180)  !   ; -    , 8*N G      &

(181)  $% !   ; R>  ,  ?         ! ; !    8O  &?7 – 5   *   8O  ! .  !  R . .!  / %    5   /* 6$  * I$ &  . T (; ,*  ? 

(182)   )*" H  I % &A *   1 ,  9T       ,  7   "   , ,  7>    !  .    

(183)   ,,E  7   ,  " 4* *@A  *,  %   5    8* ) ),   "    * !  S    8* 

(184)  , , - "  & , , , 9?2  ,,E  )*" 1 @ 8" )*" , 9   7. ."   H# 0   ,  H  ". ?  !    )*  &  ?7  

(185)      9 &;  > K(1) 9  2  A*  -7   ; &! > 17 &    > ?7     ,*  .23 : &?7 &2002    30 – 29 &  ?  !    )*  & 8O    *  F 7   

(186)  & 

(187) % K(2) 9  2  A*  -7   ; &  17 &    > ?7     ,*  .80 : &?7 &2002    30 – 29 &  KPhillip Ardant Institutions politiques et Droit constitutionnel, 6 édition, L.G.D.j, paris, 1994, p225. 3. 12.

(188) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] 7  

(189)  7 . ,>  ,*  ?  /   $%.  &  *  # ' &4 #  /E # &   *O;   A*'    "  9 ; - "  3>   &- 9?2   9T?2 (1). .   ,,E      ! . 5  /> &   >  @ * 7  I. 5  ,*  ? 

(190)   @  "   $'( ! ;   ". !   /,A   ! ( 7  9  #   5*  *"  #     I$ .-  4  !,  @  9  5  3'   .  ? A  #     J  "  ! A " .   ,,E  ,  9 7  T# &* /    &

(191)   !  8*N  ,*  ? 

(192)   ; 9. ) A 02'  )*" R

(193)  I$   &  *"

(194)   "  5,> .

(195)  $% !  ;  *" &R  E )

(196) , /*" 

(197)  $%  % 3  /A 0*' 4    5* 

(198)    &!A   ?    /     A ! $%  I$  ,*  ? 

(199)   3'   &/ !  , !  R  / *"

(200)   5,> S   # J@ ! ; /   7 ) !    +$%   (! > 4 ) ,*  ? 

(201)     A*' * ; *"    . ,*  ?    8O  5  &?7 & 8O  ! 

(202)  9   A*'   6$ ,*  ? 

(203)   $ .  # '  A*'  " 4* , 9. %@, 4 & *%  !,  " A*' ! ;  !     /*       ,G 1 A    /  &  !> )*" &/   @,           4      8  +$% )*" O  ,  &?7 .(  4 ) !  / %    5*    # ' .79 : & , 9  & 

(204) % K(1) .27 : & , 9  &  ?7  

(205)      9 &;  > K 13.

(206) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ]. & $ ";   '<  :, :.  & E , !* -   , 9@ 

(207) %  !7 ,*  ?   ) 'c +  8%$  &/ -E  % >  , 5*   ( 3  +      2  4 &/,  7

(208)  $  #  !  ,*  ?  ( ., ,      02' )*" !     / &  !  : ' 0 )*" 0   > > & #    *@ A  5,>  4   ! 8, 6 5 , )*" )  *@ A  +$ O 4 ?  7    3 6 &  "    0    6  12 3   * (1). .  !#  O   ! 0. ) ! # * ,*  ? 

(209)  *     A*' " 4 6 @  I$  A*' +$%  $G &8O  5  &?7    5*  *"

(210)    *  %( 3 0 ;  !, G &!  /  ,*  ?    -;  N 7?  ! ; .  A   # #' 

(211)  $      8   ! ;  A*' ,*   )*"

(212) "    /A  ,*  ? 

(213)  5* * !#Z  - #     5*    3  / 4 &: #'  (2). .! >.  - O  ! ; 4  - O   !  ,*  ? 

