Lettre de la Recherche n°12 : Transition énergétique | BRGM

PART 2

Disclaimer: This book of publication is part of the DEEPEGS project dissemination work and is a published report for the final project reporting only and not for commercial use. The book of publications summarises the DEEPEGS consortium teamwork focusing on the scientific stage, covering input of scientific journal articles, proceedings and abstracts published by the consortium members in different journals and conferences in the period of 2016-2020. No part of this publication can be reproduced, sold, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher.

Any views or opinions that may be presented in this publication are solely DEEPEGS project-re- lated and belong solely to the project owner and do not represent those of people, institutions or organizations that the owner may or may not be associated with or those part of the DEEPEGS consortium, in any professional or personal capacity unless explicitly so stated. None of the views or opinions are intended to malign any religion, ethnic group, club, organization, company, or individual.

Published by DEEPEGS Project Office

Design and layout by Tomasz Urban, GEORG Geothermal Research Cluster

For information, address DEEPEGS Project Office, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland Editors

Coordinator: Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson gof@iddp.is;

Project Manager: Sigurður Grétar Bogason sigurdur@georg.cluster.is;

Project Office: Alicja Wiktoria Stokłosa aws@georg.cluster.is;

Hjalti Páll Ingólfsson hpi@georg.cluster.is

PART 2

CONTENTS

Conference abstracts page 7

WGC2020 Proceedings page 51

INDEX page 55

abstracts

HAL Id: hal-01856325

https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01856325

Submitted on 10 Aug 2018

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Deployment of deep enhanced geothermal systems for sustainable energy business.

G Fridleifsson, Sigurdur Bogason, H Ingolfsson, P Vergnes, I Thorbjörnsson, Mariane Peter-Borie, T. Kohl, E. Gaucher, T Edelmann, R. Bertani, et al.

To cite this version:

G Fridleifsson, Sigurdur Bogason, H Ingolfsson, P Vergnes, I Thorbjörnsson, et al.. Deployment of deep enhanced geothermal systems for sustainable energy business. . European Geothermal Congress, Sep 2016, Strasbourg, France. �hal-01856325�

DEPLOYMENT OF DEEP ENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY BUSINESS

European Geothermal Congress

Palais de la Musique et des Congres Place de Bordeaux,Strasbourg

20. September 2016

Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson DEEPEGS Coordinator

Authors:

G.O. Fridleifsson¹, S.G. Bogason², A.W. Stoklosa², H.P. Ingolfsson², P. Vergnes³, I.Ö. Thorbjörnsson⁴, M. Peter-Borie⁵, T. Kohl⁶, T. Edelmann ⁷, R. Bertani ⁸, S. Sæther⁹, B. Palsson¹⁰

1 HS ORKA, Brekkustíg rekkustíg 36, 260 Reykjanesbæ Iceland 2 GEORG, Grensásvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik Iceland 3 FONROCHE Géothermie (FG), Champs de Lescaze, 47310 Roquefort, France

4 ISOR, Grensásvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland 5 BRGM, 3 av. C. Guillemin, 45000 Orléans, France 6 KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY (KIT), 7 Herrenknecht Vertical, Schlehenweg 2, 77963 Schwanau, Germany

8 ENEL GREEN POWER, Viale Regina Margherita 125, Roma, Italy 9 STATOIL PETROLEUM AS, Arkitekt Ebbels veg 10 7053 Ranheim, Norway,

10 LANDSVIRKJUN (LV), Háaleitisbraut 68, 103 Reykjavik, Iceland The DEEPEGS project has received funding from the European Union’s

Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 690771

DEEPEGS Project Description

Source: Herrenknecht Vertical GmbH

EU SUPPORTED DEMONSTRATION PROJECT

• The goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) for delivering renewable energy for the European citizens

• The project will be testing stimulation technologies for EGS in deep wells in different geological settings

DEMONSTRATION LOCATIONS

• The project will demonstrate advanced technologies in three types of geothermal reservoirs,

– in high enthalpy at Reykjanes with T up to 550°C and

– two deep hydrothermal reservoirs in southern France with T up to 220°C.

PROJECT DETAILS

Coordinated by HS Orka, Iceland 4 year project started December 1, 2015 Consortium partners from

Iceland, France, Germany, Italy, and Norway

Total budget EC Grant

DEEPEGS – Project Consortium

• Iceland:

– HS Orka ISORGEORG Landsvirkjun

• France:

– BRGM

– Fonroche Geothermie

• Germany

– Herrenknecht Vertical

– Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie

• Italy

– Enel Green Power

• Norway

– Statoil Petroleum

Iceland

Germany France

Iceland:

RN-15 Reykjanes

France:

Vistrenque France:

Valence

Partners Demonstration

sites

DEEPEGS – Industry driven consortium

Energy Companies Supporting Companies & Research Entities

EXPECTED IMPACT

• Bring down cost of renewable energy and increase the attractiveness of renewable heating and cooling technologies

• Reduce life-cycle environmental impact

• Improve EU energy security

• Make renewable electricity generation more predictable

• Strengthen the European industrial technology base BUSINESS MODEL TO BE CREATED

• Robust business models for EGS wide spread deployments will be developed

• Showcasing Business Case demonstrators of EGS for deep geothermal energy

• Feasibility frameworks for exploitation in different geological areas/conditions

• Market analysis and cost-benefit assessments for wider deployments of EGS in Europe and world wide

AMBITION

• Develop a future approach to geothermal energy by implementing deep EGS methodologies,

• Laying the foundation of a novel geothermal engineering allowing widespread exploitation of deep heat resources for improved energy security.

