Detection of common problems in real-Time and multicore systems using model-based constraints

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(1)Titre: Detection of Common Problems in Real-Time and Multicore Systems Title: Using Model-Based Constraints Auteurs: Raphaël Beamonte et Michel R. Dagenais Authors: Date: 2016 Type: Article de revue / Journal article Référence: Beamonte, R. & Dagenais, M. R. (2016). Detection of Common Problems in RealTime and Multicore Systems Using Model-Based Constraints. Scientific Citation: Programming, 2016, p. 1-18. doi:10.1155/2016/9792462 Document en libre accès dans PolyPublie Open Access document in PolyPublie URL de PolyPublie:. PolyPublie URL:. Version:. https://publications.polymtl.ca/3065/ Version officielle de l'éditeur / Published version Révisé par les pairs / Refereed. Conditions d’utilisation: CC BY Terms of Use:. Document publié chez l’éditeur officiel Document issued by the official publisher Titre de la revue:. Journal Title:. Maison d’édition:. Publisher:. URL officiel:. Official URL:. Scientific Programming Hindawi https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9792462. Mention légale:. Legal notice: Ce fichier a été téléchargé à partir de PolyPublie, le dépôt institutionnel de Polytechnique Montréal This file has been downloaded from PolyPublie, the institutional repository of Polytechnique Montréal http://publications.polymtl.ca.

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(6) 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH. iFWFOU w ···. S. iFWFOU w. . S+1. iFWFOU w WFSJmDBUJPOT. S+2. ···. JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT B ThF WFSJGJD UJPOT XJMM VTF JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT UIBU POMZ BQQFBST BU TUBUF i𝑆w. iFWFOU w ···. iFWFOU w. S. JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT. S+1. iFWFOU w WFSJmDBUJPOT. ···. S+2. JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT. C ThF WFSJGJD UJPOT XJMM VTF CPUI JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT EFDMBSFE BU EiffFSFOU TUBUFT. 'JHVS F 4UBUF NBDIJOF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO XJUI MBUF WFSJGJD UJPO PG DPOTUSBJOUT BOE B USBOTJUJPOBM TUBUF. 