(214) 

(215) ? "  )   F$   

(216) " /  #  8 % (! > 8* ) : #'  4  @ -  "  ! . .,*  ? *   !  ! / I;   "  , ,  > A*'  &,  c  %  ! & % ; 3. .(  8* ). * &+    , &# *  I$    ,* 

(217)  &*" 0,      K(1) .296 : &2009 &-%    &  2. KPhillip Ardant, op. cit, p 225. 14.

(218) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] & $

(219) >

(220) " :, =  5*     I* - O 9         5* 1 ; $'(  N . *. 7  - ; &-1 A       )*" :   &! > / 6$   5*  @ -  ) /

(221)  ,*  ?  ! ; I$ &I$  ,*  02'  . &(! > HA) /  6$ F$  1 @">  H   ! > 5*  9 6 ,    &2   .   # #'   02'  I$ ) 0@ ,*    A    ,  ,*  ? 

(222)  $?"  &   ,  : #'  .(  HA) 6 ,  N 0# %" ,*  ? 

(223)  $'( 'd )*" . :  & $ . @ :, ?< I;  A# % & O ,*   ; ,*  ? 

(224)   $ : #'  - #    / )*" RA /G &

(225)  $ $'(  !   ! H @' ,  &  ! - 0  I  %  > !   5*        5    ./ ; , ,  >   ) "  5A   5   ./$ ?     5* !  !     ) $ 2   2 9@ 

(226)  J 2 R $'( 8O  5  &?7  *   8O  ! 

(227)   # #'  @ & *,   )*"   5?  A  !> )*" , ?  02'    9 

(228)  $%   & 

(229)   * , ,  E,     (1). .      !    5*  "   , . () > -A) ,> 5    #   > S    5     .(  -A)   5   (  -A) A 5  . & -   , 7  &  , & 8O  *  $A *, & 3  K(1) .09 : &2010 &  15.

(230) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] . &, ; 9$ :A,  < 5*  &,*  ? 

(231)    ) > -$ &  5    H  $% !  .

(232)  5* ! > 5*  !  &       5*  & * ; *,

(233) 7 I,  ;"    !    I*   4   ,  ,   9   / "   &  ;   * - # $A 6 8 # ;,  I*   N .*, 6

(234)  "   

(235)  &" . 1 >     "7   R !  I*    A,  & % 6 - ;,  +$  

(236)  &

(237) . .    :'  % 2#  ! ?  

(238) @ 6$ &1  5*   " ;"     & > $% !  02'      a )    4  9*@ &1 "7 12   2" *     # #' ,. &- @ 1 ; &A     I*  ! 6$  > . , J@ ! ;  # #'  +$% 5 

(239)  /  .

(240) *, 8 RO $ ! ; 6$ &  5*   , 5* )*" @ -   #  $ A# /*" )A@ .    "  5*  $ J# I$   9 &RA

(241)   (1). . 6 ;,  9  /? " 9 , . /   0   &(jean san terr)   ,   I*  !  ;" 4   !2'    ! > )*" @ R &  8;  / O J# 6$ 6, .

(242)  ? O ) @  &1215

(243) " +@    $  !  12 -  /@  5*     @ R /  9 6$ (magna carte)

(244) ">   0 (2). . !      12     .

(245)  )*" /   , &    +   F 7  &*"   7    K(1) .263 : &1993 &-%    &  * &+    , &6#  .264 : &9  5A &*"   7    K(2) - Phillip Ardant, op.cit, p 225.. 16.

(246) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ]. "  * 5* ) , 5*  $% J# 1351 , ;" 9        5*  

(247)  @" -(; 4 

(248)  5      !  12 ; . * 5*

(249) , 5*  )*"  * , I* " 2#A / "  "    &

(250)  5* &  5*   -A 5A  ; !    /2# $' &(1)   ,*  ?   & * 5*. .  8   *  # ' 9,  5* J # :   * 5*  *, $' ;"      8 9. ; -"  9,  ! ; 1732 ,   '    ! 9 / % 7 6$ &

(251)  .5*  $% *  T   

(252)  & #*  /  &/ *,  * 5*  , 

(253) ,   >  6$ 1911 ,   . (2).  /2#      "  " ; . + 6$ 7     (;

(254)  5* 9 02'  &/,A  * 5*   # &

(255) 

(256)  8?@ RA /? @" J # /,   * 5* /*"  

(257)  '> $%   )     (;  * 5*  2#  :*    $%  @ .!  

