SURPRISE: manuel utilisateur

Texte intégral

(1)SURPRISE: manuel utilisateur Hassan Shekarforoush, Josiane Zerubia. To cite this version: Hassan Shekarforoush, Josiane Zerubia. SURPRISE: manuel utilisateur. [Rapport Technique] RT0201, INRIA. 1997, pp.16. �inria-00069970�. HAL Id: inria-00069970 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00069970 Submitted on 19 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. SURPRISE: Manuel Utilisateur Hassan Shekarforoush, Josiane Zerubia. N˚ 0201 Mars 1997 THE`ME 3. ISSN 0249-0803. apport technique.

(3)

(4)

(5) "!#$ % &('*)+)+'*,.-#/10324'*568795+79:)+/;=<?>*79) @A'B,10DCE035+:F1@A';G; HJILKMNPOQSRUT3VWN XZY\[GVZ]_^\TIL^\M`MNaAMYb[cI4]_TLN\d ]eMYgf\N h djiL^bTLTLk N h dL["^\TLT4Yg]lhZhWYbT4["N+h mnXZ^go8NVpm9qsrtHJRur vwYgxLx*^bXWVJVWN [cI4TL]ey3zLN{T|}3~g}4{QYbXZhs \3{Q `x4YbfbN h. j+BrLwvmvRurtrtwxBN XuaXWk+hu^\_zLVW]e^bT=iLNlY{vYbit]e^bMkVWXZ]_NN"VitNEeY{mnIL^bVW^\M`kVWXZ]_NJitN+h RUMYbfbN h ( rLYVWN _e]_VZYg]eXZN h{nT3VWXZNlYb[kN hcN huV$zLTYgefb^bXZ]_VWILMNy\z4]xBN XWMNVitNXWN+["^bTBh8VZXWzL]eXZN=zLT4N`]eMYgf\NI4YbztVWN XZk hW^beztVZ]_^\Tx4YgXWVW]eXwi zLTLN`huk+y\z4NT4[Ni ]_MYgf\N hYbkXZ]_N TLTLN+h^bzhZYVZNe_]_VZYb]_XZN h *¡NVuVWN=Ygefb^bXZ]_VWILMN$N"¢ja x4_^\]£VZNseN hwitk [ YglYgfbN+hJhu^\z4h8axL]_¢tke]ey3zLN+hN T3VWXZNseN hJ]eMYgf\N hpi zLTLNPhWk y3zLN T4["N{x*^bzLXYbzLfbMNT3VZNXplYìLNTta hW]_VWki k [cI4YbT3VW]e_e^bTLTBYgfbN\ qztVZXWN M`N T3Vit]£V+d¤]exBN XWMNVi k+[cI4YgT4fbNX{lYXWk+hu^\_ztVZ]_^\T¥VZNMx*^bXZNe_Ni zLTLN hWk y3zLN T4["N$i ]eMYbfbN$["^\T3VWXZNzLT4N$XWk+hu^\_ztVZ]_^\T(hWx4YVZ]eYb_N{xLez4hp]eMxB^\XuVcYgT3VWN\ ¦ §4¨+"©cªb«¬rtzLxBN XuaXZk hW^beztVW]e^bT¤djk+[cI4YgT3VW]ee_^\TLT4Ygf\NM=zL_VW]_a[ YgT4YbdtXZN [^bT4huVWXZz4[GVZ]_^\T. ®e¯n°u±²e³A´"µ8²¬¶g·g²¬¸¹ ;ºZ»½¼»½¾8¿cÀcÁAÂ¼AÃGÄ½»+ÅÆÀ+º ÅÈÇ½ÁÅÆÀ+º É_Á ;G;ºZÊ8¾8ÁË+Ì½ÅÆÀ"Â¼AÃGÄ½»+ÅÆÀ+º ÅÈÇ½ÁÅÆÀ+º É_Á. Unite´ de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS Cedex (France) Te´le´phone : 04 93 65 77 77 – Te´lećopie : 04 93 65 77 65.

(6) #

(7) !#p% ( ¨Lªb¨bBrLwvmvRurtArtx*NXWaXWk+hu^\_ztVZ]_^\TitNeYvYbit]e^bMkVWXZ]_NN"VnitN?lYmIL^gVZ^bMk"VZXW]eNitN+h#RUMYbfbN h rLYVWN _e]_VZYg]eXZN h?T\VZXWN eY\["k N hcn]lhYbTYgefb^\XW]_VWILM pIL]l[cI[YbT *Nz4hWN iVW^XZN [^bT4huVWXZz4["VYPIL]efbIXWN+hu^\_ztVZ]_^\T ]eMYgf\Nz4hW]_TLf Y¥hWN y3zLN T4["N(^

(8) e^ XZN hW^beztVZ]_^\T YgNXZ]lYg?^\X`hZYVZNe_]_VWN(]_MYbfbN h ¥HJILNMN"VZIL^tiN"¢txLe^b]_VZh ]eT3VWN Xua

(9) ¬XZYbMN{hWz taxL]_¢tN hWIL]

(10) VZh

(11) ¬^bXw]eT4[XWN+YbhW]_TLf`VZILNhZYgMxLe]_TLfiLNT4hW]£V\ JRUT^gVWI4NXE^bXciLh dtVWILN`huxBYVW]lYg XZN hW^beztVZ]_^\T]lhpNTLIBYgT4[N i VWXcYbit]eTLf^ VZILNsVWN M`x*^bXcYgXZN hW^beztVZ]_^\T¤ 9©§b rjzLx*NXWaAXZN hW^beztVW]e^bT#d3M=zL_VW]_a[cI4YbTLTLN ¤hWYbM`x4_]eTLf4dtXZN [^bT4huVWXZz4["VW]e^bT.

