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Estimation des paramètres de modèles pour la digestion anaérobie

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(1)Estimation des paramètres de modèles pour la digestion anaérobie Ricardo Martinez. To cite this version: Ricardo Martinez. Estimation des paramètres de modèles pour la digestion anaérobie. [Rapport de recherche] RT-0284, INRIA. 2003, pp.44. �inria-00069894�. HAL Id: inria-00069894 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00069894 Submitted on 19 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Estimation des paramètres de modèles pour la digestion anaérobie Ricardo MARTINEZ. N° 0284 Juillet 2003 THÈME 4. ISSN 0249-0803. apport technique.

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