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From models to data: understanding biodiversity patterns from environmental DNA data

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Academic year: 2021

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Figure 1. The response of ecosystems to human-induced stress is commonly studied using a network representation of ecological communities, envisioned as stable entities held together by interactions. Depending on network connectivity and modularity, the response may be linear (left) or exhibit a tipping point (right). Data-driven knowledge of community assembly processes is much needed to inform such models. Adapted from Scheffer et al. (2012).
Figure 3. MacArthur & Wilson (1967) were the first to combine dispersal limitation and demographic drift into a simple model, that aims at explaining the number of species found on islands. They assumed that the number of species results from a dynamic equilibrium between stochastic immigration and extinction, which are dependent on distance to the mainland and on island size, respectively. Adapted from Hubbell (2001).
Figure 4. Community assembly processes depend on the spatial and temporal scales considered: current geographical patterns of tree diversity in Europe might reflect on-going dispersal from ice age tree refugia, which started 14,000 years ago. Top right, bottom left and bottom right: geographical distribution of tree diversity (increasing from yellow to blue) for all 60 European tree species, the 45 temperate species and the 15 boreal species, respectively. Top left: accessibility through dispersal from ice age tree refugia (black dots). Adapted from Svenning & Skov (2007).
Fig. 5.7. Preston-type plot of relative species abundance for tree species >10 cm dbh in the 50 ha BCI plot, compared with expecta-tions from the lognormal, and from the zero-sum multinomial of the unified neutral theory, for θ = 50 and m = 0"10
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