אא אאא אא !"#א$%א&א#'
!()#א* &+א
,א-./01א . 2 345 6א 7
89 W
! "#$%!
%$ %&
' ()*
. , % -.
/% 01 438
# , 210 228
2$.3 ,!
. 4( 5$6#
& $1 :
'1
8$. 9 .
'2
)! :$!%
. '3
;(% <$1 6 9!
. '4
= >(1 9?
!?
. '5
@# 9 .
'6
A $)# &(B >$
. -.$#
C = D$A E#(F .
G< "#H I D$A -.$#
/J
@$K I = .
Abstract :
The reaserch dealt with primary school pupils behavior problems
at batna schools in Algeria. The sample is cpmposed 438 puplis (210 males and 228 females ).The behavior problems come in the following order:1)withdrawal behavior. 2)hyperactivity. 3)diviant social behavior. 4) revolutionary behavior at school. 5) aggressive behavior.
6 ) neurotic habits.
The differences were in favour of males in all behavior problems, and in favour of first stage of primary school at the disadvantage of second stage of primary school.
L M$ N (& OP QR( ST(U = V$ W$1 X$ !FI -!YP : ,Z$F[H $/H \$!]^
.
"U_
" : O$ OP ,X>#a ,](& #
<$]( !& Sa >a ,!
"
L(U : .223
Q,Z$F[a &$<( $/H b& N$_
$H b& $!1 Q,!c W$1 !X#
$/H G< E$F.3$ X(a OP Q$d&a 5
"$F[H$ (]3 G< e,f/g%hi1j_ Q,/< Ukd& Sa# $](
,& $?a $X#l <# QFI P( mF%! 5$!1< n! !X# . A!o .
p$ q# p UX( = ro S$ Q&? FI %? -.$ st_
# Q$&? ul!#
F% $(I] Lv. = FI / m$
q(# UX( = $_(w# Q$F. # G< 5]H U&# CFI #.$& FI$ O1 / #> xv& $%X ,# . ? yB zd{ K&| $1 } Sa# b$~ Qp/6! ! ! &(
9# $_H# U = yB M^ >& $ Q$&>$A # $<$1 6 s^ uI ?$?H (A%# Q U pb# z1 } LT( X "$!F[H$_ . CP( = Ao W$ Y% $/< %& ?$?H $$< -]# $!
>(F , L(
)
^ 1
C<$
:
5
S#( Q/ #a Q"$F[H Y St_ QO1# 5$ $!YP $!U_##
(I] , ( F #a Q $(I] X $! "!~
<$1 6 :Bd #a Q #a 6 yB ! . $!F.
.
uX# ](< S $F. $(I!]
QW$1 X , yK L$^ S#> ( $[
$ ( & ? 9 (X$Y , A# (1 S$PH = p.a ^ CFI 1% I# %< > ? 9 (X$Y J(a , l # . #a ? C $ P( = 5!? Q"$!F[H ? P( =
.
# F% $(I] "$ = -&(6a $? , & $ !. (!/a , (&U G<a G< -AP Sa Q"$F[H %< 1*#
5$# O1 C )
X$. a b :
.7
~ s^ $(Id CFI 9? l! &#
{# Qp OI $ ,<
_$UK P ,# $/I?# = CFI ;(A & <$1* ; ~$ $ uX
~& Sa G< QO ?$% y # S$ = 9 2 $%< #a QL$d|#
$ < = CFI (1<
) L> >1
: .131
M^ $ Q] ,$ ( CFI#
p$a &# Qp FU& Sa $
( U& P p$P & = u &([ , # :Bd Jt $A!
! 1%! ,!
. $F. $A , ( F "$F[H z (#
.
U_ = S#( O%* , Sa $&(v $.F$ = -&(!6a !?> (!/a ^ m¡ , ¢!?
? %? "~ -? M )
@ .123: X(^ , < Q?
B %& Q$/<q , ($ Q uX CK#
"$_ C £g¤$# grkog# £gpg6 Sa C Q$$U C 9(! Sa .
$Z$¥^ SH
a M^ >& Sa , Q5 $X5J^ £g;(A #a LI~ (K
$/< ;( C6a , $Fb# $/ ? /6 a !# .
(B c W$U ? uX 5$6 # Q$/F%A#
.
(/Y J(3 #$ $¦ ? uX ¥a Jl! : 1# ! 5$T , FI$ O1 /1 $/]# Q P(
$/_ #$# $/< ;( O1#
.
$ ;XH U§ M^ ? uX G :
: 1
1# L$ G!< ;(! !!
. 2 = 1# O E#(!F G!< ;(! !!
! ! )
) :$%
. ;(% <$1 6 9 .
>$
A $)!# &(!B .
? = >(1 9?
.
@# 9 .
9 .( 8$.
O E#(F G< ;( !!3 = @$K I # "#H I
)
) :$%
. ;(% <$1 6 9 .
&(B >$
A $)#
.
? = >(1 9?
.
@# 9 .
9 8$.
.(
1# "#H I 1 O E#(F G< ;( ! 4
@$K I
! = )
) :$%
. ;(% <$1 6 9 .