(12) O.

(13) "!$#%&#('!)+*. ,. -/.1032. 45276. 8. -:9<;3=?>@276. D 4FE¬«GE H E¬ ACB . I jª BKJ ML$ON BP RTS §9 VU*¨ªHW#§XE¬YE (« 3[Z 4F\3¨jH] _a`cb 4#¨j§ j b #d¨ E¬«eE¬ L¨dE¬§U. f

(14) g Ç hikjkiYl. Q AÂ AV_.

(15) +H* *

(16) HV' . "f.

(17)

(18) "!$#%&#('!)+*. . 9@> 4 9<; . . rtvmvpRurLDN+h8V1NT3VZ]_K XWN M`N T3Vk+["XZ]£V1NT¡ N"V1xBN zt V "VZXWNEztVW]ee]ehWkN TPVZXW^\]ehM^titN h1it]*k XWN T3VZhitk [XW]_VZh i4YgT4h?_N+h?[cI4YbxL]£VZXWN+hhWzL]

(19) YbT\Vch ]_T3VZNX

(20) Yb["NwztVW]e_]lhZYVWN zLX+dbk [XW]_V?N THw¡H

(21) bNXchW]_^\T ~\Gd

(22) ¬^bzLXZTL]4z4T N T

(23) 3]eXZ^bTLTLN MNT3VJ[^bT

(24) j ]

(25) j]lYg9N"V

(26) Y\["]e_NP`ztVZ]_e]lhuN X ¡N$MYgTjzLN N huVwit]

(27) 3]lhWksN TVWXZ^b]lhE[cIBYgxL]_VWXZN h ¤N S W

(28) ZE¬¨ A x*NXZMN"VwitN$hWN

(29) YgM]_e]lYgXZ]ehWNXpY

(30) bN+[weN$e^bfb]l["]eNA ¤N S W

(31) ZE¬¨ R itk+["XZ]£VpeNP[cIL^b]_¢(itN+hJx4YgXcYgMKVWXZN h ¤N S W

(32) ZE¬¨ _ itk+["XZ]£VpeN hiL] 9kXZNT3VZhJM^titN+hi ztVW]e_]lhZYVW]e^bTitze^bfb]l["]eNA . f

(33) g Ç hikjkiYl.

(34) . +H* *

(35) HV' . "f.

(36) .

(37) "!$#%&#('!)+*.

(38) 2. . - 8. ;0;- ><;6 2?>. -. 2. . . . sYgT4h(["NVuVWN¥xLXWN M]_K XWN

(39) \NXchu]e^bTitNDrtvmvpRurL

(40) \NXchu]e^bT.b }\"dnVW^\z4heN hB[cIL]eNXchitz e^bfb]l["]eN iL^b]

(41) bNT3V VWXZN?]eT4huVZYgeek hiLYgT4h eNM MNXWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWN\ ½¡NEXWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWN?hWNXcYYbxLxBN _kE["]_aiLN hZhu^\z4h!#"$#%&'9 wTLN

(42) ¬^\]ehsy3zLNeN h(B[cIL]eNXchshu^\T\Vs]_TBh8VcYge_k+hdB_N`xLXZ^bfbXcYgMMN$x*NztV "VZXWN=eYbT4["k=x4YgXeY(["^bMMYgTBitN ½ Z H E¬ B t¡N"VWVWNw[^bMMYgT4itN*Y )[cILNYgztVZ^bMYVZ]ey3zLN MNT3V_NwM`N TjzxLXW]eT4[]_x4Yb4itze^bf\]e[]_N #

(43) \^b]eX,+-%&. \ _½G . /0%&.21 b e. f

(44) g Ç hikjkiYl. . 43 5. O *k#% #

(45) H .

(46) .

(47) +H* *

(48) HV' . ¡N=M`N Tjz¥["^\T\VZ]_N T3Vhu]_¢ B^\ztVW^\T4hwNVzLT4Ne]ehuVWNiLN h]_MYgf\N h[cIBYgXZfbkN+h 9¡N"VuVZNe]ehuVWN=N huV L]eNTk

(49) j]£a iLNMMNT3V

(50) j]eitNYbzìLk LztV+ 3¡I4Y\y\z4N B^\ztVW^\T=x*NztVEhuNEVWXZ^bz

(51) bNX1N TiLNzt¢`M`^titN+h \Yb[GVZ]

(52) \kJ^bzitk hZYb["VW]

(53) bkb wT B^\ztVW^\T itk+hWY\[GVZ]