(258)  5*  2# )*" 1 . 9 3'> ;     * 5*  *,   : .

(259)     ,      * 5*  9@ 6$ 1949  , 16   #    8    0   3 # -  /* &

(260)  5* *"     )*" R"  " 6$ 1956 ! 30   #    I$ ) 0@ &- ,   / % 5*  3   8 J  I* * J# 4 &5*  $     @

(261)   /   (1). KPhillip Ardant, op.cit, p 225.. KMaurice Duvergere. po. cit, pp 284 – 285. .281 – 280 : : & , 9  &*"   7    (; $  K(2) !    )*  &   , ,  >  O

(262)  -(; '    &  " 0 K A*  -7   ; &  17 &    > ?7     ,*  ?  .49 : &?7 &2002    30 – 29 &  9  2  17.

(263) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] ,  )*"  *  ' 6E   >     #';   R -  (1). ./# 4    /   ! ; $   :';  @". #"  # < 6$ 1999    11 <2#  # 9 : . !   , !.  8 '  1 @">  N  '     @ 1 O )*"

(264)   * 5*       -7   #';* ,   )*" 1 .

(265)  5* 1 @" 8 ' (2). .@   87

(266)  87   A 

(267) 

(268)   )*" 9   - .  &  /   8, &- ;,2 5* )  * 5* !  $ % 8, / *, * & !  - @   12  ,>  ?A )*" , ,   5* N

(269)   # R"   / J# 1911

(270) " / 9; : #' .  -  ? ! ' '  ? 9,  3'   &

(271)  ) ! &/ !  ,*  ? 

(272)  1  )*" E

(273)   * 5* 9  N. & 5 , )*" ! ; &3' !     5  1  9 &3' !   , + ;  , 8  (;  >    &  5*  & "> 5* : #' !  %   )  />     ! /* . (3). /? @" ! I*   6$ 1952. 8* 6$  

(274)  %  )  / &*,* *, 8 '  ! 6$    ! &/? @"  17 8 '  * 8 '  /  5*  )*"   A# 1 A@. I*  !   "> 5* 1 @" 9    !  ) 8%$ > /A  'c   ; *,  7  !#A  )*" I; !2 *   2, R A f " & d +$% 

(275) "     9 !     &$A. KMaurice Duverger, op. cit, p 289. - Phillip Ardant, op.cit, p 225.. (1). .30 : & , 9  &

(276)    K(2)  O

(277)  !    )*  &  -(; &  ?   O

(278)  &8 ;  , K(3) &  9  2  A*  -7   ; &! > 17 &    > ?7    .41 : &?7 &2002    30 – 29 K Phillip Ardant, op.cit, p 225. 18.

(279) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] -  !  - "G  8  I$ > , , +   !  6$     7  "    "> 5* 1 @"  *  >  ,  664 (1). .  8  )*" 8'  8  )O  )*"  8 ' . < B. '+ ; 9$ :;  <.   ! ; 9  72  A 9  $   5   (; - " 2   @ 5*   A   )*" RA 2   "    &8T   9   A     *  !  # #' " 67   3 ,  )*" ? @"> (2). .   ) *' !2, . )*"

(280)  8 * ,*

(281) @ 6$ &,*  ? 

(282)  A !  8*N ) $    2   *  !   , 2   @   ,* & ,* , !  5 , . , !  -"  "  RO -     &A 9        ,* 7   !  . 8  e ; 5* 8  5* % ,*       h; 4 &  >  *' , '    !     ,* , !   @ ! > &1787  , (3). .  . & , 0 2 %  , ; !  8?  5 , )*" 8  5*

(283)  4 5   @" -    -# - % &, -  ;  

(284)  H  /  8' .3'      RO    !'  ! " *. 8 ' )*" e ; 5*   !    9  , , -  ' @" ?  ! ; / 6 &  , "  , " T ., ! /* T. .74 &73 : : & , 9  &5    *" K(1) Phillip Ardant, op.cit, p p 36 - 39. : (; $  K(2) (3)-. KMaurice Duverger, op. cit, pp 358 – 359. 19.

