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Evolution of tubulin isoforms during the sporophytic development of Allomyces arbuscula

SCHOENENBERGER, Isabelle Laure Emilie, TURIAN, Gilbert

Abstract

Tubulins extracted from the sporophytic developmental stages of Allomyces arbuscula have been characterised by one- and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels immunoblotted with monoclonal antibodies as α-, acetylated α- (Mr 57 kDa both) and β- (Mr 55 kDa) isoforms. The zoosporangial isoforms could be characterised only when precautions were taken to inhibit the strong tubulin proteolytic activity at this stage. The zoospores and zoosporangia contained greater amounts of the acetylated α- and β-isoforms than the mycelium, while the non acetylated α-isoform was present in greater quantity in the mycelium than in the zoospores or zoosporangia.

SCHOENENBERGER, Isabelle Laure Emilie, TURIAN, Gilbert. Evolution of tubulin isoforms during the sporophytic development of Allomyces arbuscula . FEMS Microbiology Letters , 1993, vol. 107, no. 1, p. 11-16

DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05996.x

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:123250

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

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Published by Elsevier

FEMSLE 05266

Evolution of tubulin isoforms during the development of Allomyces arbuscula

sporophytic

Isabelle Scla6nenberger and Gilbert Turian

Laboratory of General Microbiology, University of Geneva, Sciences 11I, Geneva, Switzerland

(Received 7 October 1992; accepted 10 November 1992)

Abstract." Tubulins extracted from the sporophytic developmental stages of Allomyces arbuscula have been characterised by one- and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels immunoblotted with monoclonal antibodies as a-, acetylated a- ( M r 57 kDa both) and /3- (M r 55 kDa) isoforms. The zoosporangial isoforms could be characterised only when precautions were taken to inhibit the strong tubulin proteolytic activity at this stage. The zoospores and zoosporangia contained greater amounts of the acetylated a- and /3-isoforms than the mycelium, while the non acetylated a-isoform was present in greater quantity in the mycelium than in the zoospores or zoosporangia.

Key words: Tubulin; Isoform; Development; Allomyces

Introduction

Microtubules have been observed in many fungi [1] such as in the aquatic moulds of the genus Allomyces in which they were found to be present in the subapical zone of the vegetative hyphae [2] and in the zoospores [3]. They are known to be involved in flagellar motility [4-6], chromosome segregation [7], maintenance of cel- lular morphology [8] and intracellular transport of organelles including mitochondria and vesicles

Correspondence to: I. Sch6nenberger, Laboratory of General Microbiology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

[9]. To perform such a variety of functions simul- taneously, microtubules must be differentiated either by differential binding of various MAPs, by incorporation of different tubulin isoforms or by post-translational modification of tubulin [10].

The a-, acetylateda- and/3-isoforms of tubulin have already been chemically characterised in the zoospores of A. macrogynus [2] and we have detected the presence of the acetylated isoform of a-tubulin in the hyphae of A. arbuscula [11].

In this report, we have searched for the tubulin isoforms not only in the vegetative mycelium of the sporophytic developmental phase of A. ar- buscula (stage 1) but also in differentiating zoosporangia (stage 2) and in the zoospores (stage 3) liberated from mature zoosporangia.

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Materials and Methods

Organism and growth conditions

The strain Bali of Allomyces arbuscula Buff.

(gift from Dr. C. Stumm) was grown and main- tained at 32°C on YpSs medium [13]. To obtain vegetative mycelium, a 40 ml suspension of zoospores was inoculated into 1 1 of GCY medium [14] in an Erlenmeyer flask and incubated at 32°C with aeration. After 24 h, the mycelium was har- vested, washed with distilled water, dried by squeezing between two blotter papers and stored at - 80°C.

Zoosporangia were obtained by inoculating YpSs agar medium with 2-3 ml of a suspension of motile zoospores. These zoosporangia, remain- ing in their latence stage so long as they were not flooded with a dilute solution of salts, were gently scraped from the surface and stored at -80°C.

Zoospores were released within 2 h from zoosporangia differentiated at the tip of hyphae and flooded with 10-20 ml of a dilute solution of salts. They were harvested by gentle cold-pellet- ing at 1000 rpm for 10 min, and stored at -80°C.

Crude extracts

Buffer extraction. Materials from each of the three developmental stages were disrupted in a mortar with liquid nitrogen and quartz sand and then resuspended in a buffer solution (100 mM PIPES, pH 6.9, 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mM CaCI2, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mM GTP, 0.5% Triton X-100) supplemented with protease inhibitors (0.25 /~g pepstatin, 10 mM benzamidine, 10 /~g/ml leu- peptin and 1 mM PMSF) to minimize proteolysis due to endogenous protease activity. Homo- genates were centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 15 min and the supernatants were stored at -20°C.