5I iFWFOU w TUSJOH SFQSFTFOUT UIF FWFOU UIBU XPVME CF VTFE UP FOUFS TUBUF 𝑆 PG UIF TUBUF NBDIJOF BOE UIF iFWFOU w TUSJOH XPVME CF UIF POF VTFE UP NPWF GSPN TUBUF 𝑆 UP TUBUF 𝑆 + 1 5I iJOJUJBMJ[BUJPOTw TUSJOH SFQSFTFOUT UIF EJWFSTF WBSJ BCMFT JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT XF XPVME OFFE UP EP JO PSEFS UP WFSJGZ PVS NFUSJDT ThF JOJUJBMJ[BUJPO PG B WBSJBCMF JT SFQSFTFOUFE CZ TFUUJOH UIJT WBSJBCMF UP 'PS JOTUBODF GPS B WBSJBCMF V PG UZQF UZQF XF XPVME XSJUF iUZQF/V = 0w 'JOBMMZ UIF iWFSJGJD UJPOTw TUSJOH SFQSFTFOUT UIF MJTU PG DPOTUSBJOUT XF XPVME WFSJGZ XIFO QBTTJOH GSPN TUBUF i𝑆w UP TUBUF i𝑆 + 1 w UIBU JT XIFO SFBEJOH BO FWFOU PG UZQF iFWFOU w #PUI JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT BOE WFSJGJD UJPOT BSF EJTDSFUJPOBSZ GPS B TUBUF PS USBOTJUJPO CVU FWFOUT BSF TUJMM OFFEFE UP GPMMPX UIF BQQMJDBUJPO XPSLflPX ThBU BMMPXT GPMMPXJOH B TUSJDU PSEFS PG FWFOUT UP NPWF GPSXBSE JO UIF BQQMJDBUJPO XJUIPVU OFDFTTBSJMZ IBWJOH NFUSJDT UP DIFDL BU UIJT QPJOU ThJT BMTP BMMPXT VT UP JOJUJBMJ[F WBSJBCMFT BU POF TUBUF CVU UP POMZ DIFDL UIFN BU B MBUFS TUBUF PG PVS TUBUF NBDIJOF BT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF B 5I QFSJPE PG UIF DPOTUSBJOU XPVME UIFO POMZ CF MBSHFS UIBO JG XF VTFE B NPSF SFDFOU JOJUJBMJ[BUJPO 5IJ BMTP BMMPXT DIFDLJOH NVMUJQMF DPOTUSBJOUT BU POF QPJOU XIJMF UIF JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT BQQFBSFE BU EJffFSFOU TUBUFT PG UIF BQQMJDBUJPO XPSLGM X BT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF C )BWJOH MBSHFS DIFDL QFSJPET XPVME OPU BEE VQ UP UIF WFSJGJD UJPO UJNF TJODF DPOTUSBJOUT WBMJEBUJPOT BSF EPOF JO B DPOTUBOU OVNCFS PG PQFSBUJPOT GPS B HJWFO DBUFHPSZ PG DPOTUSBJOU BT FYQMBJOFE JO 4FDUJPO *U JT BMTP QPTTJCMF GPS B TUBUF UP IBWF UXP PS NPSF. OFYU TUBUFT *U XPVME TUJMM CF QPTTJCMF UP WBMJEBUF UIF SFMBUFE DPOTUSBJOUT *O TVDI DBTFT diffFSFOU FWFOUT XPVME CF VTFE GPS FBDI PG UIF QPTTJCJMJUJFT BT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF 8IFO BO FWFOU JT SFBDIFE XIJMF JO TUBUF i𝑆 w XF XPVME BVUPNBUJDBMMZ LOPX JG UIBU FWFOU XBT PG UIF UZQF iFWFOU w PS iFWFOU w 8F UIVT XPVME CF BCMF UP NPWF UP UIF SJHIU TUBUF BOE UIVT UP SFBE BOE FYFDVUF UIF SFMBUFE WFSJGJD UJPOT JG BOZ 'JOBMMZ JO PVS BQQSPBDI BO FWFOU DBO CF VTFE BU FBDI KVODUJPO PG UIF NPEFM CVU POMZ PODF QFS KVODUJPO ThJT SFNPWFT BOZ VODFSUBJOUZ BCPVU UIF flPX UP GPMMPX JO PSEFS UP WFSJGZ UIF DPOTUSBJOUT 6TJOH UIJT BOE UIF QPTTJCJMJUZ UP IBWF NVMUJQMF FYJUT QFS OPEF XF DPVME GPS JOTUBODF BMMPX FYFDVUJOH UIF JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT FBDI UJNF XF FODPVOUFS BO FWFOU PG UZQF iFWFOU w UP POMZ WFSJGZ NFUSJDT CFUXFFO UIF MBTU FWFOU PG UZQF iFWFOU wBOE UIF fiSTU FWFOU PG UZQF iFWFOU w 'JHVSF TIPXT B SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG UIJT FYBNQMF *G XF XBOU UP JNQMFNFOU UIJT TQFDJGJ FYBNQMF XF XPVME OPU EFGJO BOZ DPOTUSBJOU JO iWFSJfiDBUJPOT w. iFWFOU w WFSJmDBUJPOT S + 11 iFWFOU w ···. S. ··· S + 12. JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT iFWFOU w WFSJmDBUJPOT. 