• Aucun résultat trouvé

AERO NOMICA ACTA

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "AERO NOMICA ACTA"

Copied!
13
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

I N S T I T U T D ' A E R O N 0 M I E S P A T I A L E D E B E L G I Q U E 3 - Avenue Circulaire

B - 1180 B R U X E L L E S

A E R O N O M I C A A C T A

A - N° 291 - 1984

Ozone in the 21st century : increase or decrease ?

by

A. DE RUDDER and G. B R A S S E U R

B E L G I S C H I N S T I T U U T V O O R R U I M T E - A E R O N O M I E 3 - Ringlaan

; B - 1180 BRUSSEL

(2)

F O R E W O R D

T h i s paper was presented at the Ozone Symposium held in Thessaloniki (Greece) on September 3-7, 1 9 8 4 . ' I t will be published in the proceedings of the meeting.

A V A N T - P R O P O S

Cette note a été présentée au symposium de l'ozone qui s'est tenu à Salonique (Grèce) du 3 au 7 septembre 1984. Elle sera publiée dans les compte-rendus de la réunion.

V O O R W O O R D

Deze tekst werd voorgesteld op het ozonsymposium dat gehouden werd te Thessaloniki (Griekenland) van 3 tot 7 september 1984. Hij zal gepubliceerd worden in de verslagen van de v e r g a d e r i n g .

V O R W O R T

Dieser Text wurde präsentiert auf der Ozontagung äbgehaltet

in Thessaloniki (Griekenland) von 3 bis zum 7 September 1984. Er wird

publiziert werden in den Berichten der T a g u n g .

(3)

O Z O N E IN T H E 21ST C E N T U R Y : I N C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E ?

by

A . DE R U D D E R and G. B R A S S E U R

Abstract

T h i s paper presents a simulation of the possible perturbation of the stratosphere predicted for the next century and due to the injection of several species. Stratospheric temperature is expected to decrease significantly in the stratosphere. Surface temperature should increase, leading to modifications in the climate. The fate of the ozone column depends on the adopted perturbation" scenario. With the emissions considered in this work, after a slight decrease, the total ozone amount is expected to increase after year 2000. The present study also considers the response of the atmosphere to a high chlorine perturbation.

Résumé

Cette note présente une simulation pour le siècle à venir

d'une perturbation liée à l'émission dans l'atmosphère de différentes

substances chimiques. Le modèle prédit une diminution de la

température stratosphérique et une augmentation de la température au

sol, avec des conséquences inévitables s u r le climat. En ce qui concerne

la quantité intégrée de l'ozone, le comportement dépend directement du

scénario adopté pour la perturbation. Dans le cas adopté ici, l'ozone

semble devoir augmenter à partir de l'an 2000, après une légère

diminution qui devrait être en cours. Ce travail considère enfin la

réponse atmosphérique liée à un fort accroissement de la quantité de

chlore dans l'atmosphère.

(4)

Samenvatting

Deze t e k s t geeft ons voor de komende eeuw de simuatie van een p e r t u r b a t i e die verbonden is aan de emissie van verschillende chemische stoffen in de atmosfeer. Het model voorziet een daling van de stratosferische temperatuur en een stijging van de temperatuur aan de g r o n d , met onvermijdelijke gevolgen voor het klimaat. Wat de hoeveel- heid geïntegreerde ozon b e t r e f t , is het gedrag rechtstreeks afhankelijk van het g e b r u i k t e scenario voor de p e r t u r b a t i e . In dit geval hier schijnt de hoeveelheid ozon te moeten stijgen vanaf het jaar 2000, na een lichte daling. Dit werk gaat tenslotte ook de atmosferisfe respons na die gebonden is aan een felle s t i j g i n g van de hoeveelheid chloor in de atmosfeer.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser T e x t g i b t uns f ü r das nächste J a h r h u n d e r t die Simulation einer Perturbation der v e r b u n d e n ist an der Emission verschiedener chemischen Stoffen in der Atmosphäre.-Das Modell vorseht eine Senkung der stratosphärischen Temperatur und eine Steigung der Temperatur am Boden, mit unvermeidliche Folgen f ü r das Klima. Was die Quantität i n t e g r i e r t e Ozon b e t r i f f t , ist das Benehmen d i r e k t abhängig vom gebrauchten Szenar f ü r die Perturbation. In diesem Fall hier scheint die Quantität Ozon zu müssen steigen vom Jahr 2000 ab, nach einer kleinen Senkung. Diese A r b e i t betrachtet auch der atmosphärische Anklang der gebunden ist an einer grossen Steigung von der Quantität Chlor in der Atmosphäre.