TCA-acetone extraction. Zoosporangia were also disrupted in a mortar with liquid nitrogen and then resuspended in 10% TCA, 0.07% 2- mercaptoethanol in cold acetone according to ref.

[12] and kept at -18°C for 1 h. After 15 min centrifugation at 18 000 rpm, the supernatant was removed and the pellet was rinsed twice for 30 min at - 18°C with 10 ml of cold acetone contain- ing 0.07% 2-mercaptoethanol. The rinsing solu- tion was then carefully removed and the pellet

vacuum-dried for 1 h. It was then resuspended in 3 × sample buffer [15], boiled for 5-10 rain and stored at - 20°C.

One- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Fifty/~g of total protein were analysed on 10%

sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) according to Laemmli [15] in paral- lel with the following standard molecular mass markers: phosphorylase b, 94 000; albumin, 67 000;

ovalbumin, 43000; carbonic anhydrase, 30000;

trypsin inhibitor, 20100 (Pharmacia), and with bovine brain tubulin partially purified in our lab- oratory according to Shelanski et al. [16].

Two-dimensional-PAGE separation of tubulin isoforms was made by isoelectric focusing [17]

using various ampholytes (1/2 pH 3-10; 1 / 4 pH 4-6; 1/4 pH 5-7; Bio-Rad, Laboratories, Rich- mond, CA). The isoelectric point for each iso- form was determined as following: one microtube gel was migrated according to O'Farrel [17] and cut into 1-cm fragments. Each fragment was flooded with 1 ml distilled water in a 10-ml tube, gently vortexed, and the pH of the different water aliquots measured after 1 h. The correlation be- tween the different pH measures and the position of the spots allowed the determination of the p I of the proteins separated.

Immunoblotting and gel staining proteins

The proteins were detected by Coomassie blue or silver staining procedures. They were electro- transferred [18] from unstained gels to nitrocellu- lose paper BA 8 (pore size 0.45 /~m; Schleicher and Shull, Dassel, Germany) using the transfer buffer described by Burnette [19]. The trans- ferred proteins were stained with 0.05% (w/v) Ponceau S in 3% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to confirm their presence. Non-specific binding sites were blocked with 2% BSA in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) (500 mM NaC1, 100 mM Tris. HCI, pH 7.5) for 1 h at room temperature.

The nitrocellulose paper was incubated for 4 h with the commercial anti-a- and anti-/3-tubulin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised in mouse against chicken gizzards (nos. 356 and 357, Amer- sham International, Amersham, UK) diluted 1 : 2000 in TBS containing 0.5% BSA. After three

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washes in TBS, an incubation with the secondary antibody peroxidase-sheep anti-mouse Ig (Amer- sham) was p e r f o r m e d for 1 h at room t e m p e r a - ture. Following three washes in TBS, peroxidase activity was revealed with 0.5 m g / m l of 3,3'-di- a m i n o b e n z i d i n e t e t r a h y d r o c h l o r i d e ( D A B ) (Fluka) in 100 m M T r i s . HC1, p H 7.5, containing 0.3% H 2 0 2 . T h e reaction was stopped with dis- tilled water. T h e nitrocellulose p a p e r was also incubated for 4 h with an antibody recognising the acetylated a-tubulin isoform (6-11, B-l, gift from Dr. G. Piperno, Rockefeller University, NY) [20], diluted 1:100 in TBS, followed by further washes in TBS and incubation with the secondary antibody as above.

R e s u l t s

Buffer extraction

Coomassie blue staining of one-dimensional S D S - P A G E gel revealed the major proteins of

H Z Zpl Zp2 B M W k O

i i~ ¸ ~!!~!~!~ ~ m

- -

~''iii ¸'~'¸ ii!!i ~i~i~i~

_ 9 4 _ 6 7

_ 4 3

3 0

Fig. 1. SDS-polyacrylamide one-dimensional gel stained with Coomassie brilliant blue showing co-migration of extracts of hyphae (H), zoosporangia (Zpl, buffer; Zp2, TCA-acetone) and zoospores (Z) with bovine brain tubulin and standard molecular mass markers. The arrow indicates the probable

position of the tubulin band.