'JHVS F 4UBUF NBDIJOF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO XJUI NVMUJQMF OFYU TUBUFT GPS TUBUF i𝑆w iFWFOU w WFSJmDBUJPOT. iFWFOU w ···. S. iFWFOU w WFSJmDBUJPOT. S+1. ···. JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT. 'JHVS F 4UBUF NBDIJOF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO VTJOH B MPPQ UP HP PWFS UIF JOJUJBMJ[BUJPOT XIFO SFBEJOH BO FWFOU PG UZQF iFWFOU w. 4QFDifiD $POTUSBJOUT PO .FUSJDT 5IJ TFDUJPO HJWFT BO PWFSWJFX PG TPNF DPOTUSBJOUT UIBU XF DBO TQFDJGZ PO EiffFSFOU NFUSJDT PG UIF BQQMJDBUJPOT PS UIF TZTUFN 5IJ PWFSWJFX FYUFOET UIF EFBEMJOF DPOTUSBJOU BMSFBEZ QSFTFOU JO NPTU SFBMUJNF BOBMZTJT UPPMT CBTFE PO DPOTUSBJOU WFSJGJD UJPO UP PVS OFX TZTUFNTQFDJGJ DPOTUSBJOUT 0VS OFX DPOTUSBJOUT UBLF BEWBOUBHF PG UIF LFSOFMMFWFM JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU LFSOFM JOUFSOBMT BOE QSPDFTTFT BWBJMBCMF JO PVS EFUBJMFE FYFDVUJPO USBDFT %FBEMJOF $POTUSBJOU 3FBMUJNF JT BT NVDI BCPVU MPHJDBM EFUFSNJOJTN BT JU JT BCPVU UFNQPSBM EFUFSNJOJTN *O TVDI BQQMJDBUJPOT XF DPOTJEFS UIBU B EFBEMJOF IBT UP CF TBUJTfiFE GPS UIF SFTVMU UP CF DPSSFDU BOE XF IBWF UP UBLF JOUP BDDPVOU UIF NBYJNVN BMMPXFE UJNF UP HFU UIBU SFTVMU 'JHVSF HJWFT B NPEFM SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG B DPOTUSBJOU UIBU DPVME CF VTFE JO UIBU DBTF 4UBUF i𝑆w JT UIF TUBUF PG UIF BQQMJDBUJPO XIFO TUBSUJOH UIF UJNFSFMBUFE UBTL 4UBUF i𝑆 + 1w JT UIF TUBUF PG UIF BQQMJDBUJPO XIFO JU fiOJTIFT UIBU UBTL ThF FWFOUT PG UZQFT iFWFOU w BOE iFWFOU w BSF UIF FWFOUT HFOFSBUFE CZ USBDFQPJOUT JO UIF BQQMJDBUJPO XIFO TXJUDIJOH UP UIPTF TUBUFT.

(7) . 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH. iFWFOU w ···. S. iFWFOU w EFBEMJOFE ≤ 2 NT. S+1. ···. 'JHVS F 4UBUF NBDIJOF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG B DPOTUSBJOU WBMJEBUJOH XIFUIFS XF TQFOU BU NPTU NT CFUXFFO UIF TUBUFT i𝑆w BOE i𝑆 + 1w. S. iFWFOU w QSFFNQUQ == 0. S. iFWFOU w DQVUJNFD ≤ 1. S+1. ···. DQVUJNFD = 0. EFBEMJOFE = 0. iFWFOU w ···. iFWFOU w ···. S+1. ···. QSFFNQUQ = 0. 