سميائية الصورة الكاريكاتورية في الصحافة الجزائرية
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(2) ر ا 1 0ة -. ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ. 2 .2.ز . أ ذ -,-.أ-. 345. ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ. +27 89ش. أ ذ -,-.أ-. ا
(3) . ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ. = ا هدف. ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ1438 :ﻩ1439 -ﻩ 2017 /ﻡ2018 -ﻡ.
(4) ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭ ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺀ. ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﺗﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺿﻞ ،ﺃﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ "ﺃ.ﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻴﺪ ﻫﺎﺩﻑ" ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ..
(5)
(6) ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ. ﺤﺎ ﻭﹶﻝ ﹰﺔ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻻ ﻤ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻏﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭ ﺇ ﱠ ﺽ ﺍﻹﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ِﻝ ﹶﻐ ﺭ ﹺ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ " ﺸﺎﺭل ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺱ " ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ِﻝ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻘ ﹺﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﹸﺘ ﹶﻐ ﱢ ﺠﺭَﺃﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﱢﻠﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﱢﻠﺴﺎﻨﻲ.ﻭﻗﺩ ﹶﺘ ﻌ ﻤﺩ ﹶﻨﺎ ﺍﻝ ﻅ ﺭﺍ ِﻝ ﹸﻨﺩ ﺭ ﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ،ﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺯﺍل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺭﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﹶﻨ ﹶ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝ ﹶﺘ ﻬﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﻬ ﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺤﺎﻤﻬﺎ. ﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ " ﺒﻭﺭﺱ" ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺇ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﺍﻝ ﻤﻤ ﻜ ﹶﻨﺔ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﹸﺘ ﻤ ﱢﻜ ﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻤﺢ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺇﺫ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﺼ ﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﹸﺘ ﻌﻴ ﹸ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻝ ﺸﺎ ﹺﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻥ ﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶ ﻻ ﺃ ﺠ ﺩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻗ ﺭﺍ ﺀﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ .ﺇ ﱠ ﻤﺎ ﻴ ﹺ ﺢ ﺍﻝ ﹸﻘ ﻭﺓ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ "ﺒﻭﺭﺱ" ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻼﻑ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ "ﺩﻱ ﺴﻭﺴﻴﺭ" ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﹶﺘﻤ ﹶﻨ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻭﺤﻴﺩ ،ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﱢﻠﺴﺎﻨﻲ. ﹶﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ " ﺒﻭﺭﺱ " ﺃﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﻼﺸﺘﻐﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎ ﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍ ﻭﺘﻨﻭﻋﺎ ﻤﺫﻫﹶﻠﻴﻥ ،ﺇﺫ ﻝﻡ ﹶﺘ ﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﻠﻴﻎ ،ﻭﺇﱠﻨ ﻤﺎ ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ .ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻰ " ﺃﻴﻘﻭﻨﻴﺎ ".ﻝﻘﺩ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺤ ﺩ ﺩ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻴﻘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺇﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﻴﻘﻭﻨﻲ ،ﻓﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻩ ﻑ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﺼﺎﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁ ﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺘﻭﺍﺼﻠﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻝﻐﻭﻱ ﺴﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﺒﺭ ل ﹶﺘﻌ ﹺﺭﻴ َﺃ ﻭ َ ﺼﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﹸﺘ ﻌ ﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻨ أ.
(7) ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ "ﺒﻭﺭﺱ" ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺴ ﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻴﻘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻝﺼﺔ ،ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ) ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭ ﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ( ،ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺼﻔﺤﺔ( ...ﺍﻝﺦ ﻁ ﺒﺎ ) ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝ ﱢ ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺭ ﱠﻜﺯﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﻭﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﱠﻨ ﹶﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻤﻅﻬﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﻲ )ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻭﺩﻱ( ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴل ﺒﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻪ .ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺈﻝﺤﺎﺡ ﻫﻭ :ﹶﻝ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ " ﺒﻭﺭﺱ " ﺘﺸﺘﻐل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻱ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻷﺤﺭﻯ. ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻰ. " ﺃﻴﻘﻭﻨﻴﺎ" ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻴﻘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻝﺼﺔ، ﻀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻥ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻱ َﻴ ﹶﺘ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃ ﻀ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻐﻭﻴﺔ) ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ /ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ(، )ﺃﻴﻘﻭﻨﺎﺕ /ﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ( ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴ ﹶﺘ ﺴﻤﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ " ﺒﻭﺭﺱ" ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ .ﻭﺒﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ: ﻱ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ َﺃ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻱ؟ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺩﻝﻭﻝﻴﺘﻪ؟ ﻭ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﻘﺭﺃ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ؟ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺘﻲ "ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭ" ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻕ" ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻨﺎ ﻝﻠ ﺇ ﺒـ"ﺃﻴﻭﺏ" ﻭ "ﺒﺎﻗﻲ" ﻝﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ،2016/2015/2004ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺎ ﻨﺎﺒﻌﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻴﺩﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻝﻠﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻁﺎﺒﺎﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ .ﻭﻻ ﺨﹶ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﹸﺘﺤ ﺩ ﹸﺜ ﻪ ﺼﻭﺭ " ﺃﻴﻭﺏ" ﻭ "ﺒﺎﻗﻲ " ﻭ ﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺴﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻏﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃ ﺸ ﹶ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻴﻘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻱ " ﺃﻴﻭﺏ " ﻭ "ﺒﺎﻗﻲ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ.. ب.