(285) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] &8?@   * 1 ,  &6 ,  ;  2#  ,*  5  *,  - , 

(286)  )*"  ,*  9  &8  5*   -      4  ! ; & .  @      : # : #' ,*  02' !   ,,( * 0 &5* ! 5?

(287)  5* ! " 1 @" 2 &,*  1 @"  *'. )@    H ; "    " )*" $'( &(comité de conférence) T #     >     I$ &H ;  8,  A

(288) " !   &,*    .(1) ,     (la navette) " $'>"  "  )   '     5?   :' ? @ *, e ; 5* 9  .  >  # ' 0   1.. %. (the impeachment) 9  1 8  (2). ., ?.      ! ; 9     A 9  $   5    9.   " &, !   ,  !       / 3 R G &A  *   "   &.  "  

(289)  4 &. 7  2

(290)  -'> +$% !   2    &!    , 02' )*" .      .  ,. .;  N  ' % 8 '    &  5*  1 @" 8 ' 

(291)  "    (3). .,A e ; 5*  !  %. &T  > -      " &A   5    R 3 $% J#   5   +$% > .6     >     !  % &0@ 

(292) , 67      6 "       *' 2  6 " - N "  - - !' -    -   $ &7   *,    fT   (4). (1). .5*  !'  T*. . KMaurice Duverger, op. cit, p361.. ?7     O

(293)  !    )*   & c 9 O

(294)  K(2) .113 : &?7 &2002    30 – 29 &  9  2  A*  -7   ;     > .42 : & , 9  &8 ;  , K(3) .720 : & , 9  &  7    K(4) 20.

(295) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ]  0*' *  9  > &/2 )*" $'E  8 /*"   6 $%  N

(296)    , A !   9      ! &'d     &

(297)  H  6  A  2 h;   , & *,  !#A   A   5*  -   ,   ,*  7  )*" " ,  !   . , ,

(298)  ) 9    !  / %  ,*  ?  <  ( !  )A $ % (1). .   /T  5 ? ,.   B. '+ ; 9$ :;;  < 8*O  ,>   5  * * @  7    ; 9,   !   7    9  $   5   7 !    & 9  *" &  5   +$% 1 @" 8 ' )*"  "2 *N /  ,*  ? 

(299)      5     )    . (2). ;  N  ;  8 '   1 ,. & @ !#>  - #    8  *  "    ) > 5  * *.  &  !? , -" "   5   7    ! & %     A $ .?7   @ - & &1 @">  '  :'

(300) @ 2   I % ,*  ? 

(301)      , , !#    ;   8 '   " ' ,* 21  & * ' 1 @"   , . ;   N 8 '  +E @" 8' ,* 15  & , &  > -     N. ;   *'  8 '      ,* I %. &   &8O  &   . (3). .  , * % T;  . .721 : & , 9  &  7    K(1) .43 – 42 : & , 9  &8 ;  , K(2) &   , ,  >  O*

(302)   # #'

(303) ? " &  ! * -" &  " ;  K  ; &  17 &    > ?7     O

(304)  !    )*  .15 : &?7 &2002    30 – 29   9  2  A*  -7      O

(305)  !    )*       -$ '( *# +$% K(3) .100 – 98 : & , 9  &    > ?7 21.