>$
A $)!# &(!B .
? = >(1 9?
.
@# 9 .
9 .( 8$.
!" #$% & 1 :
&( ,!
C$ 1% ,< CFI Ek U< $¦v
. ( , -B Q y 6$P ,< ># ]## &(b YF y $¦a $1 = b$~ &#a $Z $b# Q G< B p - ba !P $!|3#
>(F W$1 X L(>
) X(^ , < Q? @ :
.126
# $¦v n! ;(!
: p& u(# pq 6> = ? y 9?
G< U& # $Z ( & $[$ P3# !F% (! ! . C!FI u$ . yK 9 y&$ ,< ;(w# u $ = $<^ C _ $/ /6 p OI #
) ! X(^ $?
. 113
;k(!#
$¦v n :
= <$1* p Fa $1< © 9?
y $? l &# Q(I] G< I%&# Q>(F %< ( &# QO! !
CK# Q? C1 = $(I] 4 &# Qp_ 4A&# Qp!_ (!
$U_ $?
) I < ,P :
. 14
! # !#
$(I] #a J(a , LP
? = "$F[H $c )1 & . # <$1 6# F%
. -% U_
G<a G< -AP Sa F ª &(!# !F. $!?>
1 L&< $ O , 5$# O1 C , (&U F%
"$!F[H .
$? uX $ . , LJ$ (/ ,#
: _# # $.# >$%# ) :$%# $# S## $ W$I ) X$. a b :
! 7
. 8
^ > _ "$F[H $ ?v & $1_ $a C M
$ :
[$« & $X$¬# &(?H ( 4$?a ! 1 . .6 # F% $6$| \$ q^ W< ! 2
1 y _$UK# # ? C ! 3 .
!" '() & 2
: ! !#
$/d 0 # L&< "$F[H %< (/Y
C| 4b S& $/d# $I S!&
. 1 "$} X = OKP$ St_ Z
>$^# $/< ;( # $/Ao# $/K® C/! ! !
$Z 4?$%
L>$ < a QS(1 S$/6 >! >A! !X =# . )
(1993
1$
, : X# "$F[¯ ! !
Q.# Q) :$% Q>(1 # >$%
( y <$1 6 >$ Q$F.# 4dB QYU WPa# S$P(!
QW% $(I] Q5#).# "). QL) &>$1 < QA Q$/_
_$Y% QG]F QC!«
Q>^ " Q;« Q<$_. QAo
UK ] Q( Q.$.H QLyB QW (a Q! Q(!_$H d!
5B QmF%$
) . X$. a b :
! 45 46
I < ,P n >&#
) (2001
, $_ ?
X# "$F[H :
(1
>(1 # >$%
. (2
;(% 9 .
(3
@# 9 .
(4
4dB $.
. (5
(
. (6
).
I < ,P :
( 409
GFIA a 1Y% !?> =#
) (1992
, "$F[a G<
X $ Sa $/% O Q( UI%
:
% W<# S$
Q? CA ]# $ 6 5>a# L($ !1 W$1 !X QX >#(# # Q 5$%a L) (|# QAo (/Y "$¥^#
p) 1 &$q## QC# "1«#
) . GFIA a 1Y.
:
! 369
( 370
&(H Ao C! %A!&#
z6( $K
D. S. M 3R 1987
$ $} M^ "$F[H 9 $(I!]
):
, < Q? @
X(^
:
127
9 $(I]$ U ! !!1 :
) :$%# S#$
# %*# 4&(o # u$ . - # .
$ $(I] ! 2 W$I
: / ]# u(# %1$
. .(_$H d# z$bH r1 : (| WJ ! 3 W $(I] ! 4 :
A |# # / / $
. .>^ " ! 5 $b# ? (~v $ 1%$ (~a $(I] 9$%!X# ! 6
. ° z]##
. !X Q(Fq .
"$F[¯ 1 (~T $F%A S$1
& $1 X#
: 1 - # u$ . ]# ) :$%$ ]$% y 9 !
"P )(1 # G]F# &(/ # ) >$1 <#
. 2
L) ?$|$ ,H$ W< ! !!
;«# U#
$ # . 3 CK >$ (I] ! !
: " (_$H d z$bH r
W% $(I] >^
. 4
$)# K $ W $(I] ! . .W$I "#$% ! 5
# .#$ ,&(~ z $ ! ! 6
<$1 6 )
A# LU#
. 7
S$A# 4dB $% <$1 6 9$ ! L( FI = "$F[H %< 1 !§ !?> =# . m%* ; ~$ ; ~ # QL( UX(# L(~v # GI?#
! # # _ KP$ -% Q
) ( 1988
LJ$ Xa Sa (A
!X : $? (<H# <$1 6 9 # @# 9
_ rU.# ~H 9! !#
. Sa -%#
? M^ L( FI , w G< L!P >>)!
UX($_ L(~v $_ GI
O E#(F (/Y ±# Q2$.3$ .$U %< LP (!Ka !X# QL(!
uX = O&(d|# OF&(
) = : q$ S$^
: 95
.154
!X $/F%A&#
. -%1
H.Kalment1991
$¥ O _ M^
)
= : X(^ $?