(54) \kYbzLXcY(hW^bT eY BN Y )[cILkNTx4Yb_N

(55) b^b]eX{x4YgX$N¢tNMxLeNèN *^bztVZ^bT B HZ HE¬ i4YgT4h + %&.n n\ _½G #Yitk+hWY\[GVW]

(56) YVZ]_^\TDi zLT B^\ztVW^\TD]eMxL_]ly3zLNy3zLN=A ztVW]e_]lhZYVW]e^bTitz B^\ztVW^\T¥T¤ Yx4Ybh iLNhuN T4hPA kVZYgx*NY\[GVWz4Ne_Nitzx4XW^\fbXcYgMMN x4YbX$N"¢tNMxLeNlYgT4[NX$lYXWN+["^bTBh8VZXWz4["VW]e^bTitNA ]eMYgf\N hWzLx*NXWaAXZk hW^beztVZ]_^\T(Y

(57) YgT3VpitNP[cI4YgXZfbN XeN hJ]eMYgf\N hpi NT3VWXZkN\ n^\]e[]¤zLTLNPitN+hW[XW]extVZ]_^\TitN$[cI4Y\y3zLN B^\ztVW^\TiLYbT4hpeN{M`N Tjzx4XW]eT4["]ex4Yb YgxLE¬Hªx4WzE\ Yb T\*Vw¡hWNzLXs B^\["NztVW *^\^bTztitVZ^b^\TTLTLeNPNY\M[N[TjK zh?P+VW]e[c^\I4zt]_VWN N+Xh?YgeNx4h x4

(58) ¬Yg^bXcT4Y ["¤VWV{]e^bYgT4zthEVZ^bitMNMYVZYb]ey3TLzL]exLN M`zLlNYT3VW]eVw^bT(huzLitXN Bk [[cI4XZYb]_N TXZh \

(59) bn^\]_T X + %&.n 9b È~b" j¡NM`N Tjz["^\T\VZ]_N T3V \y3z4YgVWXZN *^bztVZ^bT4h d\z4TLNwe]ehuVWNsitN h B[cIL]eNXch?iLzXWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWNY\[GVZzLN. /2%&.21b È~ . 03. #e *. N"V{zLTLN[Y\huN=^ eN=T4^bMitz itNXZTL]eNX * [cIL]_N XshWkeN ["VW]e^bTLT4k=N+h8V{Y )[cILkb 9TYbhZ["N T4hWNzLXxBN XWMN"V itN$x4YbXZ[^bzLXZ]_XEeN$XWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWN{Yb["VWzLN . T B[cIL]eNXsxBN ztV "VWXZNhuk _N+[GVW]e^bT4TLk=hW^b]_VsxBYgXszLTLNhu]eMxL_N`xLXZN hZhu]e^bTDitz *^bztVZ^bTDf\YgzB[cILNitNèY hu^\zLXZ]ehJhWzLXp_N{TL^\M itz B[cIL]eNXpiLYbT4hJeYè]ehuVWN\dLhuz4]

(60) j]eNsxBYgXJzLTLN{xLXZN hZhu]e^bThuz4XEeN *^bztVZ^bT B j« jª© ¨dE¬§ U"U jd hW^b]_V$x4YgX$zLT4Nit^bz 4_NxLXZN hZhW]_^\T itz *^bztVZ^bTf\Ybz4[cILNitNlYhu^\zLXW]lh$hWzLX$_NT4^bM iLz BeY[cIL[]eYbNhWX+NP ¤it zN{itBN[cXZI4TL]_N]eNXw0X huBk _[cN+IL[G]eVZN]_X^\TLhWkTLekbN B["VWRU]e#^bN+TLh8T4Vwkx*N+^\h8hZVJhW]VW L^\ezNPo8^bitz4NXZhWhJkYeN )["VW[c]eIL^bk{TLT4N NT(XXZxL^bezLz4f\hWN]_N iLzLYbXchT4hJBl[cYIL]eeN]ehuXcVWhN{hWN]_M=VpzLi4_YgVZT4Yha TLkMN T\V+d#N T XZkx*k"VcYgT3VPeN h$M MN+h$k"VcYgx*N hPitk+["XZ]£VZN hP[]£aUitN+hWhWz4h #rj]eN B[cIL]eNXPhWkeN ["VW]e^bTLTLkN+h8V zLTXZkx*NXWVW^\]_XZNbdjYge^bXcheNsXWk+huzL_VZYgVEhWNXcYPzLT[cI4YgT4fbNMN T\VJitNsXWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWNwY

(61) \N [pA Y )[cI4Ygf\Ni zLTLN "f.