(306) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] 8 '   " ?7     ,*  ?7 / '

(307)  ,* 14 I % (3). .*;   ,* % ;  . &T?7  ;   N 8 '   " ?7 8'   ,* 12   . 7  &#. &5 T %  6  &7* &   % & ,* 15 !  *     5    &,   , &  7  &   & 7 & & &6  &F   &   .> &     T'    5      4*  ! !  *     5    6 (1). . ?7 '  *. & @ 1 @"> "       ) > 5   "   5   0*' $% 5*  1 @" "  ! 8 O      5   / % 1 @" "   O  , .  G "     * 5* 2. )*" %  & " -"  ! > 50 ! ,   @" 110 19  ? @" " <    5    N  ! ; &, ,  > 0*'   0*' )*" "7 &,*  ?   T  .   ,   "   #  ) A &O & , &'   " 

(308)  (2). .  5   1 @". $%  4 &/? @"> ?7    ,*   02'    .   , 5   , *, )*" !   @ 0   5   )*" '> -  *". (3). 6 > 5* 

(309)   " "     ,,E  jA * ; ,. &) > 5  * 8 O % &    ,     5  * ,    - & , 9  &    > ?7     O

(310)  !    )*   K(1) .116 : .30 : & , 9  &  ?7  

(311)      9 &;  > K(2) .84 : & , 9  & 

(312) % K(3) 22.

(313) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ]  ! %  , *  , 9 4    5  *   - - <  (1). . 7 , . ;     @ &) > 5  * ,    - - # *" (2). .8;* 2   > > *". ; - " I$ 0*'   ,*  @  72  ;  I$ ) 0@  - '     @ 9  5  6$ , # '   5    # '  @   ., 2 " !  5   / % 1 @" , ,  E,   *,   !    5   ! # .    E, < %      5   !

(314) " !#(   2  *   72    ,  * , ,  E,  < ,*   !  , &   &  , & * % !* 2    ,* 19    ), &(3)T 

(315)  !  / %  , : 4 &6 N > !  &2  & ,'7 &8O  &   & % (4). .  5*  ! T  )*". . % :  & $ . @ : ; ?<     % ! > 5*    5*   : #'   - O   ; !  )*" , ,   ) > 5    * &   ,*  02' .  5      9, > : #'   #        &  '   - ,   "  ,*  ? 

(316)    !  ( *  $% .   &     ,  ,*  ?   0 $% &,*   : #'   & , 9  &    > ?7     O

(317)  !    )*   K(1) .101 : .19 : & , 9  &  ! * -" &  " ;  K(2) &2004 &# & @  &    ,  >    ! &!   " 12" K(3) .115: & , 9  &    > ?7     O

(318)  !    )*   K(4) .102 : 23.

(319) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] .   N   ,  N ,*  ?  $?"   2' !  ,  N   ,  ? * &,*  ? 

(320)    !   '  I; .?  )  /   )O *   , ,   , , 9  ,,E  7  ,*   *' 7    N %

(321)  !#>  . , ,   ,*   N ?   & * *' 7    J  %  ,  ?   5*    - " &  ! * ,*      I$ " !;A   &7   (1). .! >.  - O  9  ,  $'(  8  * *' 7  " 4  I$ ! &- O  / % 9 8,    2# 5A ,*   7  $ &! ;  ,*  6$O ,*   8 N  !  9   7      0     (2). .-   < .   !   () > -A) ; !    -"  # #'   5  * R     ;  $ ? @  2# R )  @ (  -A)   .(  -A)     ,  E,  & @    ! > 5*  9  # #'  +$%    5   I;  ) )* ,*    # #'   7  $%  ! &'d R  7T  .R @   5  . *  -P O  *  & c , &1996 ,  O   , &6 O  77 " K(1) .17 – 16 : &1998 &  &4  &   &  1 &   *,  2011  , &   * " &  , K(2) .125 – 124 : &2011   &.    *,*,  ; &) > .02 : & , 9  &6 O  77 " K 24.