Zp2 Zpl E, Z H Zp2 Zpl B Z H H Z B Zpl Zp2 M ~h/

kD

9 4 6 7 4 3

_ 3 0

2 0

14.4

Fig. 2. SDS-polyacrylamide one-dimensional gels of the hyphal (H), zoosporangial (Zpl, buffer; Zp2 , TCA-acetone), zoosporal (Z) and bovine brain extracts (B) immunoblotted with monoclonal antibodies against a-, /3-, and acetylated o~-tubulin isoforms. MW,

molecular mass markers.

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14

the buffer extracts from mycelium, zoosporangia and zoospores. Co-migration of these buffer ex- tracts with the partially purified bovine brain tubulin of 54 kDa [16] showed the probable posi- tion of the tubulin band in the three developmen- tal stages (Fig. 1).

Immunoblotting with the a- and /3-tubulin monoclonal antibodies revealed one a- and one /3-tubulin isoform (molecular mass 57 and 55 kDa respectively) in the hyphae and in the zoospores (Fig. 2). In addition the antibody recognising the acetylated-a isoform revealed an acetylated a- tubulin (M r 57 kDa) in growing hyphae and in zoospores. However, in the same gel, the zoospo- rangial buffer extract did not show any band corresponding to a-tubulin, /3-tubulin or acety- lated a-tubulin (Fig. 2).

A comparison of the silver-stained (Fig. 3) and immunorevealed (Fig. 4) two-dimensional gels showed the same three tubulin isoforms with a pI between 5.6 and 6. Two a-tubulins were present and designated a l and a3 [10], a3 being the more acidic, acetylated isoform [21]. /3-Tubulin was also present in both hyphae (Fig. 4B,D) and zoospores (Fig. 4A,C). 50 ~zg of zoosporal extract migrated in a two-dimensional gel silver-stained showed less total proteins than the same amount (50 tzg) of mycelial extract but the three tubulin spots were comparable (Fig. 3).

However, and as in the one-dimensional gel, the antibodies against the three tubulin isoforms did not recognise any spot as tubulin in the two-dimensional gel of zoosporangial buffer ex- tract (data not shown).

TCA-acetone extraction

The zoosporangial TCA-acetone extract, comi- grated in one-dimensional SDS-PAGE gel with mycelial, zoosporangial and zoospore buffer-ex- tracts, was stained by Coomassie blue (Fig. 1).

Incubation with the same tubulin monoclonal antibodies as above revealed the presence of one

~-tubulin, one acetylated a-tubulin and one fl- tubulin (Fig. 2) with the same molecular masses as those revealed in the hyphal and zoosporal extracts.

Developmentally-related tubuIin changes

Combination of both extraction methods (see above) allowed to show not only that the same three tubulin isoforms were present at the three developmental stages examined, but that their relative concentrations varied. The a l isoform was present in higher amounts in the hyphae than in the zoosporangia or zoospores, while the acety- lated a3 and /3 isoforms were in greater quanti- ties in the zoosporangia and zoospores than in

H BB MW Z MW BB

I E F

+

i

i l F

t_

Mr,

I

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional silver-stained gels of the extracts of zoospores (Z) and hyphae (H) co-migrated with bovine brain extract (BB) and standard molecular mass markers (MW).

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Z

I-

BB

O~ J

H BB

Z BB H BB

J # . I

A B

Z BB H BB

i O ~ , ~

Ilt t i c

C

Fig. 4. Two-dimensional gels of the same extracts of zoospores (A, C) and hyphae (B, D)

°~oc

D

immunorevealed with mortoclortal antibodies against a-, fl-, and acetylated a-tubulin isoforms. BB, bovine brain extract.

the hyphae. Moreover, non-mature zoosporangia contained same amounts of the different tubulin isoforms as those observed in the free zoospores (Fig. 2).

Discussion

T h r e e isoforms of tubulin, one a , one acety- lated a and one /~ previously detected in the zoospores of A. macrogynus [2] have now been characterised in each of the three main stages of the sporophytic cycle of A. arbuscula. T h e lay-

phae contain a higher concentration of the a l , the non acetylated isoform, but less of the a3, the acetylated isoform, than the zoospores and the zoosporangia. By contrast, the zoospores and the zoosporangia seem to contain greater amounts of the acetylated a-tubulin isoform than the hyphae.