(62)

(63) "!$#%&#('!)+*. . TL^bz

(64) bNeeNse]lh8VZNPitN B [cIL]eNXch . ¨¨ +U*ŸE¬§XU ^# V' H #%^!)! # H 3 V* * k' 03 #e * '' 3!$# '

(65) 5 5^! 'k+*M +! 3¨ §9 H* ' #% ' H#H!! * &# H! H#%* ! 'O#[ k' H*[H! NU E X#% 5^*

(66) * H*k!$#%* M +! #%&#('H! +* 5

(67) H*+ ' ' *k* +* . ¤N+h B [cIL]eNXchhWkeN ["VW]e^bTLTLk+hsxBN z

(68) bN T\V VWXZN`[cI4YbXWf\k hNT YgxLxLz\YgT3V$huz4XseN B^\ztVW^\T 3¨ §9 hu] ["N zt¢ hW^bT3VitN+h B[cIL]eNXchi ]_MYgf\N hiLN

(69) ¬^bXZMYgVRUTLXZ]_MYgf\N+" !T x*NzLV(Ygz4hZhW]wYgTLTjzLeNXVZ^bztVZN h _N+hhWkeN [GVZ]_^\T4hJN 9N ["VWzLk N hpN TYbxLxLz3YgT3Vhuz4Xp_N *^bztVZ^bT U"U « 3 ¤ N{xLXZ^bf\XZYbM`MNsXWNVW^\zLXWT4N YgzDM`N Tjz¥xLXZ]_TB["]ex4Yg1YgxLXZK hlY(hWkeN ["VW]e^bT¥itN+h B^\ztVW^\T4h3¨ §9 ^\z U"U « 3 #rt]eN B^\ztVW^\T 3¨ §9 YkVWk[cIL^b]lhu]Ad Yb_^\XZh$VW^bzBhPeN h *[cIL]_N XZhhuk _N+[GVW]e^bT4TLk h=huN XW^\T\VY*)[cILk h=iLYgT4heY_]lh8VZN h itN hP]_MYgf\N hP[cIBYgXZfbkN+h{itzM`N Tjz x4XW]eT4["]ex4Ybd#Y

(70) \N [`kf3YgeNMNT3V$zLT Y\hW[NT4hWNzLX$x*NXZMN"VWVZYgT3VitN x4YgXc["^\zLXZ]_XeY=_]lhuVWNb LTXZN

(71) YgT4[cI4Nbdthu]9eN *^bzLVW^bT U"U#« `YPkVWk$[cIL^b]lhW]djYge^bXch?eNsxLXW^\fbXcYgMMN XWNVW^\zLXWT4N{Ybz(MN T3zxLXZ]eT4["]ex4Yg¤hZYgTBh?VZNTL]eXw[^bMxtVWNPiLN hphWkeN [GVZ]_^\T4hJN 9N ["VWzLk N h . P#" Lª x*NXZM`NV ztVZ]_e]ehZYVZNzLX=i N9Y\["N XPzLT B[cIL]eNXhWkeN ["VW]e^bTLT4kb #wT huN zL La [cIL]eNX¬x4Y\h

(72) ¬^\XZ[kMNT3V`zLTLN]_MYgf\N+xBN ztV "VZXWN(N Yb["klY

(73) ¬^b]lh ¤NxLXZ^bfbXcYgMMNitN MYgT4itN YgztVZ^bMYVZ]ey3zLN MNT3VpeY[^bT 4XZMYVZ]_^\T(itN$A zLVW]e_]lhWYgVWN zLXY

(74) YgT3Vi N9Y\["N Xp_N B[cIL]eNX[cI4^b]lhu]A y3zL$ NMHª WNT3 V{ Y )¤N+[chILk]eMN+hYg fbwN+h^\T4[cI4[gd9YbXWx*f\^bkzLN XshwY iL)YgT4[chwILN eYXwzL_]lTLh8VZN=N=]_MitzYbfbMNbNd*T3Az¥ztVZxL]_eXW]l]ehWT4Yg[VW]_Nx4z4YbXs#itTL^\N`]£V{hu^\[cT3ILVw^b]lx4hWYb]_Xhz4YgTLztN=VZ^b]eMMYYgVZf\]£N a iLYgTBh=lY _]lhuVWNx4YgXzLTLNhW]_MxLeNxLXZN hZhu]e^bT iLz *^bztVZ^bTf\YgzB[cILNiLN(lYDhW^bz4XW]lhhuzLXeN(T4^bM itN $ Hª W j ]eMYbfbN[cI4^b]lhu]eNhWNXcYY )[cILk N ]eMYbfbN\d*hWzL]

(75) 3]eNPx4YbXwzLT4NxLXZN hZhu]e^bThWzLXs_N B^\ztVW^\T NTI4YbztVwf\Ybz4[cILN$itN$A k+["XcYgT¤ Lm^bz4XitkxLlYb[NXpA ]eMYgf\N{*Y )[cILkN\dL]_

(76) YgztVztVZ]_e]lhuN X_&N % p]eT4it^ MYgT4YbfbN(X 'e^t[YgA ` ]eMjHª YbW fb N$ [" ^\XW XZ3N hWwx*TL^bNT4iL]eMYbT3YgVWfbNNJi4x*YgNT4zthpV l "Y`VWXZ_Np]lhueVW]Nb *dBkhuXZzLkN]

(77) jit]Nwx4YgeYsXpeA]e huYbVW[GNwVZ ]iL

(78) N YghnVW]e]e^bMTYgitfbN+z hn B[c^\I4ztYgVWXZ^\fbTk N h d½k N[cTI4Yb[cXWILf\^\N]eX+hW]e hZhZYgT3V. ¤N *^bztVZ^bT. 3+ 5^ * . 5X* 3 [* "O X 3 +[#* 'H)+* * 'kc+* 3 ++ #!H :**) !$#<5+; !+ ! 5 5X*k'k! ! ** 'k! 3 + H * + 1*+[ *. 'cH+! ! -# , H3 3255+4 *[ != 7 H6

(79) + *F+8! H 3*k H*.! * ! H *33 V Y -#e,0 * / 9 ' +*k#(' H + H! # H

(80) 5 H* > +!