DEEPEGS Foundations

REYKJANES Deployment Start M6

VALENCE Deployment Start M12

VISTRENQUE Deployment Start M30

Plans for widespread business exploitations in Europe in 3-5 years following end of the DEEPEGS project Soultz-sous-

Forêts

KRAFLA (IDDP-1)

REYKJANES

VALENCE VISTRENQUE

DEEPEGS - Timeline

2016 2017 2019

DEEPEGS Scope

• DEEP DRILLING OF DOUBLETS IN TWO DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS IN FRANCE

– Target depth at both demonstration sites 5 KM + – Soft EGS stimulation to enhance energy recovery,

– Demonstrate that deep EGS will enable access to deep geothermal energy in France business case for wider deployments in Europe.

In Valence the drilling rig arrives on site 2017

Drilling at the Reykjanes site (RN15)

MAIN TARGETS

• DEEP DRILLING IN REYKJANES ICELAND 5 KM

– Deep EGS stimulation in an existing geothermal field with number of production wells,

– Power plant on site with existing 100 MW capacity, – Through EGS increase the available energy output,

– Demonstrate this business case in a high enthalpy geological environment.

RN-15: Production well: offered for deepening as IDDP-2 DEEPEGS demonstration well

Reykjanes power plant: 100 MW_e RN-15 production well: 2.5 km deep

RN-15 defined as Well of opportunity for IDDP-2 / DEEPEGS It will be directionally drilled to 5 km depth in 2016 Flow tested in both directions – down and up Pilot tested for power production

Scientifically studied as a black smoker analog Reservoir fluid is of seawater origin

DEEPEGS

PROGRESS TO DATE

19 September 2016

Reykjanes

• Preparation for drilling

 Final design selection of materials/methods

purchasing materials receive on site

 Cabled thermocouples added on the outside of the casing – Temperature tolerance up to 600°C

 Decision made to use IMAGE funded fibre optic cable to 900 m outside casing – GFZ personnel funded by GEOWELL

• Drill rig on site in late July

 Drilling operation formally began 11.08.2016

 3 km casing depth reached 23.08.2016

 Cementing of casing completed 06.09.2016

 Cement being drilled out today - 09.09.2016

Public meeting before drilling held at Reykjanesbaer on 4th August, 2016

• Monitoring

 Accelerometer set up in the nearest village (Grindavik) some 12 km from drill site.

 Seismic network expanded by ISOR close to the drill site, and network expanded by 3 seismometers and MT monitoring station from KIT

 Gas monitoring equipment during drilling supplied by ICDP and set up – we fund transporting of the tools

 Conductivity and pH monitoring during drilling added

Valence

• Seismic acquisition in Valence, first geophysical investment in this area since the 80’s

 Done in July 2016

 9 - 2D seismic lines for ~95km total length

 Interpretation ready for T1 2017

 good quality acquisition

Thank you!

For more information please contact us via

The DEEPEGS project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 690771

www.deepegs.eu www.facebook.com/deepegs/ twitter.com/DEEPEGS_demo

DEEPEGS and the IDDP, Focus on Reykjanes Demonstration.

Ómar Friðleifsson, Guðmundur; Bogason, Sigurður G.; Ingólfsson, Hjalti P.; Vergnes, Pierre;

Thorbjörnsson, Ingólfur Ö.; Peter-Borie, Mariane; Kohl, Tohmas; Gaucher, Emmanuel; Edelmann, Thomas; Bertani, Ruggero; Sæther, Sturla; Pálsson, Bjarni.

Abstract

The DEEPEGS project is a demonstration project, supported by the European Commission, Horizon 2020. The goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for delivering energy from renewable resources in Europe. It is a four years project coordinated by HS Orka, Iceland, in cooperation with partners from Iceland, France, Germany, Italy, and Norway. The project will be testing stimulation technologies for EGS in deep wells in different geological settings and intends to deliver new innovative solutions and models for wider deployments of EGS reservoirs with sufficient permeability to delivering significant amounts of geothermal power across Europe.

The project will demonstrate advanced technologies in three types of geothermal reservoirs, (i) in high enthalpy resource beneath existing hydrothermal field at Reykjanes (volcanic environment with a saline fluid) with temperature up to 550°C and (ii) two very deep hydrothermal reservoirs in southern France with temperatures up to 220°C. The focus of the talk at EGU 2016 will be on the Icelandic part of the DEEPEGS project and its connection to the IDDP project in Iceland, and to the ICDP. The deep well at Reykjanes, identified IDDP-2 as well, is expected to be completed in 2016. A 2.5 km deep production well will be refurbished and deepened to 5 km by HS Orka, Statoil and IDDP.

After drilling the well, it will be extensively tested for injectivity, and connection to the overlying conventional hydrothermal field, and subsequently flow tested for fluid chemistry and production properties. The DEEPEGS consortium is industry driven with five energy companies that will implement the project's goal through cross-fertilisation and sharing of knowledge. The companies are all highly experienced in energy production, and three of them are already delivering power to national grids from geothermal resources.

Publication: EGU General Assembly 2016, held 17-22 April 2016 in Vienna Austria ID EPSC2016-17164

Pub Date: April 2016

Bibcode: 2016EGUGA, 1817164O

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1817164O/abstract

1/3

Overview over the Seismic Monitoring and the Seismicity Induced during Drilling of the Geothermal Well RN-15/IDDP-2 at Reykjanes, Iceland (H2020-DEEPEGS project)

Rike Köpke¹, Egill Árni Guðnason², Emmanuel Gaucher¹, Kristján Ágústsson² and Thomas Kohl¹

1Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences

2ISOR, Iceland Geosurvey E-mail address: rike.koepke@kit.edu

Keywords: DEEPEGS, Reykjanes, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, Monitoring, Fault Systems, Induced Seismicity, EU-H2020 Project

ABSTRACT

The RN-15/IDDP-2 deep geothermal well of the DEEPEGS EU project on the Mid-Atlantic ridge at Reykjanes, Iceland, is a unique site for geothermal research. With a bottom hole temperature of approximately 426°C, it is one of the hottest geothermal wells ever drilled aiming for fluids at supercritical condition. Due to complete fluid loss, the well has been drilled at flow rates that reach hydraulic stimulation condition. After the drilling, the well was stimulated further by applying different concepts ranging from high flow rate hydraulic stimulation to long-term but low flow rate hydraulic stimulation to increase the reservoir performance at around 4.7 km depth. Processes related to drilling and stimulation are monitored using seismic methods to characterize and understand the processes ongoing during injection and to get insight on the nearby geological structures that may be responsible for permeability in the deep well.