(8) ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ، ﺤ ﱢﻔ ﺯﺍﺕَ ،ﺃﱠﻨﻪ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻌﺘﺭﺽ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻨﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﺇﺫ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﹸﻨﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ " ﺒﻭﺭﺱ " ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻜﺭ .ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﺴﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ.ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﹸﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝ ﻨ ﹶﺘﺎﺝ ﺹ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺨ ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺭﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻝﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﻌﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺼﺎﺩﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴ ﹸ ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ، ﻕ ﻭ ﹶﺘﻌ ﻘﻴ ﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﱢﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﻅﱢﻠ ﻌﻴ ﻋﻤ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻀ ﻤ ﹶﻨﺔ ِﻝ ﻔﻜ ﹺﺭ ﻩ. ﻨﺎﻫﻴﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﺘ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺁﺜﺭﺕ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻓﺼﻭل ﺘﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ،ﻴﺘﻠﻭﻫﻡ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ. ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ "ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ" ،ﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ،ﻭ ﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﺃﻱ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﻝﻭﺝ ﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻀﺎ ﻷﺼل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﻋﺭ ﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﹶﻗ ﺩﻤ ﹸ ﻭ ﺤﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻭ ﹶﺘ ﹶﺘ ﺒ ﹺﻊ ﺠﺫﻭﺭﻩ ﻭَﺃ ﻫ ﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻌ ﹶﺘ ﺒﺭ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻭﻡ ﺒـ "ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ارة" ،و أه ارة و !+!"+و أ-ا ،+ , "' !,و ارة ا* ر *#ر !"#$%&' ( ) "' # و ِذآ ِ $أ-ا 6+ !,ا&$آ : !12 34, 5ا 8- 194ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻝﻠﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ.. ﻥ ﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ) ﻀ ﻤ ﹺ و $: !12ا 8- 1ّ4ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﺘ . (PLASTIQUESﻭﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻴﻘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ).(SIGNES ICONIQUES ج. SIGNES.
(9) ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ "ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻱ" ،ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﹸﺘ َﺅ ﺩﻴ ﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻜ ﹺﺭ ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻲ. ل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ.ﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﻫﻲ ﺼِ ﺃﺨﻴ ﺭﺍ ﹶﺫﻴﻠ ﹶﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﺭﺼﺩﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﺘ ﻭ ﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ،ﺁﻤﻼ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴ ﹶﺘﻭ ﻓ ﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﺩﻴ ﹸ ﺨﱠ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝ ﹸ ﺠ ﻭ ﺓ ﻝﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل .ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭ ﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺭ ﺹ ﻴﺩﻋﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻤل ﻤﻥ ﹸﻨﻘ ﹴ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻠﺢ ﺒﻁﻤﻭﺡ ﻭ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل.. د.
(10) ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ :ﺇﺸﻜﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ )ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ( ﺜﺎﻝﺜﺎ :ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺏ.
(11) ه ا
(12) . ا اول ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ: ﻴﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ. ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ. ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ. )(semiotic. ﻓﻲ. ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ. ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ،. ﻭ) (sémiotiqueﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻭﻴﺨﺎﻝﻔﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ) ،(suffixeﻭﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ: ﺴﻴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺼﺭ ،ﻭﺴﻴﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻤ ﺩ ﻭﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺩ .ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻻﺌﻠﻴﺔ. 1-1ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻝﻐ ﹰﺔ: 1-1-1. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ:. ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ"ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ" ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ. )(1. ﻭﻫﻲ. ﻤﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﺎ ،ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻭ .ﻗﺎل ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰÓ‰£ϑpt’Χ﴿ : ‘§™tβθäótGö6tƒ #Y‰£∨ß™ $Yè©.â‘ öΝßγ1ts? ( öΝæηuΖ÷t/ â!$uΗxqâ‘ Í‘$¤
(13) ä3ø9$# ’n?tã â!#£‰Ï©r& ÿ…çµyètΒ tÏ%©!$#uρ 4 «!$# ãΑθß. 4 πÏ 1‘u θö G− 9#$ ’ûÎ Ν ö γ ß =è Vs Βt 7 y 9Ï ≡Œs 4 ŠÏ θf ¡ à 9#$ Ì Or &r ô ΒiÏ Ογ Î δ _Ï θ ã ρã ’ûÎ Ν ö δ ™‹è $yϑ Å ( $ΡZ ≡θu Ê ! ô ‘Í ρu « #$ z ΒiÏ ξ W Ò ô ùs Ü=Éf÷èムϵÏ%θß™ 4’n?tã 3“uθtFó™$$sù xán=øótGó™$$sù …çνu‘y—$t↔sù …çµt↔ôÜx© ylt÷zr& ?íö‘t“x. È≅ŠÅgΥM}$# ’Îû ö/àSè=sVtΒuρ #ô_r&uρ ZοtÏ
(14) øó¨Β Νåκ÷]ÏΒ ÏM≈ysÎ=≈¢Á9$# (#θè=Ïϑtãuρ (#θãΖtΒ#u tÏ%©!$# ª!$# y‰tãuρ 3 u‘$¤
(15) ä3ø9$# ãΝÍκÍ5 xáŠÉóu‹Ï9 tí#§‘–“9$#. )﴾∩⊄∪ $Jϑ‹Ïàtãﺍﻝﻔﺘﺢ ،(29/ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺠﻴﺊ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻤﺩﻭﺩﺘﻴﻥ).(2 ... -1ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ﺒﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ '' .ﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺼﺤﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ'' ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﻋﻁﺎﺭ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،ﺝ ،5ﻁ ،4ﻤﺎﺩﺓ)ﺴﻭﻡ( ،1990 ،ﺹ .1956-1955 -2ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﺹ .1956-1955 7.