: :116
K! !$F. ! !!1 C
: $ # .$.H# LyB# ;!«
U# C«# $.#
.
CK <$1 6 ! 2
: (# >(1 # >$%# 4&(o # S#
#
; $a . .
(
F. Becker1997
Q
#a .
O. Smith1996
M^ $¦$F%A_
& $ ) = : X(^ $?
:
! 116
( 117
: : CK $F. !1 ]# $ # 4dB# 5I.# C«
.$.H# ;«# LyB# mF%$ UK
. 2
A |# K # / / ,1d # W !
. 3
W$I _# X(# / SU_ ,1d # &B ! !!
_$%# 5U#
](
. 4
>$%# # S## ( ,1d # <$1 6 !
. 5
A $(|# (| :$% :(_ ,1d # (P ! !
z$bH r# (_$H d#
. 6
$/% 5$%a >^ Jl # " ,1d # (~3 !
. ? $ O &
"$F[H 1 F ª $F%A 9$%X Sa
. uX # # Q$_ L< ,1] $/F%b , 9$%X# O _ = $/F%!b ,! 9$%!/_
"$F[H Y $q $F%A!
. 9$%X Sa M^ y& $
$?# $&(Y. $[^ (_& uX "P (6a 2 , y $!k1
= .$²# FI 6? = S
IF 6 p]# %A U$ $F%A M^ d.
X$. a ,& !b .
z $| . ? $$_ pP # ? #
$(6^ $F&( %A X &(
.
*% '+,) -./
G< P$ 1 < U_ <(F &( !%$ $!a : = o L>H ³if $/ $F&(!
) X$. a ,& b :
! 16 .( 17
-0& 1!& &&1 :
(| L(K "$} X = CFI 9? )1 &
W#
5)# 1 (1 $<J3# ?H#
. uU , #(« > /_
O , ²#>a# / I©# pJ &>$Pa z[$U&# QzF( A 2 &#
Q(1 ?$ #$I G< U$ #a p& (U%& #a p6( H (d&# Q/&!&a G]F 2P^# (U ? W< M^ C p.a $1 (1 ?$
.
" 2345.6 7 & 2
~v "$} X = CFI 9? )1 & :
G< $# Q$/ (? AU $/$F~^ #a S ? S#> ,&(~ "$F[H 5$!qa $ ~ =# p 6# 5>a = ´B$# Qp(?a #a pF. ,< / $%< p!J
$ &$q$# Q4 =#
,&(~ U% p$1 X W<# p M^ _$]^ ,&(~
. : (, 08 +9 :, & 3
"$} X = CFI 9? )1 &
5$qH Vd# Qp1_ = 5$qH #a WH z]## u(_$a d!# p$!ba r!
?$ $/ & 5$qH$ 4& $1 Qp.$%?v $/!]( #a m!#
(&# Q(1
2 &# Q\1 A p.$%?a 9( $1 Q(1 ?$ C1* #a $1 &(# ?$% y U&(I /1& #a ,&(~ z .
" ; :&45 7& & 4
: W "$} X = CFI 9? )1 &
Q , p^ L>$A (#H# $1 _# W) <$1* :$% F&#
9( &# Q? I.H ,< 4B &# QO1# $ I? , 5$ &# Q4#
(1 ?$ W$Y% ,< (©# Q? , (/&# QS ? S#> U . : <8, 7 & 5 #a pJ (d "$} X = CFI 9? )1 &
!²#>a# / ! ;!^
/_> #a Qu& = 5$qH$ /_# Q!?
$q3 Wo ?# /< A # /d< #a Q¦sT# X(q q #a Q/b(#
pFH <( 4dB&# LK# % M^ C p.a $1 Q/ p$ = &&/ !
$ ?H .6 =>6 7 &
: } X = CFI 9? )1 &
C$ 4% "$
;(A & $1 Q,&(~$ : ~ #a <$1* I.H = $ #a 5$(B z $P3 W<# ;« p< # &# QL&* =# ;d W$!a C!µ p< # &# <( ( &# Q&[ L( F $%$? GU _ LP M^ C!# Q,H$!
p p6& $%< d / & #a 4%&# S$ 9( & $1 QU%
.
! /K&>$PH p<$# QO1 z L& p5$U "~ , P$ ! ¶!P : :$?#a = ? 9$%X Sa QX 9? G< ²$YP#
= /U# O1 #$ A l $/_ ,< S#)& -
.
(P = X6 5$%a , uX A!#
? 5$%_ =# !?
. $ # $.#<# J $[$. S# & 9$%X P
uy# W! = $(I!]# u$ ! . = .
= uX - #
G< :B] 2!P^
y? (< M^#
. "3# $/_ W<#
L(I 4A 6 M^ $X$ .# $/1$F M^ >& QCH G!< $/%!
$/<
. = "$F[H$ $/ ?> >A ,w uX -.$ s^ b$~
Sa O FI P( a Q P(!
$ CP( = >(_H
(1 ? S $ yK Q$ # UX($ Q!FI P(! ! !FI .
4?$% - = uX ,< (H 4I !& !Z#
$Z ?$% "| RU C6a ,! Q$/!< ;(! # .
