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TEXTE 1 : BERNARD WILLIAMS (1929-2003)

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Anglais Philosophique L1/S1 « La tolérance » V. Boyer

TEXTE 1 : BERNARD WILLIAMS (1929-2003)

The difficulty with toleration is that it seems to be at once necessary and impossible. It is necessary where different groups have conflicting beliefs—moral, political, or religious—

and realize that there is no alternative to their living together, that is to say, no alternative except armed conflict, which will not resolve their disagreements and will impose continuous suffering. These are the circumstances in which toleration is necessary. Yet in those same circumstances it may well seem impossible. If violence and the breakdown of social cooperation are threatened in these circumstances, it is because people find others' beliefs or ways of life deeply unacceptable. In matters of religion, for instance (which, historically, was the first area in which the idea of toleration was used), the need for toleration arises because one of the groups, at least, thinks that the other is blasphemously, disastrously, obscenely wrong. The members of one group may think that the members of the other group need to be helped toward the truth, or that third parties need to be protected against the bad opinions. Most important—and most relevant for the dilemmas of liberal societies—

they may think that the leaders or elders of the other group are keeping the young and perhaps the women from enlightenment and liberation. They see it as not merely in the general interest but in the interest of some in the other group that the true religion (as they believe it to be) should prevail. It is because the disagreement goes this deep that the parties to it think that they cannot accept the existence of each other. We need to tolerate other people and their ways of life only in situations that make it very difficult to do so. Toleration, we may say, is required only for the intolerable. That is its basic problem.

B. Williams, « Toleration. An Impossible Virtue? », 1996.

1/TRADUCTION :

 Traduire soigneusement en français les passages en italique (l.1-8 et l.17-20) 2/ QUESTIONS:

 A quoi fait référence Bernard Williams lorsqu’il évoque l.13 les « dilemmes des sociétés libérales » ? Quel est le lien avec le problème de la tolérance ?

 « Toleration, we may say, is required only for the intolerable” (l.19-20) : expliquez comment l’auteur en vient à l’affirmation d’un tel paradoxe. Comparez ce paradoxe avec celui qu’énonce Jacques Derrida, dans l’annexe, à propos du pardon.

LEXIQUE:

« at once » : à la fois, en même temps « elders » : les aînés

« a disagreement » : un désaccord, un différend « enlightenment » : instruction

« a breakdown » : une rupture, un effondrement « to prevail » : l’emporter, s’imposer

« to threaten » : menace « relevant » : pertinent, utile

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Anglais Philosophique L1/S1 « La tolérance » V. Boyer

ANNEXE TEXTE 1 : JACQUES DERRIDA (1930-2004)

Je prendrai alors le risque de cette proposition : chaque fois que le pardon est au service d’une finalité, fut-elle noble et spirituelle (rachat ou rédemption, réconciliation, salut), chaque fois qu’il tend à rétablir une normalité (sociale, nationale, politique, psychologique) par un travail du deuil, par quelque thérapie ou écologie de la mémoire, alors le pardon n’est pas pur ni son concept. Le pardon n’est, il ne devrait être, ni normal, ni normatif, ni normalisant. Il devrait rester exceptionnel et extraordinaire, à l’épreuve de l’impossible : comme s’il interrompait le cours ordinaire de la temporalité historique. D’où l’aporie qu’on peut décrire : le pardon pardonne seulement l’impardonnable. Il n’y a de pardon que là où il y a de l’impardonnable.

Jacques Derrida, « Le Siècle et le Pardon » ou « le pardon impossible », entretien avec M. Wiervioka, 1999.

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