(16) ه ا
(17) . ا اول. ﺴﻴﻤﺔ، ﻀﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝ ﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺩﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل ﺴﻭﻡ .ﻭﺍﻝ . ﺴ ّﻭ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺱ ﺘﺴﻭﻴ ﻤﺎ :ﺠﻌل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﻤﺔ').(1 ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﻜﺴﺭﻫﻥ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ .ﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝ . ﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻡ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺠﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎ ﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ) .(2ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﻭﺍﻝ ﺴ ﻭﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ. ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﻥ ﻝﻠﹼﻪ ﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﻡ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ :ﺇ ﻭﻗﺎل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺒﻲ :ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎ ﹸ. ﻓﺭﺴﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺴﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻌﹶﻠﻤﻴﻥ ).(3. ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﹸﺘﺴ ﹶﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻝ ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻬﺎﺀ ،ﻗﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ: ﺼﺭ ﻰ ﺍﻝ ﺒ ﻕ ﻋﻠ ﺸﹸ ﻻﹸﺘ ﹶ ﹶﻝ ﻪ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﺀ ﹶ. ﺤﺴﻥ ﻴﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻏﹸﻼ ﻡ ﺭﻤﺎ ﻩ ﺍﻝﹼﻠ ﻪ ﺒﺎﻝ . ﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺴﻤﻪ ﺒﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻝﺔ ﺴ ﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ :ﻴ . ﻥ ﻝﻔﻅﺔ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻠﺫﹼﺫ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ) .(4ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ "ﺒﻁﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﺘﺎﻨﻲ" ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃ ).(5. ﺸﻡ "ﺃﻱ ﺇﺴﻡ ﻭ " ﻴﻪ "ﺃﻱ ﺍﷲ ،ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻪ ﻤﻌ ﺭﺒﺔ ،ﻤ ﺭ ﹶﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ " . ﻥ '' ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ'' ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻤﻭﺱ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺃ ﺱ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻬﺭ ،ﻭﺤﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻤﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤ . - 1ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺭﻭﺯ ﺁﺒﺎﺩﻱ '' .ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻤﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ'' ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ،ﻁ1996 ،5ﻡ، ﺹ .1452 - 2ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ '' .ﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺼﺤﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ'' ،ﺝ ،5ﺹ .1956-1955 - 3ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻤﻜﺭﻡ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻱ '' .ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ'' ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ، ﺝ ،2000 ،7ﻤﺎﺩﺓ)ﺴﻭﻡ( ،ﺹ .308 -4ﺒﻁﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﺘﺎﻨﻲ '' .ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ'' ،ﻤﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ( ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ1993 ،ﻡ ،ﺹ .433 -5ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﺹ ﻥ. 8.