;$ SH
( -# = "$!F[¯ ! $/< 4B ,1 , C Q
. X l &#
O11# L(?¯ $/]# uX J(3 !#$ ! C! z1 !}#
. "P $?> 6 QP$ < >#P = p.a# !b$~
()* z1 } = P( = ! .
z % $%X ,#
uX O$ O = (A% ? : : ?8@ ?A&
1# 4( $!
· , "#H I <B ?A :
I 1# 4( $
· , @$K B& ?A&
: 1# 4( $
· % $ ~ M ? uX St_ QU$ ?H ,< $63 M^ _$!]3$#
$ $](F :
CD
:
E8@ C%
: O E#(_ 6 , "#H I 1#
= ! )
) :$%
. ;(% <$1 6 9
. @# 9 . ? = >(1 9? . A $)# &(B >$!
. .( 8$. 9
>B C%
: 1# O E#(_ 6 , @$K I
= ! )
) :$%
. ;(% <$1 6 9
. @# 9 . ? = >(1 9? . A $)# &(B >$!
. .( 8$. 9
BB &C%
H I 1# O E#(_ 6 : # "#
= @$K I 1 )
) :$%
. <$1 6 9
;(!%
. A $)# &(B >$
. ? = >(1 9?
.
9 .( 8$. 9 .@#
>" F.
G$&"
z ! : b /% P$
CA ,&a . ? ?v F
, $.$ ,& O1 &([ ,< $¦! = %!$ P$ ! #s
. : ,
& $1 %< $ ~ ¸
: : ?8@ H I &
, %< -.
L1# 1 219
0 08 , / ? ¸ . L1 117 # !1 102 /%!
%& ,
%~ &# m&$# %$
. O %< $1<a -P#(
)
!6
%?10
(
¢? .1.45 u $ ;(w#7.95 #$& 8$!P O 2$.3 $1<a -P#(#
)
!6
%? 9
( u 8$P ¢?
;(w# 7.65
u $
1.62
<B H I & J :
, %< -.
0L1# 1 219
/%
# 1 108
L1 111
. , / ? ¸ %$ %& , 08
%~ &# m&$!#
. O %< $1<a -P#(
)
!10
%? 13
(
¢? .1.40 u $ ;(w#11.17 #$& 8$P O 2$.3 $1<a -P#(#
)
! 10
%?12
( u 8$P ¢?
11.18
u $ ;(w#
1.48
. Q , 210 /% 438 : X % \!1} S!&#
, 228
2$.3 .
K:
: " ?&%@ & !&" &4-L
: -5I6 $X<a
IF 6 :
W$< X$. a 1 ,& b .1993
, S #
96
X# ? "$F[H 1 >$a ? G< <J L$ <
: A $)# &(B >$ . ;(% <$1 6 9 . ) :$!%
.16 C mU . 8$. 9 . @# 9 .? = >(1 9?
L$ <
. $1 &( :#( $| 1$U -d~ $| %$#
&
: 0&45 M(&
: _(I .$U U&(I p$P ¸ .
4( ¸ Sa _
% 6> Ca M^ 6> G<a , $6 z&J G< C 1 #
¸ QL!P
$! ~
% 27
z&J =([ , >(_H , .
S$ % %$#
<1 C P 1 57
. "#*
) (01
$I? O E#(F > O &
%< = 6# >$H .
$. <1}
S = 57
$ <1}
S =
57 1 "
" ;(w
$ ¢?
8$| ;(w
$ 8$| ¢?
% >$H 44.92
** 1.82 1 4.76 31.55 ) :$%
19.02
** 1.17 0.90 9.83 26
<$1 6 9
%
;(
36.01
** 1.37 1.10 5.99 30.36 9
@#
32.72
** 2.03 2.82 5.67 29 9
8$.
41.22
** 1.26 1.82 4.33 26.55
>$
&(B $)# A 44.32
** 2.41 3 3.42 27.82 >(1 9?
25.62
** 10.58 24.91 33.73 145.82 6
**
%< >
0.01
"#* ,! O ! &
) ( 01
Sa "
"
%< $$AP^ > $/
!
Q0.01
O <1} O )1 G< LU $Z 1$U Sa M^ y& !X#
$/b G< "& $ O _(I .
<1 C P S$ U_ 1 % %$ $a L1 34
.
* "#
!
) ( 02
6# >$¯ $I? O E#(F !> O !&
1 %< 1 .
$. <1}
S = 61
$ <1}
S = 1 61
"
" ;(w
$ ¢?
8$| ;(w
$ ¢?
8$|
%
>$H 23.72
** 0.47 0.33 7.48 31.17 ) :$%
24.61
** 1.21 1.17 3.67 17.66 ;(% <$1 6 9 16.29
** 0.37 0.17 7.66 21.83 @# 9
22.68
** 2.77 3 4.83 25 8$. 9
34.43
** 1.26 1.50 3.30 22.50 $)# &(B >$
A 41.33
** 2.61 1.83 4.05 21.67 >(1 9?
24.39
** 10.60 23.33 19.08 116 6
**
%< >
0.01
"#* ,! O ! &
) ( 02
Sa "
"
%< $$AP^ > $/
!