(81) ' H*

(82) #%!) . ¨¨ +U*ŸE¬§XU. L 4F\3¨ ¡N B^\ztVW^\T(x*NXZMN"Vwi Yb[ ["k iLNXYgzL¢x4YgXcYgMKVWXZN hEitzxLXW^\fbXcYgMMN A Yg_VW]_VWz4itNPiLN$eY[YbMkXcY A YgTLf\_N$i ]_TB["e]_T4Yb]ehW^bTitN{lYhu^\zLXZ[NsiLN$_zLM]eKXZN>?A@ BCD7BE#iLNfbXZk h A YgTLf\_N$i Y:F ]_M=ztVitN$eYhW^bzLXc["N{itN$ezLM]_K XWN>?G@HJI)K7BLCIK7BE9itNf\XWk+h eiLN NhsXWitkk+

(83) ¬[kYgXZNlYgT4f\[N Nh huy3^\zLz4]?h8ahWxLN]_¢tVWXZk^be]ez y3\

(84) zLNN+hwkf3itYgNèN[cMI4YbNy3T3zLV$N=x4]_YgMXZMYgf\]?N["[cN+I4h$Yb]eXWMf\YbkNbfbdBN+hZx4"Yg NXsMXc]eYgNxLTx*k^bj

(85) XWV]eitN Mz4M`TLN=N T3]eMV d¤Ygef\N Nh iLk [YbeYbfbN+hEiLNsA ]_MYgf\N$itN$XWk

(86) ¬kXZNT4[NshW^bT3VpTjzLlhhuz4]

(87) YgT3VpeN hitN zt¢(Yg¢jN+hPON"VRQ9 f

(88) g Ç hikjkiYl.

(89) +}. +H* *

(90) HV' . ^\XWM]lhs[N hx4YgXcYgMKVWXZN h d4]e YitN zt¢¥YgztVZXWN+hwxBYgXcYgMK"VZXWN+hwy3zL]nhu^\T3VsY )[cILk+hYbztVW^\MYVW]ly3zLN"a MNT3VBeYlYgXZfbN zLXpNTTL^\M LXZNPitNPx4]£¢tNlhpNVw_NTL^bM LXWNPi¤ ]eMYgfbN+h[cI4YbXWf\kN h 4¡N hitNzt¢x4YbXZYga MK"VWXZN hphW^bT3V L¢tk hwYgztVZ^bMYVZ]ey3zLN M`N T3VJNVpTLNPhu^\T3VJxBYbhpYb[ ["N+hWhW] 4_N$` ztVZ]_e]ehZYVZNzLX+ . ¨¨ +U*ŸE¬§XU 9. . 5 35 3. (3. ' #[ k' ^!$*. ' !K! H+ +* ''k H'. ' ! * H*k* ' ! !)#%% k'k!3 [* k' H

(91) '*k#%&#%! +! #%&#('H! +* *k# * # . 5. B 4I HYbZ ztHVWE¬N= XWk++huw^\TL_zLN VW]e

(92) ¬^b^\T]eh x*y3zLNztNV VZ^b "z4VZXWh#N=_N+eh¤YbT4x4["Ybk XZNPYbM`NT¥KVWYbXZNxLh9xL^\zT\3VYgT3k"VZVk?hWYzL9X{N ["["N VWk *h d^blzLYpVW^bXZN T#[ ^bsT4huYgVWT4XZhsz4[G["VZN`]_^\[T$Y\ithd4N?VWA^b ]ezBMhwYgef\N Nh YgztVZXWN+h B^\ztVW^\T4hhWNXZ^bT3Vitk hZYb["VW]j

(93) k h dnN"VzLT4N

(94) ¬NT VWXZNhuN XZYYgzLVW^bMYgVW]ly\z4NMNT3VY )[cILk NhWzLX k [XZYbT¤dtx*NXZM`NVuVcYgT3Vw` ztVW]ee]ehZYVZNzLXi ]eT\VZNXZXW^\MxLXWNslYXWN+["^bTBh8VZXWz4["VW]e^bTVZ^bztVM^\M`N T3V E ¨¨ ¡N *^bztVZ^bTxBN XWMNVpiLNPy\z4]£VWVWNXw_N{xLXZ^bf\XZYbM`MN\ . "f.

(95) \.

(96) "!$#%&#('!)+*.