(18)
(19) ه ا .. (1). ا اول. ﻭﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀﺱ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ. ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻝﻔﻅﺔ '' ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ'' ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ : ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ،ﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻲ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﺔ . (16/ ∪∉⊇∩ ﴾) ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻡÏΘθèÛöã‚ø9$# ’n?tã …çµßϑÅ¡t⊥y™﴿ :ﻤﻪﺴ ﹶﻨﺴ .(75/ ∪∈∠∩﴾ )ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭtÏÿ¿dœuθtGçΗø>Ïj9 ;M≈tƒUψ y7Ï9≡sŒ ’Îû ¨βÎ)﴿ :ﻴﻥﺴﻤ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭ.(78/ ∪∇∠∩ ﴾) ﺍﻝﺤﺞ... tϑ Ï =Î ¡ ó ϑ ß 9ø #$ Ν ã 3 ä 9ϑ £ y™ θu δ è ..... 4 (﴿:ﺎﻜﹸﻡ ﺴﻤ$κp 5Í ! ª #$ Α t “¨ Ρt $Β¨ Ν.ä τä $! /t #u ρu Ο ó Fç Ρ&r !$δ y θϑ ß Gç Šø ϑ £ ™ y & $! ϑ y ™ ó &r _ þ ûÎ _Í tΡθ9ä ‰ Ï ≈gp B é &r ﴿ :ﻭﻫ ﹶﺎ ﹸﺘﻤﻤﻴ ﺴ .(71/ ﴾) ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﻑ.. 4 9≈sÜù=ß™ ÏΒ $! Β¨ Ν2 à τä $! /t #u ρu Ο ó Fç Ρ&r !$δ y θϑ ß Gç Šø ϑ £ ™ y [ $! ϑ y ™ ó &r ω H )Î ÿ µÏ ΡÏ ρŠß ΒÏ β t ρ‰ ß 7ç è÷ ?s $Βt ﴿ :. •. ßÏe$!$# y7Ï9≡sŒ 4 çν$−ƒÎ) HωÎ) (#ÿρ߉ç7÷ès? āωr& ttΒr& 4 ¬! āωÎ) ãΝõ3ß⇔ø9$# ÈβÎ) 4 ?≈sÜù=ß™ ÏΒ $pκÍ5 ª!$# tΑt“Ρr& .(40 / ∪⊃⊆∩ ﴾)ﻴﻭﺴﻑšχθßϑn=ôètƒ Ÿω Ĩ$¨Ζ9$# usYò2r& £Å3≈s9uρ ãΝÍh‹s)ø9$# 4 ? ≈Ü s =ù ™ ß ΒÏ $κp 5Í ! ª #$ Α t “t Ρ&r $! Β¨ /.ä τä $! /t #u ρu Ν ö Fç Ρ&r !$δ y θϑ ß Gç ‹ø ÿ® œ x Ö $! ÿo œ ô &r ω H )Î ‘ } δ Ï β ÷ )Î ﴿ :. •. ،﴾∩⊄⊂∪ #“y‰çλù;$# ãΝÍκÍh5§‘ ÏiΒ Νèδu!%y` ô‰s)s9uρ ( ߧà
(20) ΡF{$# “uθôγs? $tΒuρ £©à9$# āωÎ) tβθãèÎ7−Ftƒ βÎ) .(23 /)ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻡ. Ο É Š_ Å § 9#$ Ç ≈Ü s ‹ø ± ¤ 9#$ z ΒÏ $γ y Gt ƒ− ‘hÍ Œè ρu š /Î $δ y ‹ ä Šã Ï &é ’ þ ΤoÎ )Î ρu Ο z ƒt ö Βt $κp Jç ‹ø ϑ £ ™ y ’ΤoÎ )Î ρu ..﴿ :َﺘﹸﻬﺎﻤﻴ ﺴ .(36/∪∉⊂∩﴾)ﺁل ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ. .433 ﺹ، ( ﻤﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ،'' '' ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ. ﺒﻁﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﺘﺎﻨﻲ-1 9.
(21)
(22) ه ا. ا اول. ﴾∩⊄∠∪ 4s\ΡW{$# sπu‹Ïϑó¡n@ sπs3Í×‾≈n=pRùQ$# tβθ‘ϑ|¡ãŠs9 ÍοtÅzFψ$$Î/ tβθãΖÏΒ÷σムŸω tÏ%©!$# ¨βÎ)﴿:ﻭﻥﺴﻤ ﻝﹶﻴ.(27/)ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻡ. 4 öΝèδθ‘ϑy™ ö≅è% u!%x.uà° ¬! (#θè=yèy_uρ 3 ôMt6|¡x. $yϑÎ/ ¤§ø
(23) tΡ Èe≅ä. 4’n?tã íΟÍ←!$s% uθèδ ôyϑsùr&﴿:ﻡﻭﻫﺴﻤ .(33/﴾ )ﺍﻝﺭﻋﺩ. .(18/ ∪∇⊇∩﴾)ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥWξ‹Î6|¡ù=y™ 4‘£ϑ|¡è@ $pκÏù $YΖøŠtã﴿ :ﻰﺴﻤ ﹸﺘ-. öΝèδã½jzxσムÅ3≈s9uρ 7π−/!#yŠ ÏΒ $pκön=tæ x8ts? $¨Β /ÏSÏϑù=ÝàÎ/ }¨$¨Ζ9$# ª!$# ä‹Ï{#xσムöθs9uρ﴿ :ﻰﺴﻤ ﻤ .(61/‘ (﴾ )ﺍﻝﻨﺤلwΚ|¡•Β 9≅y_r& #’n<Î) .(118/ ∪∇ ⊇∩﴾ )ﺍﻷﻨﻌﺎﻡtΖÏ ΒÏ σ÷ Βã µÏ GÏ ≈ƒt $↔t /Î ΛäΨ.ä β)Î µÏ ‹ø =n ã t ! « #$ ãΛœ ô #$ t .Ï Œè $ϑ £ ΒÏ #( θ=è 3 ä ùs ﴿ : ﺍﺴﻡÍοtsÜΖs)ßϑø9$# ÎÏÜ≈oΨs)ø9$#uρ tÏΖt6ø9$#uρ Ï!$|¡ÏiΨ9$# š∅ÏΒ ÏN≡uθy㤱9$# =ãm Ĩ$¨Ζ=Ï9 zÎiƒã—﴿ ﻴﻥﻭﻤ ﺴ ﻤ .(14/﴾ )ﺁل ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ3 ^ Ï ö s y 9ø #$ ρu Ο É ≈èy Ρ÷ { F #$ ρu ÏπΒt θ§ ¡ | ϑ ß 9ø #$ ≅ È ‹ø ‚ y 9ø #$ ρu πÏ Ò ā
(24) Ï 9ø #$ ρu = É δ y ©%!#$ ∅ š ΒÏ Νä3š/u‘ öΝä.÷ŠÏ‰ôϑム#x‹≈yδ öΝÏδÍ‘öθsù ÏiΒ Νä.θè?ù'tƒuρ (#θà)−Gs?uρ (#ρçÉ9óÁs? βÎ) 4 #’n?t/ ﴿ :. -. .(125 / ∪∈⊄⊇∩ ﴾ ) ﺁل ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥtΒÏ θhÈ ¡ | Βã πÏ 3 s ×Í ≈‾ =n yϑ9ø #$ z ΒiÏ # 7 ≈9s #u πÏ ¡ | ϑ ô ƒs 2 ¿ †Îû $\/ö|Ê šχθãè‹ÏÜtGó¡tƒ Ÿω «!$# È≅‹Î6y™ †Îû (#ρãÅÁômé& šÏ%©!$# Ï!#ts)à
(25) ù=Ï9﴿ :ﺎﻫﻡﻴﻤ ﺴŸω öΝßγ≈yϑŠÅ¡Î/ ΝßγèùÌ÷ès? É#’
