Optimisation of breeding scheme for the french sport horse

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Optimisation of breeding scheme for the french sport

horse

Clotilde Dubois

To cite this version:

Clotilde Dubois. Optimisation of breeding scheme for the french sport horse. Life Sciences [q-bio]. AgroParisTech, 2008. English. �NNT : 2007AGPT0037�. �pastel-00004061�

Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l’environnement UFR Génétique, Elevage et Reproduction Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Station de Génétique Quantitative et Appliquée

Thèse

Pour obtenir le grade de

D

OCTEUR D

’A

GRO

P

ARIS

T

ECH Discipline : Génétique animale

présentée et soutenue publiquement par

Clotilde DUBOIS

le 06 Décembre 2007

Modélisation des programmes de sélection

dans l’élevage du cheval de sport français

Co-directeurs de thèse : Anne RICARD et Eduardo MANFREDI

Jury

Jean-Michel ELSEN Directeur de Recherches, INRA, Toulouse Rapporteur

Erwin KOENEN Senior Researcher, NRS, Arnhem Rapporteur

Françoise CLEMENT Ingénieur, Haras Nationaux, Le-Pin-au-Haras Examinateur

Anne RICARD Ingénieur détaché, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas Examinateur

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SOMMAIRE

Liste des abréviations

9

Introduction

13

Chapitre 1 : Le Selle-Français un cheval de sport

19

1 La race Selle Français __________________________________________________ 21

1.1 Origine ________________________________________________________________ 21 1.2 Une orientation sportive ___________________________________________________ 25

2 La structure de l’élevage français _________________________________________ 30

2.1 L’organisation administrative française _______________________________________ 30 2.2 La circulation de l’information______________________________________________ 33

3 L’élevage du Selle-Français______________________________________________ 34

3.1 Données démographiques ________________________________________________ 34 3.2 Les particularités des éleveurs équins ________________________________________ 36 3.3 Les données économiques _________________________________________________ 38

4 Les méthodes d’évaluation_______________________________________________ 40

4.1 Modèles utilisés _________________________________________________________ 40 4.2 Les indices génétiques ____________________________________________________ 43 4.3 L’indice de performance___________________________________________________ 44

5 Le règlement du stud book_______________________________________________ 46

5.1 Historique ______________________________________________________________ 46 5.2 Inscription au Stud book___________________________________________________ 48 5.3 Approbation des étalons ___________________________________________________ 48 5.4 Les mesures incitatives pour les poulinières ___________________________________ 48

Chapitre 2 : Etude de la sélection du Selle-Français entre 1974 et 2002 51

1 Objectif de l’étude______________________________________________________ 53

Article 1 : Efficiency of past selection of French Sport Horse: Selle Français

Breed and suggestions for the future 55

Chapitre 3 : Etude de la variabilité génétique

71

1 Quelques exemples _____________________________________________________ 73

1.1 Chez les bovins laitiers une diminution forte de la diversité génétique motivant la mise en place de gestions optimisées ______________________________________________________ 73 1.2 Le cas de la sélection pour la résistance à la tremblante ovine______________________ 75 1.3 Chez les équidés _________________________________________________________ 75

2 Une analyse généalogique de la variabilité génétique du Selle-Français __________ 77

Article 2 : Pedigree analysis and genetic variability of the French Sport Horse :

Selle-Français breed 79

3 Ce qu’il faut retenir sur la variabilité génétique du Selle Français______________ 109

Chapitre 4 : La sélection d’un cheval de sport : objectifs et modalité

111

1 Le contexte : vers une internationalisation du cheval de sport _________________ 113

1.1 Etude des accouplements _________________________________________________ 113 1.2 Un numéro d’identification international _____________________________________ 114 1.3 Le groupe Interstallion ___________________________________________________ 115