Q0.01
1 G< LU $Z 1$U Sa M^ y& !X#
O <1} O )
$/b G< "& $ O _(I .
:B I L>$<^ U&(I p$P ¸#
. U&(I :$ $ $®
6# >$¯ W$« $6 , S?y "$!
. "#*#
) (03
:$ $ O !&
. %< , C )
S = (63
%<#
1 )
S = .(45
1 73 = S 63 = S
%
>$H 0.482
** **0.431 ) :$%
0.452
** **0.359 ;(% <$1 6 9
0.383
** **0.402 @# 9
0.526
** **0.367 8$. 9
0.461
** **0.335 A $)# &(B >$
0.485
** **0.341 ? = >(1 9?
0.489
** **0.421 6
**
%< >
.0.01
"#* , O ! &
) (03
%< $$AP^ > $/ :$ $ Sa
Sa & $0.01
$ K , " U z 1 1$U .
K: N()8 OH) % & 4 Q X 5(63 %$ & ( &(& , U_ G< "A| : $ ~ C6a , F L>$$ P$ ! S$ !?
##s S1 $/!_ 6 !&
m& = H P , ?# 1 Ll~
6 L5$F#
. L>a I F Z (q# P$ c CA#
p%6# u(1<# 1 ? #a 4 & Sa G< $1! r%!# . < zd&# 1$U L5( = \(& ¼ Q$c 6& 1 %#
× C W$a
X# $ H $ ~ , P# -!§# L$ !<
: Ly
>6# $U_# X# Q 6 # F] ! I!?
1 ! .
G< ;( Sa ¾
(Y. /6# "~ , &
O1
I? # $6> 2 Ly % 1$U A !&# . (Fb 6 # LP# 6> F] # O 6>
. $6 z1¬ ¼
LP G< >$a , C .
G-5 P3
?8@ ?A :
$ X $ 1# L
?8@ H
· ,
$| $I? (o ? G< P$ 1 < " X ,< !$6¿
>$H = %# LP G!< C! !1 # ! %!
1 .
& $1 $/ ( 5$_
:
&3 &&1 Q&5
) S = :(102
8$. 9 !!1
)
14.51
.(
)! :$!% !!2
)
13.90
.(
? = >(1 9!? !!3
)
13.56
.(
@# 9 !4
)
12.46
.(
;(% <$1 6 9 ! 5
)
11.32
.(
A $)# &(B >$ ! 6
)
10.85
.(
Q45 3 & 2 )
S = : ( 117
8$. 9 ! 1
)
13.48
.(
'2
)! :$!%
)
13.46
.(
'3
? = >(!1 9!?
)
10.91
.(
'4
A $)!# &(!B >$!
)
10.08
.(
'5
<$1 6 9
;(%
) .( 8.69
' 6
@# 9 )
.(7.26
?8@ H &, & 3 )
S = ( 219
: 8$. 9 ! 1
)
14.14
.(
) :$% !2
)
13.75
.(
? = >(1 9? !3
)
12.61
.(
@# 9 ! 4 )
10.59
.(
A $)# &(B >$ !5
)
10.58
;(% <$1 6 9 ! 6
) 10.38
.(
C M#H 4( = 5$6 >$a Sa O ! &
, "#H I %# 1 %<# %< ,!
? = >(1 9?# ) :$%# 8$. 9 X .
<B ?A :
X $ 1# L$
<B H
· ,
$| $I? (o ? G< P$ 1 < " X ,< !$6¿
%# LP G< C , @$K I 1# ! %!
1 >$H = .
& $1 $/ ( 5$_
Q5 &3 & 1 )
S = : ( 108
) :$% ! 1
)
14.68
.(
! 2
;(% !<$1 6 9!
)
13.52
.(
8$. 9 !3
)
13.42
.(
@# 9 !4
)
12.04
.(
A $)# &(B >$ !5
)
12.04
.
! 6
? = >(1 9?
)
11.49
.(
Q45 3 & 2 )
S = : ( 111
8$. 9 ! 1
)
13.21
.(
;(% <$1 6 9 !2
) .( 6.56
? = >(1 9? !3
)
5.79
.(
) :$% ! 4
) .( 4.21
@# 9 ! 5
) .( 3.38
>$ ! 6
&(B A $)#
) .(3.24
<B H &, & 3
) S = : ( 219
8$. 9 !1
)
13.36
.(
) :$!% !!2
)
11.36
.(
;(% <$1 6 9 !3
)
11.31
.(
? = >(1 9? ! 4
) .( 9.68
@# 9 ! 5
)
9.30
. ! 6
A $)# &(B >$
) .( 9.24
@$K I >$a 4( Sa $ % O
K $% $U?$% ,& ± , )
%< Q1 Q
! ( % <$1 6 9# ) :$% 5$6 O!P !F_
9# ;(
8$. 9 5$6 Q %< M#H K 4(! = 8$!.
M#H K 4( = ? = >(1 9?# ;(% <$1 6 9!#
2$.3 %< ! .