(26) yè−G9$# š∅ÏΒ u!$u‹ÏΖøîr& ã≅Ïδ$yfø9$# ÞΟßγç7|¡øts† Ä⇓ö‘F{$# .(273/ ﴾ )ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺭﺓ$]ù$ysø9Î) šZ$¨Ψ9$# šχθè=t↔ó¡tƒ ﴾∩⊆⊇∪ ÇΠ#y‰ø%F{$#uρ Å»≡uθ¨Ζ9$$Î/ ä‹s{÷σãŠsù öΝßγ≈uΚŠÅ¡Î0 tβθãΒÌôfãΚø9$# ß∃t÷èム﴿:. •. .(41/)ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ. Ç s ó 9s ’ûÎ Ο ó γ ß Ψ¨ ùs Ì è÷ Gt 9s ρu 4 Ο ó γ ß ≈yϑ‹¡ Å 0Î Ογ ß Gt ùø t èy =n ùs Ο ó γ ß 3 s ≈Ψo ƒ÷ ‘u { V â $! ± t Σn θö 9s ρu ﴿:. .(30/ ∪⊃⊂∩﴾ )ﻤﺤﻤﺩö/ä3n=≈yϑôãr& ÞΟn=÷ètƒ ª!$#uρ 4 ÉΑöθs)ø9$#. 10. •.
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(28) . ا اول -2-1-1ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ:. ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) (sémiotiqueﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ} ﻓﺭﻨﺴﻲ-ﻋﺭﺒﻲ{ ﻜﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ "ﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ" ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﹼﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻤﺜل :ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻁﻴﺭ ﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻘﻭﺱ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻫﻬﺎ .ﻭﻁﺒﻴ ﹰﺎ "ﺃﻋﺭﺍﻀﻲ" ﺃﻱ :ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺄﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﺭﺽ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ .ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )(sémiologie. ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ. ﻋﻠﻡ. ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ،. ﻋﻠﻡ. ﺩﻻﻝﺔ. ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ.. ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻔﺔ. ) (sémiologiqueﺃﻭ) (séméologiqueﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﻀﻲ» ﻤﺘﻌﻠﹼﻕ ﺒﺄﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﺭﺽ«. )(1. ﻥ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅﻪ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺩﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ )ﻓﺭﻨﺴﻲ-ﻋﺭﺒﻲ( ﻫﻭ ﺃ ل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻥﻜّ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﹸﺘﻘﹶ ﺩ ﻡ ﹶﻜ ﻤﺭﺍ ﺩﻑﹾ ﻝﻠﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺄﻨﱠﻬﺎ ﹸﺘ ﻘ ﺭ ﺒﺄ ﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻴﻥ. 3-1-1ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ: ﺃ -ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻝﻴﺘﺭﻱ E.LITTRÉ. ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻝﻴﺘﺭﻱ ) (e.littréﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻁﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺵ ﺒﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ. ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻭﺕ ) .(2ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺎﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺄﻁﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻫﻭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ. ﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺌﻼ '' :ﺇ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻕ ﻭﺩﻻﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻲ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ'').(3. -1ﺴﻬﻴل ﺇﺩﺭﻴﺱ '' .ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬل ﻓﺭﻨﺴﻲ-ﻋﺭﺒﻲ'' ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻁ1995 ،16ﻡ ،ﺹ .111-110 2 -E.LITTRÉ. "dictionnaire de la langue française".éd Gallimard. paris 1959.p2068. 3-''je ne m’intiens pas ici sur la différence des sueurs et leur signification, vu que cela appartient à la sémiotique'', Ibid. 2068. 11.