(322) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ].  $ ; 9 $   :A,  < ; *,  , , @"        17   5*   .( ) *"  #   "    ;  % , ,> /    $% & * )*" ,*  2  - @ )*" ,*  ? *   !   !  3 4 !   I$ ) 0@ .!  / % R  *" 1 ,   9    H ;. .(  )   ,,( *  "   5   #

(323)  ,*  ? *     2) C2 ; 9 $  :%  ,*   - ,    ,*  ? * -   !   ,   0 (1). .(2) % (1)  <   ,   8* 5* !  )  &; !     C2 ; 9 $  .I. &     * A#   <  -      5   8*N 9    <  -   " % 9   5  I %   & ,* 33   %"   !  % ! > 5*  )*" - #  8?@         < ! " 1923 , 6#   , /*" :    > -    .  &18  5* 1 @" I*   # '   7  8?@ 1 ;G # '   5    !  +     &2  * -'> +$% ! ( ,A  , /*" : &2  & % &   &?7    <  -   !   * #   . 7 &  7 . .126 : & , 9  &

(324)    K(1) 22   # 138 / 96

(325)  6 , !    1998  ,    -A 39 -  : K(2) les projets de loi des financés et de loi de financement de la sécurité social : 1996 6A .sont soumis en premier lieu à l’assemblée nationale l "  &   2#  "    @      -    (projets) J*#    , &6?7 , ,

(326)   *, ,. 8 , &, ,  ,,E  6 ,    A  .100 : &2009 &?7 &97  ; " *  %  &$A ?    A  2 25.

(327) íéŠ×]<íéñ^ßnÖ]< ^ÛjÂ]<‹‰_<JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVÙæù]<Ø’ËÖ] / ' 6$ &!  " 4   /    <      5   R  & ,* 40 !  &*   A#   5  *  , R 42    1@   !   -     R 1 ; 9 !  5  2. . %  ,N &    *   $ 9  5 .   2) ; 9 $  .II. : J# 4 &  .   ,*  - ,   ,  

Références

Documents relatifs

temperature, in response to thermal feedback and recycling, is a function of the return- flow fraction between the injection and production wells and the temperature difference

In 2003, Bertoin and Le Gall started from another point of view and introduced, in [3], a stochastic flow of bridges which encodes simultaneously an exchangeable coalescent process and

We hence expect VAT rebates to have a greater effect on export activities when there is more eligible trade (ordinary and processing trade with imported materials).. Our

relates cutting-edge evolutionary and complex systems with institutional analysis, critical political economy, heterodox macroeconomics, computational methods, and

تايرحلاو قوقحلا ةنايص يف اهتيمهأو نيناوقلا ةيروتسد ىلع ةباقرلا ةيلآ هبعلت يذلا ريبكلا رودلا للاخ لود ىلع هتسارد طيلستو عوضوملا ةسارد يف ثحابلا

ﻮﻫ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺯ ،ﺥﻮﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺦﻴﺸﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﺍﺮﻛ ﺔﺒﻘﻨﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺮﻜﻟ ﺐﻳﺬ ﰲ ﻡﺎﻫﻭ ﻕﻼﺧﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻱﺮﺛ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﲑﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺐﻠﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺮﳌﺍ

ضرﻓ نأ رﺎﺑﺗﻋا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﯾﻓرط نﯾﺑ درو ذﺧأ نﻣ وﻠﺧﺗ ﻻ ﺔﯾﺑﯾرﺿﻟا ﺔﻋزﺎﻧﻣﻟا نﺈﻓ سﺎﺳﻷا اذﻫ ﻰﻠﻋو وﺎﻘﻣ ﻰﻘﻠﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺎﺑﻟﺎﻐﻓ ﺎﻧّﯾﻫ ارﻣأ دﻌﯾ ﻻ بﺋارﺿﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺋارﺿﻟا ةرادإ لﻣﻋ

عوﻧ ﻲﻓ لودﻟا فﻠﺗﺧﺗو ،ددﻌﻟا ثﯾﺣ نﻣ ﺔﻠﯾﻠﻗ ﺎﻬﻧﻛﻟ ،ﺎﻬﯾﻓ نﯾﺑﺧﺎﻧﻟا ددﻋ ﺔﯾﺣﺎﻧ نﻣ ةرﯾﺛﻛو ،ﺎﻬﺗﺣﺎﺳﻣ ﻲﻓ ةرﯾﺑﻛ رﺋاود ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻟودﻟا نوﻛﯾ نأ نود مﺋاوﻘﻟا ىدﺣإ ﺢﻟﺎﺻﻟ تﯾوﺻﺗﻟﺎﺑ