) :$%# 8$. 9 5$_ % $a
<$1 6 9#
M#H K 4( = ;(%
. : B& ?A&
1# 4( $
· % $| $I? (o ? G< P$ 1 < " X ,< !$6¿
1# %
1 >$H = %
.
& $1 $/ ( 5$_
:
RS8 T+ H &, )
S = :( 438
8$. 9 ! 1
)
13.75
.(
) :$% !2
)
12.56
.(
? = >(1 9? !3
)
11.15
.
;(% <$1 6 9 ! 4 )
10.85
.(
! 5
@# 9 )
. 9.95 6
A $)# &(B >$ ! )
.( 9.91
,&I % >$a 4( Sa $ % O ! = ? C~> >(1 9?# ) :$%# 8$. 9 5$6 O%*#
M#H K 4(
. #
@# 9 , Sa OU$ O $ . ,! n! O ! , $1¦a M^ y& $ QOy~H O ( = 5$6 &(!B >$!#
%$ %& = 1# / CH .
E8@ C%
: O E#(_ 6 , "#H I 1#
! >$!a = ! )
) :$%
. <$1 6 9
;(!%
. A $)# &(B >$
. ? = >(1 9?
.
9 .( 8$. 9 .@#
! "#!*
) ( 4
O &
"
"
1# O E#(F
?8@ H >$a = ,
.
S 1 =
117 102 = S
1 "
" ;(w
$ ¢?
8$| ;(w
$ ¢?
8$|
%
>$H 2.84
** 9.80 7.26 12.06 12.46 @# 9
0.63 8.68 13.48 10.86 14.51 8$. 9
0.22 12.42 13.46 12.34 13.90 ) :$%
1.67
* 6.84 8.69 11.07 11.32 <$1 6 9
;(%
0.32 8.65 10.08 10.29 10.85 $)# &(B >$
A 1.76
* 7.92 10.91 9.95 13.56 ? = >(1 9?
**
%< >
0.01 * %< >
0.05
"#* ,! O ! &
) ( 4
Sa "
"
$I? O E#(F
!1# ! ?8@ &H
%< $$AP^ >
9 =0.01
%<# @#!
= >(1 9?# ;(% <$1 6 9 =0.05
D$A $/ E#(F# Q?
. :$%# 8$. 9 = E#(F $a
$$AP^ > y 5$_ A $)# &(B >$# ) .
>B &C%
: 1# O E#(_ 6 <B H
,
. ) :$% ) ! >$!a = ! <$1 6 9
;(!%
. A $)# &(B >$
. ? = >(1 9?
.
9 .( 8$. 9 .@#
"#!*
) ( 5
O &
"
"
$I? O E#(F
1 #
<B H >$a =
.
S 1 =
111 108 = S
11
"
" ;(w
$ ¢?
8$| ;(w
$ ¢?
8$|
%
>$H 4.01
** 8.26 3.38 14.32 12.04 @# 9
0.01 12.10 13.21 12.23 13.42 8$. 9 4.59
** 7.09 4.21 15.62 14.68 ) :$%
3.07
** 7.72 6.56 15.35 13.52 <$1 6 9
;(%
4.29
** 4.16 3.24 14.56 12.04 $)# &(B >$
A 2.75
** 8.89 5.79 13.37 11.49 ? = >(1 9?
**
%< >
* 0.01 %< >
0.05
"#* , O ! &
) ( 5
Sa "
"
$I? O E#(F
%< $$AP^ > @$K! !I !1#
9 , C = 0.01
# ) :$%# @#
$)# &(B >$# ;(% <$1 6 9
D$A $/ E#(F# Q? = >(1 9?# A!
. = E(F $a
$$AP^ "> y 5$_ 8$. 9 .
BB &C%
@$K I # "#H I O E#(_ 6 :
1# P$. , >$a = (~a P$. , @$K I 1# "#H I
! ! )
) :$%
. ;(% <$1 6 9 .
>$
A $)!# &(!B .
? = >(1 9?
.
@# 9 .
9 .( 8$.
Q5 3 & 1 : ) ! "#!*
( 6
O &
"
"
$I? O E#(F
>$a = @$K I # "#H I .
@$K I S = 108
"#H I S = 1 102
"
" ;(w
$ ¢?
8$| ;(w
$ ¢?
8$|
%
>$H 0.22 14.32 12.04 12.06 12.46 @# 9 0.66 12.23 13.42 10.86 14.51 8$. 9 0.39 15.62 14.68 12.34 13.90 ) :$%
1.15 15.35 13.52 11.07 11.32 ;(% <$1 6 9 1 14.56 12.04 10.29 10.85 $)# &(B >$
A 1.23 13.37 11.49 9.95 13.56 ? = >(1 9?
"#* ,! O ! &
) ( 6
Sa "
"
$I? O E#(F
>$a = , @$K I # "#H I ! P^ > y
$$A .
Q45 3 & 2 : ( 7 ) "#!*
O &
"
"
1 $I? O E#(F
>$a = @$K I 1# "#H I .
S @$K I 1 = 111
S "#H I 1 = 1 117
"
" ;(w
$ ¢?
8$| ;(w
$ ¢?