1. INTRODUCTION

The DEEPEGS project is a European H2020 demonstration project with the overall goal to increase the use of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) in Europe. The concrete objectives of the project are to test stimulating technologies in deep wells in order to deliver new innovative solutions and models for wider deployments of EGS reservoirs, to demonstrate the feasibility of EGS for delivering energy from renewable resources in Europe and to make deep geothermal resources a competitive energy alternative for commercial use. Three different demonstration sites: Reykjanes (Iceland), Valence and Vistrenque/Riom (France) which are representative of different locations and geological formations in Europe have been selected to drill deep geothermal wells and stimulate them (Friðleifsson et al., 2016).

A large number of wells down to < 3,000 m (Fig. 1) exploit the Reykjanes geothermal field that is located on the seismically active Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The concept of using a deep EGS well at Reykjanes comprises injection of fluid underneath the conventional geothermal field to support production. Therefore, the 2,500 m deep RN-15 production well was deepened to 4,659 m depth in the framework of the Icelandic Deep Drilling Program IDDP-2. The drilling operation IDDP-2 was completed after 168 days on January 25th, 2017. Complete loss of circulation fluid occurred below 3,200 m. Temperature and pressure measurements at the well bottom suggest P/T condition of 340 bars and 426°C and thus, supercritical condition of the fluid.

Well logging highlights a large permeable zone above 3,400 m and smaller feed zones at 4,450 m and 4,500 m. A number of 13 sections at different depths were cored (Friðleifsson et al., 2017). The conditions that are inferred from temperature and pressure measurements and analyses of the cores point to the assumption that besides brittle also ductile, i.e. slow and aseismic deformation occurs during reservoir engineering. In this study, we present for the first time results from seismic monitoring in such extreme condition.

2. SEISMIC MONITORING

The existing permanent seismic network at Reykjanes was supplemented by 9 temporary stations, 5 from ISOR, 4 from KIT in September 2016. For this purpose, the existing infrastructure of a former project could be used, hence the possible positions of the temporary stations were already known. Among all of them, the best locations were chosen to provide an optimal azimuthal and inclination coverage of the zone of interest by the final network. As a result, the seismic network during drilling and stimulation consists in a total of 26 active stations, 19 of which within a 10 km radius from the well (Fig. 1). The main objectives of the seismic monitoring are i) the reservoir characterization with insight on the fractures created or reactivated during drilling and stimulation, ii) the investigation of changes in the physical processes induced by drilling and stimulation, e. g. seismic slip vs. aseismic creep, iii) the characterization of the local stress field with the help of focal mechanisms, and iv) possibly the identification of the brittle-ductile transition zone in the reservoir.

Köpke et al.

5^th European Geothermal Workshop, Karlsurhe, Germany, 12-13 Oct. 17 2/3

Figure 1: Distribution of seismic monitoring stations and wells in the conventional geothermal field at the Reykjanes site (Iceland). A total of 19 seismic were deployed in a 10 km radius from the RN-15/IDDP-2 well.

3. INDUCED SEISMICITY

The evaluation of the seismic monitoring is currently ongoing. The manual picking of p- and s-wave arrival times and the polarization of the p-waves from the waveforms is performed with the software Seiscomp3 and already completed for the events monitored during the drilling period. The events were relocated with the Software NonLinLoc in a 1D velocity model to get a first insight in the results of the seismic monitoring.

During the drilling of the IDDP-2 well over 400 earthquakes are monitored with magnitudes between 0.4 and 2.4. Not all of them are induced by the drilling process, around 50 events seem to belong to a natural offshore swarm approximately 2 km away from the well. There may be other natural events which cannot be separated from the induced ones at the current state of work. Most of the events form a rather dense seismic cloud between 2.5 and 5.5 km depth close to the well. Some clustering of the events may occur in this cloud, though it is too early in the evaluation process for an interpretation due to high location errors. The distribution of events over depth shows a clear peak in the number of events at around 4 km that might indicate the presence of a main cluster at this depth level. During the drilling 0 to 19 events per day occurred with an average value of a bit more than 3 events per day. An exception was recorded on the 27.11.2016 when 52 events are monitored which belong mostly to the offshore swarm and are unrelated to the drilling.

4. CONCLUSION

The RN-15/IDDP-2 deep geothermal well in the Reykjanes field is unique in many regards and the outcome of this EGS project could imply major redistribution of the geothermal energy in the European energy mix. The extreme pressure and temperature conditions in the well requires the application and the development of non-invasive techniques to describe and exploit as best as possible the geothermal reservoir. This strongly multi-disciplinary work reaches the limits of the current state of the art and thus promotes highly collaborated research. First results obtained by the seismic monitoring show that the seismic risk for the drilling of IDDP-2 is unproblematic with event magnitudes not larger than 2.4. This allows a continuation of the operation as planned according to the traffic light system for Reykjanes. A first evaluation of the seismicity monitored during drilling is promising but before interpretations of the seismic cloud regarding geological structures in the underground can be performed, the picking has to be finished for the stimulation period and the catalogue has to be improved to reduce location errors.

Köpke et al.

3 5. OUTLOOK

Further detailed analyses are currently ongoing to better localize the seismicity and hence gain detailed spatial and temporal information. The manual picking of arrival times and polarization of the events for the whole monitoring period, especially the stimulation periods, will be completed soon. The next steps focus on the improvement of these pickings. Therefore, we will perform a semi-automatic relative picking by wave form cross-correlation and relocate the events in a 3D velocity model to gain a final catalogue with reliable absolute as well as relative locations of the events. It might also be possible to correlate some induced events with the drilling operations to calibrate the event locations in space and time. Furthermore, we plan to compute the fault plane solutions from the picked p-wave polarities to get directional information about the rupture planes.