'JHVS F 4UBUF NBDIJOF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG B DPOTUSBJOU WBMJEBUJOH UIBU PVS QSPDFTT IBT OPU CFFO QSFFNQUFE CFUXFFO UIF TUBUFT i𝑆w BOE i𝑆 + 1w. 8IFO FOUFSJOH UIF i𝑆w TUBUF B UJNFS NVTU CF JOJUJBMJ[FE UP LOPX UIF UJNF TQFOU CFGPSF SFBDIJOH UIF i𝑆 + 1w TUBUF. ThBU JOJUJBMJ[BUJPO JT SFQSFTFOUFE XJUI UIF TUSJOH iEFBEMJOF/E = 0w PO UIF NPEFM JOJUJBMJ[JOH B EFBEMJOF WBSJBCMF i𝑑w 1SP HSBNNBUJDBMMZ UIJT XPVME CF EPOF VTJOH UIF SFBE FWFOU UIBU JOGPSNT VT UIBU XF FOUFS UIJT TUBUF *O UIJT DBTF UIJT FWFOU XBT PG UZQF iFWFOU w 8F UIVT SFBE UIF FWFOU UJNF BOE TFU JU BT PVS CBTF 8IFO FOUFSJOH UIF i𝑆 + 1w TUBUF UIBU UJNFS NVTU CF DIFDLFE UP WBMJEBUF UIBU XF TQFOU MFTT UIBO UIF EVSBUJPO MJNJU 5I U WFSJGJD UJPO JT SFQSFTFOUFE XJUI UIF TUSJOH iEFBEMJOF/E ≤ 2 NTw PO UIF NPEFM 1SPHSBNNBUJDBMMZ XF XPVME VTF UIF CBTF QSFWJPVTMZ TFU GPS UIF iEFBEMJOF/Ew WBSJBCMF BT XFMM BT UIF SFBE FWFOU JOGPSNJOH VT UIBU XF FOUFS UIF i𝑆 + 1w TUBUF 8F XPVME UIFO DPNQBSF CPUI UIPTF WBMVFT BOE WFSJGZ UIBU UIF diffFSFODF CFUXFFO UIFTF UJNFT JT MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP NT 8F UIVT XPVME POMZ OFFE VTFSTQBDF USBDFT UP DIFDL B DPOTUSBJOU PG UIJT UZQF ThF EFBEMJOF DPOTUSBJOU JT VTJOH B TZTUFN TUBUF GSFF WBSJBCMF 1SFFNQUJPO $POTUSBJOU 8IFO EFTJHOJOH B IJHI QFS GPSNBODF BQQMJDBUJPO TPNF UBTLT DBO CF IJHIMZ TFOTJUJWF *O TVDI DBTF BOZ QSFFNQUJPO DPVME CF EJTSVQUJOH UIF BQQMJDBUJPO XPSL 8F UIVT VTVBMMZ EFTJHO PVS BQQMJDBUJPO UP CF BCMF UP XPSL XJUIPVU CFJOH JOUFSSVQUFE CZ BOPUIFS UBTL GPS JOTUBODF CZ TFUUJOH B IJHI QSJPSJUZ 'JHVSF HJWFT B NPEFM SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG B DPOTUSBJOU UIBU DBO CF VTFE UP MJNJU UIF OVNCFS PG UZQFT PG QSFFNQUJPO UIBU UIF QSPDFTT TVffFST EVSJOH UIF HJWFO QFSJPE EFMJNJUFE CZ UIF i𝑆w BOE i𝑆 + 1w TUBUFT 8IFO FOUFSJOH UIF i𝑆w TUBUF B QSFFNQUJPO DPVOUFS IBT UP CF JOJUJBMJ[FE UP LOPX IPX NBOZ UZQFT PG QSFFNQUJPO UIF QSPDFTT IBT FYQFSJFODFE XIFO SFBDIJOH UIF i𝑆+1w TUBUF *O UIF GJHV F XF JOJUJBMJ[F B QSFFNQUJPO DPVOUFS WBSJBCMF i𝑝w VTJOH UIF TUSJOH iQSFFNQU/Q = 0w 8IFO FOUFSJOH UIF i𝑆 + 1w TUBUF UIF QSFFNQUJPO DPVOUFS WBSJBCMF JT DIFDLFE UP WBMJEBUF UIBU XF EJE OPU IBWF BOZ QSFFNQUJPO VTJOH UIF TUSJOH iQSFFNQU/Q == 0w 8F DPVME BMTP IBWF BMMPXFE BU NPTU POF QSFFNQUJPO GPS JOTUBODF VTJOH UIF TUSJOH iQSFFNQU/Q ≤ 1w 1SPHSBNNBUJDBMMZ XF XPVME VTF UIF iTDIFE TXJUDIw LFS OFM FWFOUT UP LOPX XIFO UIF QSPDFTT JT TDIFEVMFE BOE. 'JHVS F 4UBUF NBDIJOF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG B DPOTUSBJOU WBMJEBUJOH XIFUIFS PVS QSPDFTT VTFE BU NPTU PG UIF $16 UJNF CFUXFFO TUBUFT i𝑆w BOE i𝑆 + 1w. VOTDIFEVMFE VTJOH UIF FWFOUT PG UZQFT iFWFOU w BOE iFWFOU w UP MJNJU UIF TFBSDI [POF 'PS FBDI iTDIFE TXJUDIw FODPVOUFSFE GPS XIJDI XF QSFFNQU PVS QSPDFTT JF GPS XIJDI PVS QSPDFTT FOUFST JO B XBJUGPS$16 TUBUF XF DBO JODSFNFOU PVS JOJUJBMJ[FE QSFFNQUJPO