It has been suggested [1,2] that this isoform is associated with structures which are all rather stable and cross-linked with microtubule-binding organelles such as centrioles, flagellum axonemes and kinetosomes [2,20], this in spite of the fact that post-translational modification may not be a prerequisite for microtubule stability and vice

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16

versa [22]. The greater amount of acetylated mi- crotubules found in the zoospores might there- fore be related to their need for a stabilizing isoform to provide a stable structural framework during their motile period. This predominance of the a3 over the a l isoform might also explain why microtubule zoospores are resistant to de- polymerising drugs [23].

To ensure their apical growth, the hyphae re- quire a pool of tubulin isoforms ready to poly- merise and depolymerise and thereby allowing the maintenance of longitudinal extension. Con- sequently, they need a dynamic system of micro- tubules largely comprised of the non-acetylated isoform of a-tubulin, as now found. However, to maintain their subapical, cylindrical shape, hy- phae should rather require stable microtubules consisting of the acetylated a isoform as also detected.

Mature zoosporangia ready to discharge zoospores are expected to contain the same amounts of the tubulin isoforms as those ob- served in free zoospores. It was more surprising to find that zoosporangia, still in their latence phase preceding cleavage of their internal con- tent into zoospores, already contained the same amounts of the three different tubulin isoforms than free zoospores.

As for our finding that tubulin could only be detected in the zoosporangia extracted with an anti-proteolytic, TCA-acetone solution, this has not only allowed the in vitro characterisation of their isoforms but also suggested that, in vivo, microtubules should be in a dynamic state. A neutral protease has been recently purified from A. arbuscula [24] and massively induced in differ- entiating zoosporangia [25]. This may be impli- cated in the necessary remodelling of micro- tubules from a straight to a curved structure allowing the developmental change from the cylindrical shape of the hyphae to that, widely subspherical, of the zoosporangia.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Dr. M. Ojha for his useful advice, and Dr. J. Piperno for his generous gift of

the monoclona! antibody. We also thank Dr. A.-R.

McDonald for her critical reading of the manuscript and Mrs. F. Grange for typing it. The technical assistance of Mr. H. Sch6nenberger and the photographic expertise of Mr. A. Portianucha were greatly appreciated.

References

1 Heath, I.B. (1990) In: Tip Growth in Plant and Fungal Ceils (Heath, I.B., Ed.), pp. 147-181. Academic Press, New York.

2 Roos, U.P. and Turian, G. (1977) Protoplasma 93,231-247.

3 Aliaga, G.R. and Pommerville, J.C. (1990) Protoplasma 155, 221-232.

4 Salisbury, J.L., Sanders, M.A. and Harpst, L. (1987) J. Cell Biol. 105, 1799-1806.

5 Haimo, L.T. and Fenton, R.D. (1988) Cell Motil. Cytoskel.

9, 129-139.

6 Raudaskoski, M., Salo, V. and Niini, S.S. (1988) Karstenia 28, 49-60.

7 Bajer, A.S., Cypher, C., Mole-Bajer, J. and Howard, M.

(1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6569-6573.

8 Doonan, J.H., Cove, D.J. and Lloyd, C.W. (1988) J. Cell Sci. 89, 533-540.

9 McKerracher, L.J. and Heath, I.B. (1987) Exp. Mycol. 11, 79-100.

10 LeDizet, M, and Piperno, G. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 103, 13-22.

11 Sch6nenberger, I., Barja, F.and Turian, G. (1991) Experi- entia 47A, 67.

12 Granier, F. (1988) Electrophoresis 9, 712-718.

13 Emerson, R. (1941) Lloydia 4, 77-144.

14 Turian, G. (1963) Dev. Biol. 6, 61-72.

15 Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Nature 227, 680-685.

16 Shelanski, M.L., Gaskin, F. and Cantor, C.R. (1973) Proc.

Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 765-768.

17 O'Farrell, P. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007-4021.

18 Towbin, H., Staehelin, T. and Gordon, J. (1979) Proc.

Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4350-4354.

19 Burnette, W.N. (1981) Anal. Biochem. 112, 195-203.

20 Piperno, J. and Fuller, T. (1985) J. Cell Biol. 101, 2085- 2095.

21 McKeithan, T.W., Lefebvre, P.A., Siflow, C.D. and Rosen- baum, J.L. (1985) J. Cell Biol. 96, 1056-1063.

22 Schulze, E., Asai, D.J., Bulinski, J.C. and Kirschner, M.

(1987) J. Cell Biol. 105, 2167-2177.

23 Olson, L.W. (1984) Opera Bot. 73, 1-96.

24 Ojha, M. and Wallace, C.J.A. (1988) J. Bacteriol. 170, 1254-1260.

25 Ojha, M. and Turian, G. (1985) Plant Sci. 39, 151-155.

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