When this processing is finished the seismic catalogue will be used to identify fault structures in the seismic cloud to gain knowledge and understanding of the architecture of the deep part of the reservoir at Reykjanes. After the drilling and the main stimulation at Reykjanes is finished, the temporary stations will soon be removed from the site and the KIT stations will be installed on the next site of the DEEPEGS project in Valence.

REFERENCES

Friðleifsson, G. O., Bogason, S. G., Stoklosa, A. W., Ingolfsson, H. P., Vergnes, P., Thorbjörnsson, I. Ö., Peter-Borie, M., Kohl, T., Edelmann, T., Bertani, R., Saether, S., Palsson, B.: Deployment of deep enhanced geothermal systems for sustainable energy business, Strasbourg, EGC (2016).

Friðleifsson, G. O., Elders, W. A., Zierenberg, R., Weisenberger, T. B., Harðarson, B. S., Stefánsson, A., Gíslason, Þ., Sigurðsson, O., Þórólfsson, G., Mesfin, K. G., Sverrisdóttir, S. B., Hafnadóttir, M. O., Kruszewski, M., Calicki, A., Einarsson, G. M., Níelsson, S., Gunnarsdóttir, S. H., Poux, B.: The drilling of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project geothermal well at Reykjanes has been successfully completed, ed. IDDP-2 and DEEPEGS, http://deepegs.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/IDDP-2- Completion-websites-IDDP-DEEPEGS.pdf, (2017).

Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 19, EGU2017-14147-1, 2017 EGU General Assembly 2017

© Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

ICDP supported coring in IDDP-2 at Reykjanes – the DEEPEGS

demonstrator in Iceland – Supercritical conditions reached below 4.6 km depth.

Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson (1), Wilfred A. Elders (2), Robert Zierenberg (3), Ari Steafánsson (1), Ómar Sigurðsson (1), Þór Gíslason (1), Tobias B. Weisenberger (4), Björn S. Harðarson (4), and Kiflom G. Mesfin (1) (1) HS Orka, Svartsengi, 240 Grindavik, Iceland, (2) University of California, Riverside, USA, (3) University of California, Davis, USA, (4) ÍSOR, Grensásvegur 9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland

The Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) is exploring the technical and economic feasibility of producing supercritical geothermal resources. The IDDP-2 well is located in the Reykjanes saline geothermal system in SW Iceland, on the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where we are probing the analog of the root zone of a black smoker.

In 2009, Phase 1 of the IDDP was unsuccessful in reaching supercritical conditions in the Krafla volcanic caldera in NE Iceland, when the IDDP-1 drill hole unexpectedly encountered 900^◦C rhyolite magma at only 2.1 km depth.

The completed well produced superheated steam with a well head temperature of 453^◦C with an enthalpy and flow rate sufficient to generate∼35 MWe.

Drilling the IDDP-2 began by deepening an existing 2.5 km deep production well (RN-15) to 3 km depth, casing it to 2941m depth and drilling it to 4626m. Total circulation losses which were encountered below 3 km depth, could not be cured by LCM and multiple cement jobs. Accordingly, drilling continued “blind” to total depth, without return of drill cuttings. We attempted 12 core runs below 3 km depth, half of which recovered some core.

The cores are basalts and dolerites with alteration ranging from upper greenschist facies to amphibolite facies, suggesting formation temperatures >450^◦C. After a final report from the on-site science team, expected mid-year 2017, detailed petrological, petrophysical, and geochemical analyses of cores will be undertaken by the IDDP science team and collaborators and published in a special issue of a main-stream scientific journal.

The drilling of the IDDP-2 was funded by the field operator HS Orka, and by Statoil, and the IDDP industry consortium. The coring was funded by ICDP and the science program of the IDDP. Deepening the RN-15 began 11th August 2016, and was completed to 4626m, 17th December 2016. A perforated liner was inserted to 4,571m and the well subsequently logged for temperature, pressure and injectivity, after 6 days partial heating-up. The injectivity index proved to be 1.7 (kg/s)/bar. Supercritical conditions were measured at the bottom, 427^◦C at 340 bar pressure. The T-log showed the main permeable zones to be at around 3360m, 4200m, 4370m and 4550m depth. Estimates suggest that∼30% of 40 L/s injected into the well are received by the three deepest feed zones.

This can possibly be enhanced by massive soft stimulation, which is a part of the DEEPEGS plan to be executed later this year.

The DEEPEGS project is a demonstration project, supported by the European Commission, Horizon 2020. The goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for delivering energy from renewable resources in Europe. It is a four-year project coordinated by HS Orka, Iceland, in cooperation with partners from Iceland, France, Germany, Italy, and Norway. The project will demonstrate advanced technologies in three types of geothermal reservoirs, (i) in high enthalpy resource beneath existing hydrothermal field at Reykjanes with temperature up to 550^◦C, and (ii) in two very deep hydrothermal reservoirs in France with temperatures up to 220^◦C.

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321407809

TRIPLE OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPES IN SYN-GLACIAL

HYDROTHERMALLY ALTERED ROCKS: COMPARISON BETWEEN MODERN ROCKS OF ICELAND AND SNOWBALL EARTH AGE ROCKS FROM THE BALTIC SHIELD

Conference Paper · January 2017

DOI: 10.1130/abs/2017AM-301905

CITATIONS

0

READS

32 4 authors, including:

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Paleoproterozoic glaciations and magmatism, subglacial hydrothermal alterationView project

Iceland Deep Drilling ProjectView project David Zakharov

University of Oregon 11PUBLICATIONS   80CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

G.Ó. Friðleifsson

HS Orka, Reykjanesbaer, Iceland 114PUBLICATIONS   961CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by David Zakharov on 19 July 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017

Paper No. 3-3

Presentation Time: 8:45 AM

TRIPLE OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPES IN SYN-GLACIAL HYDROTHERMALLY ALTERED ROCKS: COMPARISON BETWEEN MODERN ROCKS OF ICELAND AND SNOWBALL EARTH AGE ROCKS FROM THE BALTIC SHIELD

ZAKHAROV, David

, BINDEMAN, Ilya N.