(97) 8. 8. 2. 9. . ;6 ;3>. 1-. 03276. ><- 8. = 9@>@276. + %&. 1~L _M^bT3VZXWNeNMNTjz itN hx4YgXcYgMKVWXZN h ¡NXWVZYg]eT4hPi¤ N T\VZXWNN zt¢^bT3V d#Ybz itkxBYgXWV d#itN+h

(98) Ya eNz4XZhEx4YbXitk

(99) YbztV LH ^bztVZN$M^jiL] B[ YVZ]_^\T(itN$x4YbXZYbMK"VWXZN hx*NztV VWXZN{hW^b]_V["^\T 4XZM`k NshW^b]_VYgTLTjzLekN{N T YbxLxLz3YgT3VJXWN+hux*N ["VW]

(100) bNMN T\VhWzLXpeN B^\ztVW^\ T NVJeN *^bztVZ^bT U"U#« j . /0%&. 1~L _ . 5. ^ k'

(101) H* : ! * k'. H XW^\]ehJxBYgXcYgMK"VZXWN+h^\T3VpiLN h

(102) YgeNzLXchJx4YbXitk

(103) YbztVwYgzitkxBYgXWV VW]

(104) b YgN _M`VW]_VWN z4T3iLVwN{=iLAN Ygl_Y=VW]_VW[ z4YgitMNPkXciLY N3rtlY m

(105) !sYgH{eN *z4¡XEN{xBYgx4XJYbXZitYbk M`

(106) YbKztVWVpXZNN hux*V NzL}bV }b "}\VW}bXZ}$N$MM^ty3itzL] B]¤ks[^bxBXZYgXWN+XphuAx* zt^bVZTB]_ie]lhWYgYgxLVWNxLz4XZ^½X ¢t ]_MYga f

(107) g Ç hikjkiYl.

(108) ½~. +H* *

(109) HV' . e =Y YghuTL^\f\zL_XcN`["Nwiit ]_T4N[__z4]eT4M`Yb]e]eKhWXZ^bNT NVitN=lYPlYxLlhuYg^\T zLOXZ[QN=iLitYgN`T4hezLeMNw]_XZK NXWxLN K 9XW[NNite_z(NaM[] ^bN+T4h8itV$N\A j YbrtTL]Bfb^\eTNNhuzLT3x4VWXZxBN=^3lhuYNsity\]ez4XZNwN [GlVZYP]_^\hWTD[KTLitNN ^ 4hWNX j

(110) kNpN+h8VVZ^bzo8^\zLXchnk [eYb]_XZkNi NTIBYgztV[g YL i \iLzM MNw[bVWkwy3zLNeNw[ YgxtVZNzLXGGdbYb_^\XZh?["N"V YgTLf\_NshuN XZY$VW^bzgo8^bzLXch?N T3VWXZN}PNVJ\}itN fbXZk h \H ^bztVZNYbztVWXZN

(111) YgeNz4XN T(itN IL^bXch?itN{["NVE]eT3VWN X

(112) YgeeN N huVJiL^bT4[w]_T4hWNTBhuk Nb # Y ½

(113) Yb_N zLXEx4YgXJitk

(114) YbztVJN huVJ\}itN fbXZk h d\["N{y3zL]["^\XWXZN hWxB^\T4iPz4Tk [eYb]_XcYgf\N huz4]

(115) YgT3VA Yg¢tN4 YgTLf\_Ni¤ Y7F]eMztV iLNeYwhu^\zLXZ[NitNezLM]_K XWN x*^bzLX ^ tVZNTL]eX#[N"V YbTLfbeNbd ^bT{xLXZ^go8N"VWVWNlYpit]eXWN+[GVZ]_^\T. itNèYhu^\zLXc["NhWzLXs_N`xLlYg T O QN"V{^bTMN+huzLXZN` YgTLf\_N=NT3VWXZNlYiL]_XZN ["VW]e^bT¥x4XW^bo8N"VWk NPN"V{eN`[gVWk Bx ^3hu]_VW]

(116) nitN$ Y¢tN8O# #NwMNTjziLN hEx4YgXcYgMKVWXZN hY*)[cI4NYgzLVW^bMYgVW]ly\z4NMNT3VeNwT4^bM itNVW^bzLVWN heN h]_MYgf\N hi N T3VWXZkNbd3eNzLX T4^bM 4XWNPNVeNzLXwVZYb]_e_N=NTT4^bM 4XWNiLNxL]_¢tNlh4 wN

(117) YgT3Vs[cI4Y\y3zLNPTL^\M ]e YiLNzt¢[Y\huN+hwXWN M`x4_]eX eN hiLk [YbeYbfbN+hN T\VZXWNeN h]eMYgfbN+hhuzL]

(118) YgT3V_N+hitNzL¢Y¢tN h O NV>Q9 wTLNitN["N+h]_MYgf\N hit^\]£V "VZXWN VZ^bzo8^\zLXch?xLXZ]lhuN{["^\M`MNsXWk

(119) ¬kXZNT4[N`[g YL i tY

(120) bN+[witN+hxBYgXcYgMK"VZXWN+hitN{itk+[YglYgf\NwTjzLlhZ" ¤N+hEiLk [YbeYbfbN+h iLN hYbztVWXZN h1]eMYgfbN+hnit^b]

(121) bN T3V "VWXZN[Ybe[zLek h1x4YbXnXZYbxLxB^\XuV?{[N"VuVZN]eMYbfbNpitNXZk

(122) ¬k XWN T4["N\ \¡N hiLk [YbeYbfbN+h hW^bT3VhWzLxLx*^\hWk h "VZXWN$hW^bz4huaxL]£¢tk _]ly3zLN h{¬T4^bTNT3VW]eNXGG . "f.

(123) +O.