8$|
%
>$H 2.45
** 8.26 3.38 9.80 7.26 @# 9
0.15 12.10 13.21 8.68 13.48 8$. 9
5.28
** 7.09 4.21 12.42 13.46 ) :$%
1.68
* 7.72 6.56 6.84 8.69 <$1 6 9
;(%
5.84
** 4.16 3.24 8.65 10.08 &(B >$
A $)#
3.48
** 8.89 5.79 7.92 10.91 ? = >(1 9?
**
%< >
* 0.01 %< >
0.05
"#* ,! O ! &
) ( 7
Sa "
"
$I? O E#(F
H !I !1 >$a = , @$K I !1# "#
%< > ! ) :$%# @# 9 = 0.01
%<# Q? = >(1 9!?# &(!B >$!#
9 = 0.05
y# Q"#H I 1 D$A E#(F C!# ;(!% !<$1 6 >
8$. 9 = $$AP^
.
G-5 !L UB VW I
X#
:
4( $ !1
· , "#H I 1# !
!2
4( $
, @$K I 1#
· 4( $ !3
-% · % 1# ! 9# ? = >(1 9?# ) :$%# 8$. 9 Sa $ !%
L$ M#H 4( -$. X Q;(% !<$1 6 # ! ! G< uX -AP P Q %# !1
K $% F( $I!?
. , :$ a X uX#
5X (/Y& _ y 9!
. I 1# Sa ¾
, $.$ SFA & Q , "#H :(_3$# Q1
? = p "1 Y% 5J^ :$ d. W<# >(1 $# Q(| :$!% = <$1 6 9 ,!< ;(!w#
. z ? uX $ . -UF #
(~T# ( & ?> .
Ritter & al1986
P( <#
Sa #6# ,& 1982
! !? ! :(F :$%# <$1 6 $.$ S#)!1 &
Ca# $<$1 6 L5$F Ca# ? I.H = $ Ca# Q%*# .##
!? = 5>a .
pF = bU )&) < (A 6 $qa !#
k!U "
F% A m?a "
= , & M^ 1975
X , ? = U F% >$ M^ S/6& ,&!
\%
. ? 1 & Sa I , p.a U !.#
S/6& $1 Q$/_ $ W<# 1 , $. \!. ,!
M^ :(F /[$.
(#¯ $.$A< S# &# Q? $} y (~a $
? . $ Q=(# (|# 1* 1% u%< \(& P( uX = CFI$_
= pP $ M^ :(F u$ .# Qp? ¢ ] # \$_.# (| yK p!
# -.$ s^ b$~ QyK$ L(~) !
p$$1 X z $X$U &
<% # LyK!
. $ < O $X~a B %& U_ y (X$Y uX#
#a $?> (~v S# & ,& >$q^ #a !< a R!U %!<
! $!b .
#s Sa SKP$ 6# !U_
1$F ! 1 > !Y = $!?> ,&(!~v S!.&
) . 1 <
4&
: .(86
5$6 &(B >$# @# 9 , Sa (~a P$. , O !#
/ CH , $1¦a M^ y& $ QOy~H O ( = 1#
%$ %& =
$ ~ M ? uX St_ QU$ ?H ,< $63 M^ _$!]3$# .
$](_
.
2+ 4 28 C% I
: 1
= , "#H I 1# O E#(_ 6 !
. 2 = , @$K I 1# O E#(_ 6 !
. 3 1 # "#H I 1# O E#(!_ 6! !
= @$K I W$a "#* = K $](F $ . L5( ! . )
Q 4 Q5 Q6
(7
$ O &
&
: RX RI M8% &I & 1
: m¡ = 2$.3 G< gEk¤Fg
@$K I =# "#H I = ? ! .
uX#
!X : Q? = >(1 9? Q;(% <$1 6 9 Q@# 9
&(!B >$!
A $)!#
. 9 = E#(_ O%* O (/Y ±#
8$.
S# z = 2$.3 G< EF S^ . r$A~ , $/ uX# Q"U ? M^ C# :$ d. W<# >(1 # S$A#
,< S)1 & x! 2$!.3$ !.$U ! <$I# 5# 5#Z$
L(&$!#
. -&(6a F% $? , yK E#(F uX M^ Cb #
F o $1<H =# O%* G!<
. S$/6 ?> CK
L>$ < a Q@(1 F« ?# 1993
X(^ $?# 1994
1Y.# 1999
GFIA a # _# 1996
.1988
Q"$F[H % = <$1 6 $X$¬ z $/$ = &(!?H (! $_
>(1 # $_%# $P1[# $&(6# $$^ S& Sa G< ( G!< C!1 z1 } = C6( r$A~ , uX l # Q$UI%# (P# $!.#<#
. À% $1%
G< -%
$ ( - # QI 5# 5$|# Á](# W ?# 5
La( r$A~ , n uX l # QLa>$ # EI. = . : T+ H RI M8% I & 2 ( Z> 3 :
m¡ = @$K I 2$.^ G< "#H I 2$.^ -F
$1 X# !? ! &
: 9 Q) :$% Q@# 9
? = >(1 9? Q A $)# &(B >$ Q;(% <$1 6
. .8$. 9 = E#(_ ,/% (/Y ±#
$.#< $? S(/a $%? (Bba k, $1 2$.3 Sa M^ % uX y (w# J $[$!.#
? :$ d. < ,< >(# $_
. la k, $1 ,¦a#
4%¬# 9 = :$ d.# 5#Z# $ M^ (!Ka S(!b Q(!1 = ? E$ ,!< &(!B $_(A! # ;(!w .
z % uX F #
$1< $%? lH >(_H C ,&a Q(1 = E#(!F 6!?