, FRIÐLEIFSSON, Guðmundur Ó.

and REED, Mark

, (1)Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, (2)HS Orka HF, Reykjanesbær, 260, Iceland, (3)Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, davidz@uoregon.edu

Hydrothermally altered rocks can be a powerful tool in studying

environments of the deep past when other paleoclimate proxies are not available. In this study we use δ

O, Δ

O and δD of ancient

hydrothermally altered rocks from 2.4-2.3 Ga rift zones of the Baltic Shield that are contemporaneous with the early Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth glaciations to infer stable isotopic composition of

meteoric water and seawater at the time. The novel parameter Δ

O is used to reconstruct water-to-rock ratios and δ

O of meteoric water when original oxygen and hydrogen isotopic equilibria are lost. Using the early Paleoproterozoic subglacial hydrothermally altered rocks from the

Belomorian Belt of the Baltic Shield we show that meteoric water had δ

O of about −35 ‰ VSMOW at low latitudes during the snowball Earth glaciations. The contemporaneous komatiitic basalts of the Vetreny Belt, Baltic Shield exhibit pervasive and well-preserved submarine alteration by seawater that had δ

O ≈ 0 ‰. To test the reliability of our findings, we compare the Paleoproterozoic rocks with modern hydrothermally altered rocks from continental and submarine hydrothermal systems using samples extracted from drill cores in Iceland (Krafla and

Reykjanes) and modern seafloor (hole ODP 504B). We use isotopic equilibrium fractionation as well as Δ

O approach to compute isotopic composition of hydrothermal fluid and compare them to directly

measured isotopic composition of the fluids. Samples from Geitafell eroded volcano which exhibits pervasive hydrothermal alteration with involvement of 5-6 Myr meteoric water were also analyzed for this study.

Hydrothermally altered rocks from Iceland serve as a close analogue for the Paleoproterozoic rocks formed in rifting zones of the Baltic Shield that operated under glacial ice and seawater during snowball Earth glaciations. We search for snowball Earth age hydrothermally altered rocks elsewhere in the world. The early Paleoproterozoic Scourie dikes (δ

O as low as −2 ‰), Scotland are contemporaneous with the snowball Earth glaciations and their low-δ

O signature could be related to

interaction between magma and glacial melt waters.

View publication stats View publication stats

1/2

Preliminary results of MT monitoring during reservoir engineering in IDDP2 (Iceland)

Nadine Haaf¹², Eva Schill¹², Yassine Abdelfettah³, Ragna Karlsdottir⁴ and Knutur Arnason⁴

1Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen

2Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287 Darmstadt

3EOST - École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre - Université de Strasbourg et CNRS

4Iceland GeoSurvey (ÍSOR), Grensásvegur 9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland nadine.haaf@kit.edu

Keywords: Magnetotelluric, MT, IDDP2, Monitoring, Reykjanes ABSTRACT

The European DEEPEGS (DEPLOYMENT OF DEEP ENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY BUSINESS) is a Horizon2020 project of the European Union. The project aims at demonstrating advanced engineering technologies in geothermal reservoirs under different geological conditions in Iceland and France. The focus of the here presented work is magnetotelluric (MT) monitoring of massive and soft hydraulic stimulation in the high enthalpy geothermal reservoir at Reykjanes in Iceland. The IDDP2 borehole is the deepest borehole (4.6 km depth 01/17) in Iceland.

MT monitoring during massive hydraulic stimulation is useful to obtain information on the directional development of the reservoir and the evolution of preferential hydraulic connectivity. In September 2016, the first MT monitoring campaign took place at the Reykjanes. The goal was to accomplish the time-lapse MT campaign at different locations in a radius of about 2-5 km from the borehole before hydraulic stimulation to obtain the initial condition. In a second steps selected stations were planned to be monitored continuously. The first MT time-lapse measurements included eight sites around IDDP2. Continuous MT monitoring was running at two sites between December 2016 and July 2017 with a sampling frequency of 512 Hz. Due to bad data quality, one station was stopped and time-lapse measurements were not repeated.

First results from the continuous monitoring reveal changes in the resistivity distribution over time. The interpretation in terms of hydraulic changes is ongoing.

1. INTRODUCTION

The concept of developing a deep EGS well at Reykjanes comprises injection of fluid underneath the conventional geothermal field to support production. Therefore, the 2,500 m deep RN-15 production well was deepened to 4,659 m depth in the framework of the Icelandic Deep Drilling Program IDDP-2. The drilling operation IDDP-2 was completed after 168 days on January 25th, 2017. Complete loss of circulation fluid occurred below 3,200 m. Temperature and pressure measurements at the well bottom suggest P/T condition of 340 bars and 427°C and thus, supercritical condition of the fluid.

Well logging highlights a large permeable zone above 3,400 m and smaller feed zones at 4,450 m and 4,500 m. Continuous fluid loss at high flow rates impedes the acquisition of the initial resistivity condition in the reservoir after drilling by time- lapse measurements. Therefore, the focus of the current work is on the continuous monitoring.

2. MT MONITORING

Magnetotelluric monitoring was carried out at the MT stations RAH (6km away from RN-15) and GUN (1km away from RN- 15), since December 2017 until July 2017, each equipped with two electric dipoles in N-S and E-W direction, as well as three magnetic sensors oriented in N, E and vertical direction. Magnetotelluric monitoring during massive hydraulic stimulation may reveal information on the directional development of the reservoir and the evolution of preferential hydraulic connectivity. First results from the late drilling phase were processed. Due to bad data quality of the MT station RAH (stopped in May 2017) , MT data are processed using single site method.

