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Development and validation of the working memory self-assessment scale

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Academic year: 2021

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• Working memory is dedicated to the simultaneous storage and manipulation of cognitive representations in order to complete complex activities like, for example, mental calculation. There are strong relationships between working memory and executive functioning (i.e. the cognitive system that ensures the adaptation to new situations).

• Because working memory is involved in many daily life activities, its ecological evaluation is a key dimension of the neuropsychological assessment of people with cognitive impairments.

• Numerous studies show that aging is associated with a decline in working memory capacities and executive functioning.

Development and Validation of the Working Memory

Self-Assessment Scale

Megan Fresson

¹

, Valentine Demoulin

²

, Anne Hiernaux

³

, & Thierry Meulemans

¹

¹ Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liege (Belgium); ²Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Liège (Belgium); ³ Rehabilitation Center,

University Hospital of Liège (Belgium)

1. Develop a French self-assessment scale of working memory.

2. Examine the psychometric properties of this new scale.

INTRODUCTION

AIM OF THE STUDY

RESULTS

METHOD

Internal validity: The WMSS shows an adequate internal consistency.

External validity

Old group: Better executive abilities are associated with a greater reliance on internal memory strategies (Bouazzaoui et al., 2010); a more complex life style (McDaniel et al., 2008); and an increased perception of cognitive changes (Kliegel & Zimprich, 2005), which in turn can exacerbate the sense of unease and leads to an increase in complaints for old people with better cognitive capacities.

Young and Old-Old groups: The observed correlations are congruent with the hypothesis of a substantial involvement of multitasking capacities in everyday life activities (Marcotte & Grant, 2010).

Discriminability: There is a tendency to more cognitive complaints in the old group compared to the young one. Therefore, while having the poorest cognitive results, old-old people do not express more memory difficulties.

This result can be explained by the SOC model (Baltes & Baltes, 1990). Old-old people tend to reduce their activities and use more external (compensatory) strategies.

DISCUSSION

Contact : Megan Fresson / University of Liege – Neuropsychology Unit – Email: megan.fresson@ulg.ac.be PARTICIPANTS

• 19 Young (18 – 30 years) • 20 Old (60 – 74 years) • 20 Old-Old (75 – 90 years)

WORKING MEMORY SELF-ASSESSMENT SCALE (WMSS)

• 30 items

• 6-points Likert scale (“Never” to “Always”) • e.g. “Mental calculation is difficult for me.” COGNITIVE TASKS Storage

Dual-task

Access

Inhibition

Shifting

Updating

Multi Selectivity

Digit Span (Wechsler, 2000) + Block taping test (WMS-R; Wechsler, 1991) : forward modality

Brown-Peterson Paradigm (Meulemans et al., 2007)

Word fluency (Cardebat et al., 1990)

Incompatibility test (Zimmermann et al., 2009) + Stroop Paradigm (Godefroy et al., 2008)

Trail Making Test (Godefroy et al., 2008) + Adaptation of the Plus-Minus task (Miyake et al., 2000)

PASAT (Meulemans et al., 2003) + Working memory test (Zimmermann et al. , 2008)

Arithmetic test (Wechsler, 2000); Letter-Number Sequencing (Wechsler, 2001) + Digit Span (Wechsler, 2000) + Block taping test (WMS-R, Wechsler, 1991) : backward modality

D2 test (Brickenkamp, 1998)

INTERNAL VALIDITY

The internal validity of the WMSS was strong as estimated by the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α = .93)

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

The external validity was assessed through partial correlations

(controlling for years of education, Mill Hill score, and Mattis score) between the WMSS and the eight composite scores.

Young Shifting Inhibition Dual-task Selectivity Old Old-Old -.45 (p = .07) .64 (p = .01) -.56 (p = .02) -.55 (p = .03)

WMSS

WMSS

WMSS

DISCRIMINABILITY ANCOVA

(COV : years of education; Mill Hill score ; Mattis score)

F (2) = 2,48 (p = .09) Planned comparisons Old > Young F(1) = 4,96 (p = .03) REFERENCES

•Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences. New York, NY : Cambridge University Press.

•Bouazzaoui, B., Isingrini, M., Fay, S., Angel, L., Vanneste, S., Clarys, D., & Taconnat, L. (2010). Aging and self-reported internal and external memory strategy uses: The role of executive functioning. Acta Psychologica, 135, 59-66 • Kliegel, M., & Zimprich, D. (2005). Predictors of cognitive complaints in older adults : A mixture regression approach. European Journal of Aging, 2(1), 13-23. • Marcotte, T. D., & Grant, I. (2010). Neuropsychology of everyday functioning. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

•McDaniel, M. A., Einstein, G. O., & Jacoby, L. L. (2008). New considerations in aging and memory: The glass may be half full. In F. I. M. Craik & T. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (3rd Ed., pp. 251–310). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

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