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(30) . ا اول. ﻥ ﻤﻌﺠﻡ "ﻝﻴﺘﺭﻱ" ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺭﺍﺩﻑ ﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ. ﺏ-ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ DICTIONNAIRE DU FRANÇAIS. ﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ) (Sémiotiqueﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺃ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ ) (Sémioticsﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ) (Sémiotikéﻭ )(Sémeiom ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴل) .(signeﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻻﺌل ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﻴﺔ -ﻝﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻝﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ -ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﹼﺏ ﻤﻜﺭﺴﺎ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ-ﻜﺫﻝﻙ -ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﺌل ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ. ﺍﻝﺩﻻﺌﻠﻴﺔ. ﻓﻲ. ﺇﻁﺎﺭ. ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ. ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ. ﺍﻝﺸﻔﺭﺍﺕ) ،(codesﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ.(1).... ﻤﺜل:. ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺎﺕ. ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ. ﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﹼﺏ ،ﻋﻜﺱ ﻨﺴﺘﺸﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺃ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺭﻋﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﹼﺏ. ﺝ -ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺁﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ:. )(2. ﻝﻘﺩ ﻻﺤﻅ ﻜل ﻤﻥ "ﺠﺎﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺒﻭﻤﺎﺭﺸﻲ" ) JEAN PIERRE DE. ،(BOUMARCHAISﻭ"ﺩﺍﻨﻴﺎل ﻜﻭﺘﻲ" ) (DANEIL CAUTYﻭ "ﺃﻻﻥ ﺭﺍﻱ" ) ALAIN ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﺠﻴﺎ ﹸﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ - (REYﻭﻫﻡ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺅﻝﻔﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ -ﺃ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ،ﻭ ﻴﺭﺠﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﺇﻝﻰ "ل.ﻫﻴﻠﻤﺴﻼﻑ" ) (L.HYELMSLEVﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺤﺎﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻀﺒﻁ ﺒﺩﻗﹼﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻲ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻴﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠ ﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ " ﻫﻴﻠﻤﺴﻼﻑ" ﻴﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﻓﺈ . 1 - DICTIONNAIRE DU FRANÇAIS :4000 MOTS ,1995.P 1016. 2 - JEAN PIERRE DE BEAUMARCHAIS & DANIEL CAUTY & ALAIN REY. "dictionnaire de littératures de la langue française ''bordas, paris,1984,p 2162. 12.
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(32) . ا اول. ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻝﹼﺔ ﺫﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻴﺏ ﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ. ﻭ ﹸﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻤ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻝﹼﺔ/ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻜﺎﻷﺩﺏ. ﺃﻤﺎ "ﺃﻤﺒﺭﺘﻭ ﺇﻴﻜﻭ") (Umberto Ecoﻭ "ﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﻻﻨﺩﻱ") (ROSSI LANDÉﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺩﺍل ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﺘﻌﻠﹼﻕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﻠﻡ. ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻭﻕ)ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ،. ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ،. ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ. ﺃﺴﺎﻁﻴﺭ...ﺍﻝﺦ(ﺃﻡ. ﺒﺎﻝﻜﻼﻡ. ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻤﺕ)ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺴﻡ ،ﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺼﺎﻤﺘﺔ ،ﺒﺎﻝﻲ ...ﺍﻝﺦ( . ﺝ -ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻻﺭﻭﺱ :(1) LAROUSSE ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ "ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ" ﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﺌل )،(signes ﻭﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﻴﺔ) (pratiques signifiantesﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻤﺜل :ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ –ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ -ﺍﻝﻨﹼﺹ ﻜﻤﺠﺎل. ﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﺭﺍﺩﻓﺎ ﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻭﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻤﻭﺱ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ "ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ" ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ") "sémeionﺩﻝﻴل .(signeﻭﺃ ل ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻅﹼﻤﻬﺎ) (qui les régissentﻓﻲ ﻅ ّ ﺞ ﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻝ ﻴﻠ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﻔﻀل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ "ﺩﻱ ﺴﻭﺴﻴﺭ". ﻩ -ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺭﻭﺒﻴﺭ:PETIT ROBERT ﻝﻘﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺭﻭﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻝﻠﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ) ،(2ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻸﺩﻝﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺃﻭﻻ .ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﹸﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﻝﹼﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﺤﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺤﺼﺭ ﻤﺠﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺩﻝﹼﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ.. 1- le petit Larousse illustré.87000 artiches.3800 illustrations.289 cart ;bordos.1997,p931. 2- petit robert .''dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française'', par paul robert, rédaction dirigée par a.rey et Jean rey,debov ;1992,p 1795. 13.