2.1 First MT results from GUN

Figure 1 shows a representative example of electric resistivity and of phase as a function of the period , which were acquired between January 13^th and 14^th, 2017 at the GUN station. A core section was drilled at 4,634 m to 4,642.8 m depth during this period. Note that the period can be related to depth following the concept of skin depth of the electromagnetic signal, therefore, the resistivity-period distribution is a function of the resistivity distribution with depth. The results are decomposed into to XY and YX components that represent different directional components of the electric and magnetic fields. They reveal rather homogenous resistivity of about 10 Ωm down to periods of about 2·10^-1 s. Below resistivity drops

Haaf et al.

5^th European Geothermal Workshop, Karlsurhe, Germany, 12-13 Oct. 17 2/2

by up to 1 order of magnitude with preference in the YX component. Two minima at 5·10^-1 s and 5 s are observed. Low resistivity in conventional geothermal reservoirs indicates either a clay cap layer that seals the reservoir at its top or the reservoir itself (e.g. Uchida, 2005). From 10 seconds on, resistivity increases with depth. The periods between 10^-1 and 10 s corresponds to the reservoir depth.

Figure 1: Electric resistivity and phase versus period from the magnetotelluric monitoring from two monitoring days in December 2017 at station GUN. Blue curves show the XY-component, the red curves the YX- component.

REFERENCES

Friðleifsson et al. (2017): The drilling of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project geothermal well at Reykjanes has been successfully completed, ed. IDDP-2 and DEEPEGS, http://deepegs.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/IDDP-2- Completion-websites-IDDP-DEEPEGS.pdf.

Uchida, Toshihiro. "Three-dimensional magnetotelluric investigation in geothermal fields in Japan and Indonesia."

proceedings world geothermal congress, Antalya, Turkey. 2005.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The DEEPEGS project has received funding from the European Union's HORIZON 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 690771. We would like to thank P. Saillhac (EOST) for providing processing software.

Furthermore, we thank Albert Þorbergsson and Stefan Audunn Stefansson for surveying the MT stations. We would like to thank A. D. Chave for providing us the code BIRRP - Bounded Influence Remote Reference Processing to process the MT data.

F LUID INCLUSION STUDY FROM THE IDDP2 ^BOREHOLE

Abstract: Fluid inclusions were studied in felsic veins from drill core 11 (4634.20 to 4638.00 m depth) of the IDDP2 borehole, Reykjanees peninsula. The major aim of this study was to characterise the physical state, temperature and the chemical composition of the geothermal fluid. We combined petrographic and microthermometric observations, Raman microspectroscopy and Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy slice & view (FIB-SEM) techniques to answer these questions.

Based on petrographic observations, we distinguished primary and secondary fluid inclusions. Our work focused on the secondary inclusions as those are more representative of the current geothermal fluid than the primary ones.

In general, three types of inclusions were observed, commonly coexisting in the same secondary inclusion plane.

These are vapour-rich inclusions, brines and silicate melt inclusions. The bubble to brine ratio is very variable in the fluid inclusions, which indicates boiling during inclusion entrapment. Therefore, the fluid is not a single supercritical fluid, but separated into two phases.

Vapour-rich inclusions are composed of a large dark vapour bubble and a thin liquid film at the edges.

Additionally, a small opaque phase can also be observed in some vapour-rich inclusions. Based on Raman microspectroscopic measurements, these inclusions are dominated by CO2 and H2O (in the liquid film), and contain additional H2S, N2 and H2 in minor amounts. Brine inclusions are composed of four different solid phases, a vapour bubble,  a minor liquid phase. Solid1 is a green to yellow mineral with one polarizer and is strongly anisotropic with crossed polarizers. It has characteristic Raman bands at 3451, 1626 and 200 cm^-1 and it disappears from the fluid inclusions at ~175-180°C during heating experiments. FIB-SEM analyses revealed that this phase is a Fe-K-chloride with significant OH^- component. Solid2 is also green with one polarizer but isotropic with crossed polarizers. It is not Raman active and it disappears between 220 and 240 °C upon heating. Based on FIB- SEM analyses, this mineral is another Fe-K-chloride with a different stoichiometry compared to solid1. Solid3 is an isotropic and transparent mineral, commonly showing cubic crystal habit. It is not Raman active, it disappears at 380-390 °C in all brine inclusions upon heating. FIB-SEM analyses suggest that this mineral is a sylvite-halite solid solution. Solid4 is an opaque mineral, a Fe-Cu sulphide, which disappears at ~600°C upon heating.

When heating experiments are combined with Raman microspectroscopy it is evident that neither the brine nor the vapour-rich inclusions are homogenized below 590 °C. The disappearance of the sulphide phase in the brine inclusions and the disappearance of the liquid film in the vapour-rich inclusions however happens at 600 10 °C, which should be representative of the real fluid temperature.

Silicate melt inclusions are composed of a colourless silicate glass and a vapour bubble. The vapour bubble contains CO2 and H2S. As melt inclusions are commonly found in the secondary inclusion assemblage, it is clear that melt was percolating in the system after the formation of the felsic veins.

List of authors

(underline corresponding author) Bali, E.,¹ Aradi L.E.², Szabó, Á.², Berkesi., M.², Szabó, Cs.², Friðleifsson, G.Ó.³

Institution/Company 1 Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland

2 Lithosphere Fluid Research Lab, Eötvös University, Budapest 3 HS Orka

Address of corresponding author University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland E-mail of corresponding author eniko@hi.is

Which theme does your abstract refer to (Workshop Themes (insert the right link))

☒ Upstream ☐ Midstream ☐ Downstream ☐ Cross-Cutting Which presentation do you prefer ☒ Oral presentation ☐ Poster presentation

Iceland Deep Drilling Project Explores the Magma-Hydrothermal Interface.

Zierenberg, R. A.; Schiffman, P.; Fowler, A. P.; Elders, W. A.; Friðleifsson, G. Ó.; Reed, M. H.