2 Les objectifs de production du cheval de sport ______________________________ 119

2.1 Les objectifs de sélection des stud-books des chevaux de sport____________________ 119 2.2 La réussite en compétition ________________________________________________ 121 2.3 Le modèle et les allures __________________________________________________ 125 2.4 Comportement / tempérament _____________________________________________ 134 2.5 Longévité sportive ______________________________________________________ 138 2.6 Santé, résistance aux maladies et affections ___________________________________ 140 2.7 Reproduction __________________________________________________________ 144

3 Stratégies de sélection et méthodes d’évaluations dans les principaux stub book

européen ________________________________________________________________ 147

3.1 Les structures de testage __________________________________________________ 148 3.2 Les évaluations génétiques ________________________________________________ 148 3.3 Les schémas de sélection _________________________________________________ 150

Chapitre 5 : la modélisation de schémas de sélection pour le Selle-Français

153

1 Modélisation d’un plan de sélection : place dans la théorie classique____________ 155

2 La modélisation dans les plans de sélection « chevaux » ______________________ 157

2.1 Une sélection sur performances propres ou sur descendance ? ____________________ 158 2.2 Une sélection sur les résultats en station de performances ou en compétition ? _______ 160 2.3 Rôle de la capacité de mesure de performances ________________________________ 161 2.4 Rôle des différentes voies du progrès génétique. _______________________________ 163 2.5 Caractères mesurés et objectif de sélection ___________________________________ 164

3 Notre projet de modélisation ____________________________________________ 166

Article 3 : Optimization of breeding schemes for sport horses. 169

4 Ce qu’il faut retenir de la modélisation des schémas de sélection pour le

Selle-Français ________________________________________________________________ 185

Applications et perspectives

187

Références bibliographiques

199

Annexe 1 : Grille de jugement du modèle . 223

Annexe 2 : Grille de jugement des allures . 227

Annexe 3 : Grille de jugement de l’aptitude à l’obstacle . 231

Annexe 4 :Règlement du stud-book selle-Français . 235

Liste des abbréviations

ANSF Association Nationale du Selle-Français

AQPS Autre que Pur-Sang

BLUP Best Linear Unbiased Predictor

BCC BLUP (indice génétique) pour le Concours Complet

BDR BLUP (indice génétique) pour le Dressage

BSO BLUP (indice génétique) pour le Saut d’Obstacle

CCE Concours Complet d’Equitation

CD Coefficient de Détermination

CSO Concours de Saut d’obstacle

CP Coefficient de Précision

CTIG Centre de Traitement de l’Information Génétique

EAAP European Association for Animal Production

FFE Fédérartion Française d’Equitation

GICE Gestion Informatique des Compétitions Equestres

ICAR International Comittee for Animal Recording

ICC Indice de performance pour le Concours Complet

IDR Indice de performance pour le Dressage

INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique

ISO Indice de performance pour le Saut d’Obstacle

PACE Prime d’Aptitude à la Compétition Equestre

SECF Société d’Encouragement du Cheval Français

SHF Société Hippique Française

SIF Système Informatique Fédéral

SIRE Système d’Information relatif aux Equidés

UELN Universal Equine Life Number

Les Stud-Book :

Abbréviations, nom et pays d’origine

Abréviation Nom Pays

BAD Baden-Wurttemberg Allemagne

BAVAR Bavarian armblood Allemagne

BWP Belgian Warmblood belgique

DWB Danish Warmblood Danemark

FWB Finish Warmblood Finlande

HAN Hanovrien Allemagne

HOLST Holstein Allemagne

HUN Hungarian Sport horse Hongrie

ISH Irish sport Horse Irlande

KWPN Dutch warmblood Pays Bas

NRPS Cheval de selle et poneys néerlandais Pays Bas

NWB Norvegian warmblood Norvège

OLD Oldenburg Allemagne

SBS Cheval de Sport Belge Belgique

SF Selle français France

SHBGB Sport Horse breeding of Great Britain Grande bretagne

SI Selle Italien Italie

SWB Swedish warmblood Suède

TRAK Trakehner Allemagne

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