Estimation des paramètres de modèles pour la digestion anaérobie
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(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Estimation des paramètres de modèles pour la digestion anaérobie Ricardo MARTINEZ. N° 0284 Juillet 2003 THÈME 4. ISSN 0249-0803. apport technique.
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