Abstract

The primary goal of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) is to develop new sources of power from supercritical hydrothermal fluids. Two of three planned deep drill holes have been completed and both recovered material that records partial melting of hydrothermally altered basaltic rocks to form silicic melt. The IDDP-1 hole was drilled in the Krafla geothermal field on the North Iceland Rift. The IDDP-1 well intersected a high silica (76.5 Wt. %), low δ18O (3.1‰) rhyolite melt at a depth of 2104m. The melt is nearly aphyric with sparse phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite, pigeonite, and titanomagnetite, interpreted to have formed by partial melting of hydrothermally altered basalt at depth. It was emplaced into a crystalline felsite intrusion of similar composition at a temperature near 900° C. Quenched glass in cuttings of the felsic host rock includes rhyolite formed by in situ partial melting with a composition near granite minimum melt. Some glass-rich fragments preserve partial assimilation of host rock forming mixed rhyolite melts.

The IDDP-2 hole was drilled to a depth of 4650m in the Reykjanes Geothermal field where the Mid- Atlantic Ridges comes ashore. Core recovered from >4500m records high temperature alteration of a sheeted dike complex. The igneous minerals are completely replaced by hydrothermal calcic plagioclase, hornblende, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, pyrrhotite, ± biotite and olivine. Hydrothermal orthopyroxene and olivine do not show hydrous alteration suggesting the in situ temperature is above 550°C. Co-existing hydrothermal clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene pairs record temperatures of formation of 1090° to 701°C, and have locally developed granoblastic textures. A quartz-filled vug in a sample with granoblastic pyroxene is lined with eutectic

intergrowths of quartz-plagioclase that show dendritic growth into the vug that we interpret as an incipient melting of hydrated basalt. Titanium in quartz from eutectic intergrowths gives

temperatures from 745° to 800°C. Hydrothermal fluid at Reykjanes is modified seawater and therefore unlikely to produce low δ18O rhyolite commonly observed in Iceland, but the cores record the transition from magmatic to hydrothermal conditions, including partial melting due to hydration of hot hydrothermally altered basalt.

Publication: American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2018, abstract #V13C-0115 Pub Date: December 2018

Bibcode: 2018AGUFM.V13C0115Z

Keywords: 1036 Magma chamber processes; GEOCHEMISTRYDE: 1037 Magma genesis and partial melting; GEOCHEMISTRYDE: 8424 Hydrothermal systems; VOLCANOLOGYDE: 8439 Physics and chemistry of magma bodies; VOLCANOLOGY.

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AGUFM.V13C0115Z/abstract

Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 20, EGU2018-18895, 2018 EGU General Assembly 2018

© Author(s) 2018. CC Attribution 4.0 license.

Estimation of the formation temperature around the deep Icelandic geothermal well RN-15/IDDP-2

Emmanuel Gaucher (1), Fabian Limberger (1,2), Alain Dimier (3), Thomas Kohl (1), and Friedemann Wenzel (2) (1) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Geosciences, Division of Geothermal Research, Karlsruhe, Germany (emmanuel.gaucher@kit.edu), (2) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany, (3) European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER), Karlsruhe, Germany

The estimation of the formation temperature around the deep well RN-15/IDDP-2 in Reykjanes (Iceland) is a task of the ongoing EU Horizon 2020 DEEPEGS project.

Usually, rock temperature around wells is estimated using the Horner method and requires measuring the warming of the fluid in the well under static conditions. This logging prevents from doing any other operations in the well for several days. In the context of the very hot well RN-15/IDDP-2, such a standard static temperature logging is not possible since continuous cooling of the instrument while measuring is necessary. Hence, the estimation of the formation temperature is very challenging.

In this work, we apply the WellboreKIT simulator to estimate the formation temperature around RN-15/IDDP-2 from temperature data measured under dynamic conditions. This modelling tool allows simulation of heat transfer between rock and fluid in the well, pressure drop along the borehole and two-phase flow effects under dynamic conditions. To derive the formation temperature profile, the misfit of the simulated and observed fluid temperature in the well is minimized. A probabilistic approach is proposed to account for uncertainties of the observations and modelling, and several a priori information tested. The first results associated with these assumptions are presented here.

1/1

Temperature analysis of the well RN15/IDDP2 in Reykjanes under long-term flow variations

J.Wang^a , M.Gholami Korzani^a, F.Nitschke^a, E.Gaucher^a, T.Kohl^a a. Institute of Applied Geoscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany

wang.jia@kit.edu

Keywords: geothermal well, wellbore simulation, forward modelling, temperature log ABSTRACT

The RN15/IDDP2 well in Reykjanes, Iceland, is one of the demonstration sites of the ongoing EU. Horizon 2020 DEEPEGS project. So far, the well represents the deepest geothermal drilled hole in Iceland with a final depth of 4659 m and measured bottom hole temperature of 427°C and fluid pressure of 34 MPa. (Friðleifsson et al., 2016).

The project objective is to explore reservoirs under supercritical conditions. One of the challenging scientific tasks of this project is to estimate the static formation temperature around the well under continuous injection condition within the drilled borehole. Our on-going research aims at applying a numerical simulation approach to inverse the formation temperature based on the recorded temperature logs. Here, we present and discuss our current state of research.

In our work, a transient thermal transport model is set up and calculated by applying an in-house developed wellbore simulator, which allows for the incorporation of complex wellbore configurations and boundary conditions. In addition, the model is capable of taking into account the circulation time variation along depth due to the deepening of the well into account to prevent overestimated-cooling period at the greater depth. As an example test of the numerical tool, we present the procedure of performing one forward modeling using prior known initial formation temperature to obtain well fluid temperature profile. In this process, the whole injection history of drilling mud is considered which allows us to follow the local temperature perturbation that is changing with time at different depths. The time stepping scheme in the simulation is adjusted according to the real logging speed to guarantee simultaneous temporal-depth matching between the simulated and measured fluid temperature. Initial results of the long-term temperature variation in the well as well as the comparison between simulated and logged data will be presented.