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(34) . ا اول. ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻗﻭﺍل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﻔﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﹼﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﺩﺍﺨﻼﻥ. ﻭ -ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻥ: ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ "ﺃﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﺩ ﺩﻴﻜﺭﻭ") (OSWALD DUCROTﻭ"ﺠﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺴﺸﺎﻴﻔﺭ) (JEAN MARIE SCHAEFFERﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺠﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻥ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ) (sémiotiqueﻴﻘﺘﺭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺃ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﻠﺴﻭﻑ "ﻝﻭﻙ") (JOHN LOCKEﻤﺼﺭﺤﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﱠﻪ...'':ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ "ﻝﻭﻙ" ﻝﻜﻲ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻨﺒﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ) (sémiotiqueﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ "ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻻﺌل" ﻭﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ"ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ" ﺍﻝﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻻﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ)ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ )(1. ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ''.... ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ "ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ" ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﻠﺴﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ "ﺸﺎﺭﻝﺯ ﺴﺎﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺱ" ) (1914-1839)(CHARLES SENDERS PEIRCEﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻤﹼﺜل ﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻘﻭل '':ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺎ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺃ ﻱ ﺸﻴﺊ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺎﻓﻴﺯﻴﻘﺎ ،ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﺃ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ ،ﺍﻝﻔﻠﻙ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻔﺱ ،ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺘﻴﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ، ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ،ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺴﺕ)ﻀﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻌﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﻕ( ،ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺎل ،ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻴﺫ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ. ﻻ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ'') .(2ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺕ "ﺒﻭﺭﺱ" ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ،ﺇ ﹼ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺒﻴ ﺩ ﺃﹼﻨ ﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺨﻠﱢﻑ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻪ.. )(3. 1- OUSWALD DUCROT & JEAN MARIE SCHAEFFER. '' nouveau dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage'', éd seuil, paris,1995,p 214. 2- Ibid. p241. 3- Ibid. P 214. 14.
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(36) . ا اول. ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻤﺅﻝﹼﻔﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ"ﺠﺎﻥ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﺭﻭﻓﺴﻜﻲ") JAN. (MUKAROSVSKYﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻼ '' :ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺠﺫﺒﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺌل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ"ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ" ،ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ "ﻤﻴﻜﺎﺭﻭﻓﺴﻜﻲ" -ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﻠﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ-ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺯﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻲ) (signe esthétiqueﺩﻝﻴل ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ. ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻘﻁ'').(1. ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﺯﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻲ ،ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺒﻁ ﺃ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﺌل. ﺯ -ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻘﻠﻥ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ: ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻜل ﻤﻥ "ﺝ.ﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﺱ") (J.COURTESﻭ "ﺃ.ﺝ .ﻏﺭﻴﻤﺎﺱ)(A.J.GREIMAS ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻘﻠﻥ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ'' ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻜﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ) (une théorie de la significationﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ –ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻲ -ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ. ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ'') (2ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ. ﺃﻭﻝﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ. -2-1ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ :ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻤ ﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻝﺒ ﻪ ﻭﺠﻭﻫﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻜﻐﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺤﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﻭﻱ ،ﻭﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ؛ ﻓﺈ 1- OUSWALD DUCROT & JEAN MARIE SCHAEFFER. '' nouveau dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage''. P217. 2- A. J. GREIMAS & J. COURTES. '' sémiotique, dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langage".éd :hachette livre ,paris,1993, p 345. 15.
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(38) . ا اول. ﺍﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ)ﻴﺔ( ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﻡ ﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺼﺎﺭﺕ» ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍل ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻨﺯل ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ'').(1. ﻭﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ. ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﻝﻜ ﻻ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ )(sémiologieﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻁﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﹼ ) ،(sémiotiqueﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ . ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺩﻱ ﺴﻭﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻨﺸﻭﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ .ﻭﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ. ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ) .(2ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﺎﺩ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻻ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻁﻴﻘﺎ ،ﻭﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺇ ﹼ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻥ) (semeionﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ).(3. ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﻋﺎﻤﺭ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻝـ ﺭﻭﺒﺭﺕ ﺸﻭﻝﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ)ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﻭﻴل( ﺒﺄ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ» ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻜﹼﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ. ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻨﻰ'') .(4ﻭﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ. ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺠﺎﺀ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺃﻗﻭﺍل ،ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ'' ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻜل ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺩﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺀ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻴﺩﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻯ'').(5. ) (1ﻋﺎﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻭﺍﻨﻲ '' .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ'' ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻲ ،ﻁ ،1ﺘﻭﻨﺱ ،2005 ،ﺹ .53 -2ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻤﻴﺸﺎل ﺁﺭﻴﻔﻴﻪ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ '' .ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩﻫﺎ'' ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ :ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﻝﻙ ،ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،1990 ،ﺹ .29-27 -3ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻋﺎﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻼﻭﺍﻨﻲ '' .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ'' ،ﺹ .24 -4ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﺹ .25 -5ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺒﻨﻜﺭﺍﺩ '' .ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ –ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ'' ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ،ﻁ2005 ،2ﻡ، ﺹ .25 16.