(124) "!$#%&#('!)+*.

(125) . . -. . 9@>@276. 8. . 45276. 4 . . 9<;0;6 - 9@; . . #N hpitN zt¢[cI4Ygx4]£VZXWN+hx4XWk+["k iLNT3VZhJitk+["XZ]

(126) \NT3VEA ztVW]e_]lhZYVW]e^bTitz_^\fb]l["]eNA Yg]litN$itN{M`N Tjz4hJitkXZ^bzta lYgT3Vch H#^\ztVWN

(127) ¬^b]lhdLrtvmvpRurL xBN ztV "VZXWN{k f\YgeNMN T\VpztVZ]_e]lhuk$N TitN zt¢YbztVWXZN hJM^titN+h iLYg^tTBithJN(_N$iLXZN kx*BN[cILXWVW]e^\NX]_XZ N m^b!z4#"XP$e#%Yb&T4["'9N XeNxLXZ^bf\XZYbM`MNiLYbT4h[NM^jiLN]_

(128) YgzLV`["XZkN XitN zt¢ *[cIL]_N XZh. ¤N=xLXWN M]_N X B[cIL]eNXsit^b]_Vs[^bT3VWN TL]eXweN hT4^bMhwitN+hw]eMYgf\N hw[cI4YgXZfbN XY

(129) bN [P_N+hw[cILN M`]eT4hs["^\M=a Lx eN"VZh ¤N{TL^\M itN{[cI4Yby3zLNs]eMYbfbN{it^b]_V "VZXWN{]eT4it]ly\z4k{hWzLXJzLTLN{e]_f\TLN{it] 9kXZNT3VZN{hWzL]

(130) j]_N{x4YbXEz4T XWNVW^\zLXs[cIBYgXZ]_^bV Bm1YbXsitk

(131) YgztV+d¤["N B[cIL]eNX{it^b]_V VWXZN`YbxLx*Nek %

(132) 4_N\ VZMx 'c #^bT4[bdhWYbz

(133) ]_TBit]e[ Ya VW]e^bT["^\T\VZXZYb]_XZNbd½eNJxLXW^\fbXcYgMMN[cILN XZ[cI4NXcYeN h1TL^\Mh1itN+h1]_MYbfbN hni4YgT4heN2*[cIL]_N X %

(134) B_N\ VZM`x'c ¤NPitN zt¢t]_K MN B[cIL]eNXpN huVeN B[cIL]eNXitN+hpx4YgXcYgMKVWXZN hJy3zL]#it^\]£Vw[^bT3VWN TL]_XhWzLXwiLN hJe]_f\TLN hiL] 9k"a XWN T3VWN hJeN hJxBYgXcYgMK"VZXWN+hEi4YgT4hJA ^\XZiLXWN$hWzL]

(135) YbT\V lYèYbXWf\NzLXpitN+hJ]_MYbfbN hJN T(T4^bM 4XWN$itN$xL]_¢tNlh eN{TL^bM LXZN{iLN hp]eMYgfbN+hJi N T3VWXZkN A Yg_VW]_VWz4itNPiLN$eY[YbMkXcY A YgTLf\_N$i ]_TB["e]_T4Yb]ehW^bTitN{lYhu^\zLXZ[NsiLN$_zLM]eKXZN A YgTLf\_N$i :Y F ]_M=ztVitN$eYhW^bzLXc["N{itN$ezLM]_K XWN iLk [YbeYbfbN{huz4 ]

(136) YgT3VpA Yg¢j8N O uKXZN{]_MYbfbN+ iLk [YbeYbfbN{huz4 ]

(137) YgT3VpA Yg¢j8N Q 8K XWNs]eMYbfbN½ e e m1YgXitk

(138) YgztV+d4["N B[cI4]_N Xit^b]_V "VZXWN$Ygx4xBN _N X %8x 4_N\ VZMx 'cdtNVwhWYbz

(139) 1]_T4iL]e[ YVW]e^bT["^\T3VWXcYg]eXWN\dj[b N+h8V iLYgTBhp["N B[cIL]eNXy3zLN{eN$xLXZ^bfbXcYgMMN[cI4NXc[cILNXcYeN hJxBYgXcYgMK"VZXWN+h . f

(140) g Ç hikjkiYl.

(141) . +H* *

(142) HV' . + %&.n 4O4 _{NV(+-%&. 4O4 ~=M^bT3VWXZNT3VitN+hJN"¢tNMxLeN hiLN{[N hpitN zt¢ *[cIL]_N XZh . /0%&.21BO4 _. /0%&. 19O4 ~. # 3 #e *. # 3 #e *. ' # ) '

(143) . 05. . '

(144) H* ! * '>

(145). . 5. ! . 5 ! 5 . TLN

(146) ¬^b]lh[N hitNzt ¢ B[cI4]_N XZh["XZkk h["^\XWXZN ["VWNMN T\V+d4^\TxBN ztVslYgTB["NX_NxLXW^\fbXcYgMMN{VW^\ztVshW]_Mà xLeNMNT3VxBYgXlY["^\MMYbT4itN#%WhWzLx 'G Bm1YgXs["^bT3VZXWNPhW]#eN hwTL^bMhw[cI4^b]lhu]lhx*^bzLXs["N+hitNzL¢ *[cIL]_N XZh TLNhu^\T3V`x4Y\h`_N+hTL^bMh`x4YgXitk