REFERENCES

Friðleifsson, G. O., Bogason, S. G., Stoklosa, A. W., Ingolfsson, H. P., Vergnes, P., Thorbjörnsson, I. Ö., Peter-Borie, M., Kohl, T., Edelmann, T., Bertani, R., Deployment of deep enhanced geothermal systems for sustainable energy business. In: Proceedings, European Geothermal Congress 2016, Strasbourg, France; 2016. p. 8

KIT –The Research University in the Helmholtz Association

Geothermal Energy Systems

Temperature analysis of the well RN15/IDDP2 in Reykjanes under long-term flow variations

J. Wang, M. Gholami Korzani, F. Nitschke, E. Gaucher, T. Kohl Motivation and Objectives

The in-house developed wellbore simulator—MOSKITO offers the capabilities of both forward and inverse numerical modeling of the heat transfer between wellbore and its surrounding More sophisticated flow modeling and its coupling with the heat transport model; consideration of complex conditions, such as two-phase flow, feed zones will help improve the overall performance of the multi-physic modelling

Temperature condition in the reservoir can be inferred using several recorded temperature logging data

Temporal and spatial variation of the fluid flow in the system needs to be considered and resolved in the model

Time stepping can be specially designed to obtain simultaneous temporal-depth matching between simulated and logged data

Background

The RN-15/IDDP-2 deep geothermal well of the DEEPEGS project at Reykjanes, Iceland, is a demonstration site for EGS geothermal research

The RN-15 well with 2.5 km depth is the drilling start point for the IDDP-2 well, which reaches to a final depth of 4,659 m after 168 days’drilling

The well was drilled under continuous injection. A complete loss of circulation fluid occurred below 3,200 m

Several temperature logs were run during the drilling. The measured temperature at well bottom was 426°C, the fluid pressure 340 bars, which confirmed supercritical reservoir condition

Estimation of the static formation temperature around the well is one of the scientific tasks of the project

The forward modelling until 2.5 km of the RN-15 well using prior known initial formation temperature to obtain well fluid temperature profile can be a good test example to demonstrate the capability of the numerical tool applied

The modelling depth will be extended further down to investigate reservoir conditions at greater depth

The circulation time variation along depth due to the deepening of the well will be taken into account in the modelling

Methodology of inverse modelling of the formation temperature

Acknowledgements

We want to thank the project coordinator HS ORKA as well as ISOR for providing data gained during the operations at RN15/IDDP2.

The DEEPEGS project has received funding from the European Union's HORIZON 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 690771.

Case Study: Forward modeling until 2.5 km

2D axis-symmetric domain, multiple casing and cementing programs included

Around 145 days‘ simulation time using real drilling mud flow rate data as input

Injection temperature at well head was constant at 7 °C, initial formation temperature assumed as a prior known (estimated and provided by ISOR)

Mesh dimension 2500 mX20 m was determined from pre-run tests (Figure 1, 2)

Figure 1: Schematic of three test cases: depth of simulation domain (a) 2.5 km, (b) 4.626 km, (c) 4.626 km with mud loss (left); comparison of drilling fluid temperature along well depth in three cases (right) Model setup

Case Study: Forward modeling until 2.5 km

Simulation results Temperature of the well fluid until 2.5 km depth is not affected by the mass flow loss blow 3.0 km depth and temperature boundary condition at ~4.6 km depth

Isotherm curving strongly in the vicinity of the tubing.

After around 145 days, the cooling impact to the surrounding formation temperature due to drilling reaches to a lateral extension of 10 m.

Conclusions and Perspective

Figure 2: Isothermal of wellbore surrounding after 145 days‘cold fluid injection (left); vertical temperature distribution plots at different distances away from well center (right)

Long-term temperature changes at different depths react reasonably to the variation of the injection flow rate

Only liquid phase is considered, incompressible steady flow and transient heat transport was solved

2500 m 4626m

total fluid loss

Simulated fluid temperature profile is compared with data from one temperature log, which lasts two hours

Figure 3:145days’injection flow curve (top); local temperature variation with time at different depth (bottom)

Figure 4: Comparison between simulated and logged fluid temperature in the well

Is |error| < ε yes

? Initial Guess

of SFT

Measured data Wellbore simulation

Smart predictor ? Caculate misfit (RMSE) between predicted and measured data

Quantify uncertaines via probabity

models Update

new guess

Characterization of Deep Geothermal Systems

Contribution ID: 116 Type: Poster

Simulation of temperature logs in high temperature well

Abstract

Difference between resistivity models at two different times can be obtained by inverting the two time-lapse datasets in several different ways: using parallel inversions, sequential inversions, or using differential data with double difference inversion. This paper presents and compares those 3 different processes to invert time-lapse Controlled-Source Electromagnetic data. We demonstrate on synthetic tests that double-difference inversion is the best way to perform time-lapse inversion when the survey parameters can remain fixed between the time-lapsed acquisitions. We show that double-difference inversion allows to remove the footprint of permanent noise distortions, static shift, and most of the nonlinearity

of the inversion process including numerical noise and acquisition footprint. It also appears that the approach is very robust against the baseline resistivity model, and that even a very rough resistivity model built with borehole logs or basic geological knowledges can be sufficient to map the time- lapse changes at their right position. We apply this framework on a time lapse land CSEM dataset acquired over the Reykjanes geothermal field.

Primary author(s) : Ms. WANG, Jia (Institute of Applied Geoscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)); Dr. NITSCHKE, Fabian (Institute of Applied Geoscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)); Dr. GHOLAMIKORZANI, Maziar (Institute of Applied Geoscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)); Prof. KOHL, Thomas (Institute of Applied Geoscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT))

Presenter(s): Ms. WANG, Jia (Institute of Applied Geoscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT))

Session Classification: Poster Session