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(40) . ا اول. ﻭﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ،ﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﻭﻝﻴﺔ.ﺃﻱ ﺇ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺎ. ﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻭل ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺘﻬﺎ) .(1ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺇ ﺴ ﻤ ﻭﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻝﻠﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ،ﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻘﻭﻗﻊ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺄﻭل ﺸﻲﺀ ﺭﻤﺯ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺩﻱ ﺴﻭﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ '':ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﺌل ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻝﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ، ﺼﻭﺭ ﺁﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﺄﻝﻔﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﻡ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻁﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻭﺒﺎﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ '') .(2ﺜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ. ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺴﺎﻕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ. ﻭﻏﻨﻴﺔ).(3. ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ '':ﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺼﻭﻝﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺇ ﻭﺠﻭﻫﺭﻩ ،ﺒل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻨﺒﺜﺎﻗﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ .ﺃﻱ ﻫﻲ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﺯ )ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻻﺕ( ﻭﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ. ﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ '').(4 ﺘﺼ . ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ؛ ﺒل ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻪ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻬﻭﺩ -1ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺴﻜﻴﻥ '' .ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ'' ،ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻜﺭ ﻭﻨﻘﺩ ) www.fikxa nakd.al .(djabriabed.net -2ﻓﻴﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺴﻭﺴﻴﺭ '' .ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻝﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ'' ،ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺏ :ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻤﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻭﺵ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ، ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ1985 ،ﻡ ،ﺹ .37 -3ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺒﺴﺔ '' .ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ -ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ'' ،ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ، ،2003ﺹ .62 -4ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺒﻨﻜﺭﺍﺩ '' .ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ'' ،ﺹ .12 17.
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(42) . ا اول. ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﺯ) (sémiosisﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺸﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺩل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻘﺎ ﺀ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﺒل ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭل ﻭﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﺎ ﹴ. ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ).(1. ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ'' ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ؛ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻤﻔﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﺯ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺩﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻝﺸﺄﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ. ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﺅﺭﻩ ﻭﻤﻅﺎﻨﻪ'').(2 ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻝﺔ .ﺇ . ﻕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻴﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺸﻜﻼ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻨﺴ ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺇ ﹼ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ ،ﻭﻴﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻝﺘﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ'' ﻜﺸﻑ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﻻﻝﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻠﻲ ﻀﻤﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﻨﻊ ،ﻻ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ،ﺇ ﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝ . ﺍﻻﻜﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺒﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻜﻨﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻥ'').(3. ﻭﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ – ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ.- ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ :ﺇﺸﻜﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ )ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ(: ﻝﻘﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺴﻴﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻁﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻁﻴﻘﺎ ﺒﻭﺭﺱ .ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ -1ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺃﺩﻫﻡ '' .ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ،ﺘﻔﻜﻴﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻱ .ﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﺒﺴﺘﻴﻤﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﺃﻨﻁﻠﻭﺠﻲ'' ،ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻁ1993 ،1ﻡ ،ﺹ .283 -2ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺒﻨﻜﺭﺍﺩ '' .ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ'' ،ﺹ .52 -3ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﺹ .15 18.
(43) ه ا
(44) . ا اول. ﻻ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺇ ﹼ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻁﻴﻘﺎ؛ ﻝﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻤل ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺴﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻑ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﺯﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻁﻴﻘﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ: :1-2ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ: ﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺒﺜﻘﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺴﻭﺴﻴﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺇ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻠﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ'' ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻨﻪ ،ﻷ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻓﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻜﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺩﺭﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻭﻤﺘﻜﺘﻑ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ'').(1. ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺩﻱ ﺴﻭﺴﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻴﺨﺘﺹ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻝﻔﻙ ﺸﻴﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﺴﺎﻥ ﻜﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﻡ ،ﻭﻝﻐﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻁﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻠﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﱠﻠ ﹰﺔ ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ .ﺒل ﺘﺘﻁﻠﹼﺏ ﻝﻐﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺃ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻻﺕ ،ﺇ ﹼ ﺏ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻴﺤﻠل ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺎﺕ، ﺠ ﺘﺸﺭﺡ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻨﺸﻐﺎﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻝﺫﺍ ﻭ ﻭﻴﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻜﺄﺸﻜﺎل ﺩﻻﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﻴﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻨﻀﻭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻝﻴل ﻭﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ).(2. -1ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺒﻨﻜﺭﺍﺩ '' .ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ-ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ'' ،ﺹ .66 -2ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺼل ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ '' .ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴﻴﻥ'' ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻉ ،16ﻤﺞ ،2001 ،23ﺹ .155 19.
(45) ه ا
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