- 2 -

(5)

1. INTRODUCTION

In o r d e r to assess the global atmospheric and climatic response to the release of various chemical pollutants, numerical models are commonly used as prognostic tools. The purpose of t h i s paper is to use a f u l l y coupled 1-D radiative/chemical model to simulate the f u t u r e of the ozone layer and the temperature, assuming a realistic scenario of the emission of several gases such as C 0 2 , CH^, ^ O , NO x and the chlorocarbons. Another objective is to s t u d y the effect of an h y p o t h e t i - cal high chlorine p e r t u r b a t i o n . With the present and projected emissions of CFCs, such a high Clx load is not expected. Nevertheless, this problam will be considered here since it reveals the non-linear behavior of the chemical system In Ihe middle atmosphere (Cicerone et al, 19R3).

2. RESPONSE OF OZONE AND TEMPERATURE TO A GIVEN MAN-MADE PERTURBATION

The present study considers a p e r t u r b a t i o n scenario which is described in detail by Brasseur et al (1984). The chlorocarbons C C I 4 , CFCIg/ CF 2 CI 2 and CHgCCIg are increased according to historical data until present time and a constant emission is assumed f o r the f u t u r e : 10 5 T / y r for CCI 4 , 3.2 x 10 5 T / y r f o r CFCIg and 4 x 10 5 T / y r f o r C F 2 C I 2 . Only the release rate of CHgCCIg is assumed to increase, reaching a maximum value of 4 x 10 6 T / y r in year 2070. This scenario therefore accounts for the possibility of an unexpected enhancement in the release of chlorine atoms and therefore leads probably to an o v e r - estimated stratospheric response. The corresponding odd chlorine mixing ratio at 50 km altitude is 2.8 ppbv in year 1984, 4.4 ppbv in 2000, 8.2 ppbv in 2050 and 9.5 ppbv in 2080. Carbon dioxide, whose mixing ratio is assumed to be equal to 270 ppmv in year 1850 and 335 ppmv in year 1979, increases in the model by 0.56 percent per year to reach about 575 ppmv in year 2080.

- 3 -

(6)

Methane whose actual mixing ratio is close to 1.5 ppmv is assumed to increase by 1.5 percent/year from the present day, reaching consequently a relative concentration of 7.5 ppmv in year 2080. A value of 1 ppmv is assumed between year 1850 and 1950. Nitrous oxide shows a systematic increase of about 0.25 percent per year. A mixing ratio of 285 ppbv is adopted as preindustrial value. The present amount is close to 330 ppmv and the value reached in year 2080 is 425 ppbv. Aircraft emissions of nitrogen oxides are introduced after year 1950 according to the scenario suggested by Wuebbles et al (1983).

After year 2000, the NO release, whose maximum is located between 10 and 12 km, is assumed to remain constant.

The response nf several atmospheric and climatic parameters to the scenario described above, is predicted using a 1-D chemical model which takes into account the key reactions related to the oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and carbon chemistry in the range 0 to 100 km. The vertical transport of the long-lived trace species is simulated by an "eddy diffusion" approach. The model is coupled with a radiative routine which considers the attenuation of the solar radiation as well as the emission and absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation.

For the latter computation in the troposphere and stratosphere, a wide-band model similar to that in Morcrette (1983) is used. Figure 1 shows the predicted changes in the ozone column as well as the expected variations in the temperature at the Earth's surface and at the stratopause. Prior to 1980 or so, ozone increases slightly due to the gradual positive trend in the CO^ amount and the related temperature decrease in the upper stratosphere. This enhancement in the ozone content is not a direct chemical effect but results from the high dependence of the ozone destruction rate to the temperature leading to the well-known anticorrelation between temperature and O^ above 30 km. After year 1980, the predicted decrease has to be attributed to the chlorocarbons and the chlorine atoms which are produced by photo- dissociation. After year 2000, the effect of the rapid growth in the

- 4 -

(7)

1950 2000 2050 2080 TIME (year)

Fig. 1.-- Changes in the ozone column (AO^-in percent) and in the temperature (Kelvin) at the Earth's surface (AT ) and at the stratopause ( A T

5 0 k m

) , for the adopted perturbation scenario.

- 2 5

1900

- 5 -

(8)

methane concentration plays a key role : it leads to an enhanced production of tropospheric O^ and to a transfer of active chlorine (CI, C'tôhfip)? te«.ÏR§6iivé i -"ch Io'rîiîiïjês (HCIIfc^yrarisactiort GèatlsCH.^ ^aiMCènhc&Wgci f P f ? ^ u d ) ' ' p V é t t ' ë S s - d è s 4ihe eff fee iè mays f<af ottilocbfree f©lirlod^e^"(ng

&!6fie.' ) F iHà I iy a ÇËi'è' eslâWiQgfxîwtfo Hffii ) N t e a r t s i c t i o â! weakH£>z-0 n-ecdepIgfrij^n vtftife Sfiêo'Prôjeëffiêfie&f atimrafftfieregii^esotodibtiibù tes f tfogppziQne