(147) YgztV+dYge^bXchA ztVW]e_]lhZYVWN zLXit^\]£V]_TBit]ey3zLN X_N zLXTL^bM YgxLXZK h=eY ["^\M`MYbT4itN hWzLxaA] * [cIL]_N XitN{TL^bMhi¤ ]eMYgfbN+hJax * [cIL]_N XpitN$x4YgXcYgMKVWXZN h . ¤N+hJ]_MYgf\N hEXZN ["^\T4huVWXZzL]£VZN hJhW^bT3VJVW^bzgo8^bzLXchpYgxLx*NekN+h %uhWzLx c ]_T4XW] 'cdj^

(148) N+h8VpeN{T3z4M`k XWî ]_VWkXcYa VW]e^bT¤ $^bTB[wx4YbXJN"¢tNMxLeNA ]_MYgf\NXZN [^bT4huVWXZzL]_VWNsYgxLXZK hE]_VWk XZYgVW]e^bT4hJhWNXcYhZYgz

(149) \Nf3YgXcitkhu^\z4hE_N TL^bM %uhWzLx44 ]eTLXZ] 'G YbT4hp["N{M^titNbdteN$xLXZ^bfbXcYgMMNwT4Nsx*NzLVx4Ybh "VZXWN{]eT3VWNXZXZ^bMxLz¤dthZYgz

(150) 1hu]^\T VWzLN$eN$xLXZ^t["N hZhWz4h fbXc^tYgMitNMitNbNd\N ["hu^\V M`

(151) ¬^bMzLYbXZT4TLit]eNwN it]eiLXWYbN+T4[GVZh$NM["NNT3MV?^tx4itYbNbX?d9lVZYP^bzt["^\VZNM]_MT

(152) ¬Yb^\T4XWitMN Yg%WVWhW]ezL^bxT¥'GT4 nk ["^bN+]lhW["hZ]BYgzL]eXZTLNNsx*it^bN zLhZ["X{XZ]_lxLYgT4VW]e[^bNTX{["_N^\T4xL["XZ]l^ghWN a itN$lY`[^bMMYgT4iLN . "f.

(153) .

(154) "!$#%&#('!)+*. huz4x HpM=i H =h H

(155) ¬x h H

(156) =i HpT4h =i HY

(157) Hh

(158) HJV

(159) @ HpM EtM`^titNPi¤ ztVZ]_e]lhWYgVW]e^bT @p H ]

(160) 4_N\ VZMxE B[cIL]eNXitN$TL^\Mhpi ]eMYgf\N h @p H xx B_N\ VZM`xE *[cIL]_N XitN{x4YgXcYgMKVWXZN h @ H H$ EjeYbXWf\NzLXpitN+hJ]_MYgf\N h$it^b]_V "VZXWN $ }3 @p H TBh8$ H E tT4^bM 4XWN$itN$[YbxtVWN zLXch$ it^\]£V VWXZN @ H Y $ H \ }:E j Yg_VW]_VWzBitNPitN$lY`[ YgMkXcY it^\]£V VWXZN @ H h8$ H \ }:E tA YbTLfbeN{i ]eT4[_]eT4Yg]lhW^bT ?@ }4d \}E @J H VP }4 _E j YgT4fbeNsi Y:F ]_M=ztV @$ H }4d_ }:E. . $ . + $ }\. #Y

(161) YgeNzLXp]eT4it]ly3zLkN$x*^bz4X[cI4Yby3zLN{NT3VZXWk NsN+h8VplY

(162) YgeNzLXJx4YbXitk

(163) YbztV m ^bzLXJlYgT4[NXJeNse^bf\]e[]_N iLYgT4hJ[NsM^titN\dt]_

(164) YbztV[cIL^b]lhu]eXJ}=x*^bz4XEeN{M^jiLN{i¤ ztVZ]_e]lhWYgVW]e^bT XZY\[GVW]

(165) ?x*^bzLX{itN MYbT4itN Xs( ztVZ]£a _]lhZYVWN zLXweN hwTL^bMhYg]eT4hu]y3zLNPeN hwiLk [YbeYbfbN+hhu^\z4huaAxL]_¢tke]ey3zLN+hitN+h]eMYbfbN+hi NT3VWXZkN\ #YhuzL]_VWN N huVw["^\M`MN$iLYbT4hJ_N$M^titN$xLXZk [k itN T3V . %UaM}'G 9nT4hWzL]£VZN=eN`xLXW^\fbXcYgMMNPXZNT3VWXZNiLYbT4hszLT¥M^titN]eT3VWN !TxBN. f

(166) g Ç hikjkiYl. ztVwYgz4hZhW]^ tVZNTL]eXitN$A Yb]eitN{x4YbXpeY[^bMMYgT4itN$hWzLxa.

(167) +. +H* *

(168) HV' . "f.

(169) Unite´ de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopoˆle de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LE`S NANCY Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rhoˆne-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unite´ de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS Cedex. E´diteur INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France) ISSN 0249-6399.

(170)