Une analyse socioéconomique de l'emploi dans l'hôtellerie - restauration en France et aux Etats-Unis

HAL Id: halshs-00818061

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00818061

Submitted on 25 Apr 2013

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Une analyse socioéconomique de l’emploi dans

l’hôtellerie - restauration en France et aux Etats-Unis

Florence Jany-Catrice

To cite this version:

Florence Jany-Catrice. Une analyse socioéconomique de l’emploi dans l’hôtellerie - restauration en France et aux Etats-Unis. Socio-économie du Travail, 2004, XXXVIII (23), pp.147-181. �halshs-00818061�

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11 _{Pour plus de détails, voir notre rapport pour la Direction du Tourisme, 2000.} 

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13 _{Soit plus de 4 repas par semaine.} 14 _{Voir par exemple Bensoussan, 1999.}

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34 _{97% des établissements de restauration d’une addition inférieure à 8 $ proposent de la vente à emporter. Le}

chiffre tombe à 50% pour les restaurants d’une addition supérieure à 25$ (Table service trend 1997, National Restaurant Association).

A_{8Non supervisory workers}

36 _{12,99$ de l’heure. C’est une illustration de la thèse soutenue par de nombreux auteurs selon laquelle aux}

Etats-Unis plus qu’en France, l’appartenance à un secteur d’activité joue un rôle important dans la structure des rémunérations : voir Abowd et alii, 2000.

37 _{moyenne comprenant les « eating and drinking places ».} "_{8Employment and Earnings, 1998, enquête établissements}

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arts culinaires sortant de l’université Johnson and Wales39_{, cherchent en priorité à entrer dans les}

grands hôtels (chaînes type Mariotts) dans lesquels (1) les salaires d’entrée et les couvertures sociales (benefits) sont plus élevés que dans la restauration, (2) les formations proposées sont plus permanentes et plus reconnues que dans les restaurants (par exemple les programmes de formation du Mariott), (3) les salariés de la restauration des hôtels sont plus syndiqués que dans la restauration elle-même (4) même dans les hôtels où les syndicats ne sont pas présents, les salaires et couvertures sociales sont plus élevés; (5) les heures travaillées dans les unités de restauration des hôtels sont plus élevées que dans le secteur de la restauration, il y a relativement moins de salariés à temps partiel, permettant d’obtenir des salaires horaires plus conséquents8

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42 _{Les rapports étaient plus élevés (du fait du vieillissement de la population des deux pays) et totalement}

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44 _{Avec un taux de chômage de 16%.} 45 _{Avec un taux de chômage de 7%.}

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47 _{Herman, 2000, p.2.} "

En 1997, selon les sources professionnelles, 30% du personnel de la restauration américaine était employé au niveau du salaire minimum et 90% des employés des restaurants étaient payés sur une base horaire (hourly

employees) et non hebdomadaire ou mensuelle (source : "minimum wage increase", http ://www.restaurant.org Presse release,January 1998).

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51 _{Selon l’expression de Blanchflower et Freeman, 2000, p. 49.} 52 _{OCDE, 1996, p.151}

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A

Le journal Le Monde a souligné cette situation fort justement : "Cela fait des années que les employeurs américains préfèrent recruter à mi-temps qu’à plein temps pour éviter de payer l’assurance-maladie". Corine Lesnes, La clinique des pauvres, envers de la croissance américaine, Le Monde 19 juillet 2000. Dans ce même article C. Lesnes indique que 44 millions d’habitants des Etats-Unis vivent sans assurance médicale.

AA

8 d’où la nécessité peut être de faire intervenir un troisième niveau d’analyse, cette fois historique et qui viendrait expliquer ces facteurs de « longues conventions » ainsi que le fait par exemple Michel Lallement (2001) à propos des taux d’activité féminins comparés entre la France et la Suède.