A

f f f ê ^ s ^ i l î f lithet^o^®àphgËtr<ëA'OFigBjre 2 îD ëtscdssltowa thaik tbêorttmj^a&iii&.e fé h 'é&Ftétftetfij«§ti&e bby aabarat't 35n$nafc tbattSitnatepat^ethifioy&ag

stadia Bgtftat irhe tb&Tipge<pejt3i tfi rc^fllâ^R^t^f 1 fet ttfteregliftfMs b$ruisteiet £3tèmp;e.râjruresUrMC^^eofîn a^§fei|t i^hi^peét^èUldTl^f.neWcfltte, shgmiéixe.rn,;. i s; h an çi<awe ri ni imdîbtesi ry>e n et^e Q i ^ é ^ * n Sfe u $fe e e tf iCt h 'd u es utiof a Ne, O3 QHt^j earadu rbin e i r.G, F<£& ei s o fi o$ b <yet 'cob c¥d e^ede x ftffc tçfîj e çft a 1Yv ë-i e s c fem e y p rFi g ur e ^ 2 ""and shows- the

corresponding ozone and temperature changes as a function of altitude.

It should be noted that, although variations in the ozone column are expected to be small, local changes can be quite large.

3. HIGH CHLORINE PERTURBATIONS

The behavior of the chemical system in the atmosphere for high chlorine increases has been recently discussed by Prather et al (1983). Figure 4 shows that the response of the ozone column becomes

highly non linear for CI mixing ratio becoming of the order of the NO x y

mixing ratio. The explanation of this effect involves complex coupling

mechanisms between odd nitrogen and odd chlorine species ( C I 0 N 0 2 ) ,

non linear response of the OH radical in the middle and lower strato-

sphere, where it is destroyed essentially by HN0 3 and H0,,N0 2 , and

the self-healing effect of ozone, especially when large amounts are

destroyed at high altitude. The calculation of the ozone response due to

high chlorine perturbations requires therefore an accurate knowledge of

the total odd nitrogen amount which is present at a specified altitude

and latitude. The temperature response at 45 km for large ozone

depletion is also shown in figure 4.

(9)

50 AO

-g 30

UJ o 20

10 0 -AO

OZONE

COUPLED PERTURBATIONS Northern Hemisphere

-20 0 20 AO 60 RELATIVE VARIATION (percent)

2080

80

Fig. 2.- Relative variation in the ozone concentration relative to the preindustrial atmosphere, predicted from 0 to 50 km altitude for years 1983 to 2080, adopting the perturbation scenarios as desribed in the text.

- 7 -

(10)

TEMPERATURE CHANGE (K)

Fig. 3.- Same as figure 2 but for the vertical temperature

distribution.

(11)

Fig. 4.- Change in the ozone column for high chlorine injections (Cl

x

mixing ratio up to 30 ppbv) and for 2 values of the ambient NO^ mixing ratio (13 and 19 ppbv). The temperature variation at 45 km

(NO = 1 9 ppbv) is indicated.

- 9 -

(12)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the Chemical Manufacturers Association under contract 83-468.

- 1 0 -

(13)

R E F E R E N C E S

B R A S S E U R , G . , A . DE R U D D E R and C h r . T R I C O T , Stratospheric response to chemical perturbations, to be submitted to the Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry (1984).

C I C E R O N E , R . J . , S . W A L T E R S and S . C . L I U , Non linear response of stratospheric ozone column to chlorine injections, J. Geophys.

R e s . , 88, 3647, 1983.

P R A T H E R , M . J . , M . B . M c E L R O Y and S . C . W O F S Y , Reductions in ozone at high concentrations of stratospheric halogens, Paper presented at the WMO/NASA workshop, S t a r n b e r g e r See, F R G , June 11-16, 1984.

W U E B B L E S , D . J . , r . M . L U T H E R and J . E . P E N N E R , Fffer.t. of coupled anthropogenic perturbations on stratospheric ozone, J. Geophys.

R e s . , 88, 1449, 1983.

- 1 1 -

Références

Documents relatifs

Pour leur part, les latitudes modérées, entre 30° et 60°, pourraient être observées à trois ou quatre reprises au cours de la mission mais, toutefois, à différentes saisons.

While the helium concentration seems to be generally higher in the north than in the south, it appears that the most significant feature consists in a much larger seasonal

Namely, a more pronounced pole-equator thermal gradient leads to a relaxation accompanied by a decreasing entropy production, whereas the opposite is true if the pole-equator

Het artikel &#34;On the relevance of the MHD approach to study the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the terrestrial magnetopause&#34; zal gepubliceerd worden in het &#34;Bulletin de

A value of 1 ppmv has been adopted for the preindustrial mixing ratio with a increase of the order of 1.5 percent/yr for the future, leading to a mixing ratio of 7.5 ppmv in

The extinction at 18 km observed directly from the balloon agrees with the SAGE observation and is higher than the extinction deduced from the radiance.. 7.- Revised

This report on Stable Auroral Red arcs (SAR arcs) has been prepared for presentation at the EGS symposium on the Physics of the Plasmapause. The purpose of this paper is to

In conclusion, it turns out that introducing high methane concentrations 9 into model calculations 4 has lead to a computed n HCl/n CIO ratio, for the case considered here,