(U ? M^
(BbH$ .$U <$1 6 :$ d. <# <$1 6 y&$1 L(&$# 5#Z#
$%!?
. $ F .$U ? = "[a L ,K @$K I = $ F Sa $1 $ Qu<# ? W$Y. z _ b(_ ns ,Z (_# !# Q"#H !I
? S(/Y& ,/6 5#Z# W$.# :$ d.# $$ ) (Ka $
. : &Q &3 ( J %< $/F. X , ± % u!X Sa ^
= @$K I # "#H I O E#(_ (/Y ± !P Q!
? \] ! .
& Sa M^ y& $
/? (v
(1 = L>$&)!$ !U_
. ,< (Y% B $1< 9 mF% )1 & ($_
W$Y% G< #(«# :$% = :(_3# (| L(K# \$_. !X# Qu(!1<
<$1 6# ?
.
[58 \]
Xa Sa ? uX $ !. ,! (!/ :
X ! !1#
: 9 Q) :$% Q8$. 9
;(% !<$1 6 .
EF ,&a Q # m%* O < >6#
? $/ #$% = 2$.3 G< ! .
O $a
# (!1 (/Y ±# Q¢U_ 2$.3 %< (/ U_
%<
$b P$ ( U& Q? $/%< (F?a $ % uZ $U_## . O .$6 = :?8@
: #s "$F[H$ &$%$ & $1_
: G< ( ;( G< C1 ! 1 $/6<#
$Z$F ? C . 2 uZ A S & ? mF% < = O$A~a y_ !
. 3
"P $ ">$ O1# 5$H O "$A Â(_ y_! ! 1$F #s . !U y_! ! 4 ? mF% < = O$A~a# 5$#a O 5$
$/_ 1/ C# $/<.a# [ "P
. : <B&
< "P U 2 $ & $1!_
(~a &(# F. yB
: 1
( 4$?a O ! # &(?H
. 2
FI = F o $1<H = 1 ![ !?> !
UX(#
. 3 (d|# &( O = .$U ?> ! ..&()* = "$F[H 9? C& 4$?a 1A ! 4
^."
! 1 q$ >_ S$^
) .( 1995
? (~v $ I ( (X$Y1 ?>
. <
mF%
>< l1&> $ $ &(A Z ,< A .36
X(^ 1| < , < Q? @! ! 2 )
.( 1996 F% , L$.$
O%* , ? C $ "$F[a .
> &(A OF% O$A~H I ,< A F. $?>
(&$%& >$ } "#H .
L>$ < I < a QS(1 q !a S$/!6 ! 3 )
.( 1993 $
"$F[a $&( P(
) ! 3 %? 6 ( ,&( # &(?H yB 5] = .
>$q3
"#H > mà O< $6 F% >$q3 )( ,< A F%
.
I !< GFIA! ,!P ! 4 )
.( 2001 UX(# FI = F% $(I]
: Q$ ?H
ro
Q .
$U >
M#H I (A ! L(X .
L> >1 ! 5 )
.( 1991
# F% QUX(# FI ) .
(% /6 > y
(
X(^ G? $!? ! 6 )
.( 1999 ,? , "$F[H )
! 5 %? 6 (
$/ $1 ! "$F[H $&( $&( $1 . ?>
.
>$q3 )( ,< A F% >$q3
z?$ > mà O< $6 F%
.
F« ?& ? ! 7 )
.( 1994 (I # ? "$F[a .
)(
>$ > K$K % (I $Ä &( 2
&
.
X$. a ,& !b ! 8 )
.( 1993 %IF = "$F[H 1$ 5$%
\$IU L)
. (&l_ "#H > ( # F% $U# RU .
bU )&) < ! 9 )
.( 1975 F% A m?a .
« I &(A d/%
$ .
4&! !1 !< ! 10 )
.( 1995 &><3# P( 6? &Å
$/ <#
? CA $ .
>< l1&> $ $ &(A Z ,< A mF% < .36
P( < _ ! 11 )
.( 1982 y "$F[H 6?
O&>$
. I -& ! U >
.$K
@$K 5)*
. A% C !1 ! 12 )
.( 1981 FI = 5(
. I L6 $² $* $
M#H . C<$^ ,& >$1< 1 ! 13 )
.( 1986 CFI <$1 6 1% Qz1 } LT( "$F[H .
_( ±$<
!
>< -&
.99
GFIA a L>< !1Y. ! 14 )
.( 1996 = |
Y_$
$1# S1 $/& $1 L)
. } mà O< $6 F% >$q3 )( $K # (
l1&> "#H .