DPVOUFS "MM UIJT XPSL JT EPOF EJSFDUMZ JO PVS TUBUF TZTUFN 0ODF XF SFBDI UIF DPOTUSBJOU XF UIVT POMZ OFFE UP HFU UIF diffFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF WBMVF PG UIF QSFFNQUJPO DPVOUFS BU UIF UJNFTUBNQ XIFO XF FOUFSFE UIF i𝑆w TUBUF BOE UIF WBMVF PG UIF QSFFNQUJPO DPVOUFS BU UIF UJNFTUBNQ XIFO XF FOUFSFE UIF i𝑆 + 1w TUBUF 6TJOH UIBU EJGG SFODF JU JT UIFO QPTTJCMF UP WBMJEBUF PS JOWBMJEBUF UIF SFRVJSFNFOU 5IJ DPOTUSBJOU JT DPNQMFNFOUBSZ UP UIF EFBEMJOF DPO TUSBJOU *OEFFE BO BQQMJDBUJPO DPVME SFBDI B HJWFO EFBEMJOF XIJMF IBWJOH CFFO QSFFNQUFE BOE JO SFWFSTF BO BQQMJDBUJPO DPVME GBJM B EFBEMJOF XIJMF OPU IBWJOH CFFO QSFFNQUFE 5I Z DPVME UIVT CF VTFE UPHFUIFS UP FOGPSDF B IJHI QFSGPSNBODF DPOEJUJPO WFSJGJD UJPO *O UZQJDBM DBTFT UIF EFBEMJOF JT VMUJ NBUFMZ UIF JNQPSUBOU DPOTUSBJOU CVU BOZ QSFFNQUJPO FWFO B TIPSU POF UIBU EPFT OPU DBVTF B EFBEMJOF GBJMVSF NBZ CF BO JOEJDBUJPO PG UIF QPTTJCJMJUZ UIBU MPOHFS QSFFNQUJPO DPVME IBQQFO UIBU XPVME DBVTF B EFBEMJOF GBJMVSF ThF QSFFNQUJPO DPOTUSBJOU JT VTJOH B DPVOUFS WBSJBCMF 3FTPVSDF 6TBHF $POTUSBJOU 8IFUIFS JU JT B NJOJNVN PS B NBYJNVN JU DBO CF VTFGVM UP MJNJU UIF VTBHF PG UIF SFTPVSDFT PG B TZTUFN TVDI BT UIF $16 SBX BDDFTT NFNPSZ PS FWFO EJTL PS OFUXPSL JOQVUPVUQVU 5BLJOH UIF FYBNQMF PG UIF $16 VTBHF XF DPVME DPOTJEFS GPS JOTUBODF UIBU PVS BQQMJDBUJPO JT EPJOH B SFBMMZ TJNQMF KPC BOE UIVT TIPVME OPU VTF NPSF UIBO PG UIF $16 UJNF EVSJOH B HJWFO QFSJPE EFMJNJUFE CZ UXP TUBUFT 8F DPVME BMTP DPOTJEFS UIBU PVS BQQMJDBUJPO XPSL JT TP JNQPSUBOU EVSJOH B HJWFO QFSJPE UIBU JU TIPVME CF VTJOH PG UIF $16 UJNF OP QSFFNQUJPO PS XBJUJOH 'JHVSF HJWFT B NPEFM SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG B DPOTUSBJOU UIBU DPVME CF VTFE JO UIBU MBUFS DBTF BOE DPVME CF FBTJMZ DIBOHFE UP CF VTFE GPS UIF GPSNFS 8IFO FOUFSJOH UIF i𝑆w TUBUF B $16 VTBHF UJNFS NVTU CF JOJUJBMJ[FE UP LOPX UIF UJNF TQFOU VTJOH UIF $16 XIFO SFBDIJOH UIF i𝑆 + 1w TUBUF ThBU JOJUJBMJ[BUJPO JT SFQSFTFOUFE XJUI UIF TUSJOH iDQVUJNF/D = 0w PO UIF NPEFM JOJUJBMJ[JOH B $16 VTBHF UJNFS i𝑐w 8IFO FOUFSJOH UIF i𝑆 + 1w TUBUF UIJT $16 VTBHF UJNFS NVTU CF DIFDLFE UP WBMJEBUF UIBU XF VTFE BU NPTU PG UIF $16 ThBU WFSJfiDBUJPO JT SFQSFTFOUFE XJUI UIF TUSJOH iDQVUJNF/D ≤ 1w PO UIF NPEFM 1SPHSBNNBUJDBMMZ XF VTF UIF FWFOUT PG UZQFT iFWFOU w BOE iFWFOU w UP EFMJNJU UIF UJNF QFSJPE EVSJOH XIJDI XF MPPL BU UIF $16 VTBHF 6TJOH UIF LFSOFM USBDFT GPS UIF TBNF UJNF QFSJPE XF DBO LOPX XIJDI QSPDFTT XBT SVOOJOH PO.

(8) 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH. iFWFOU w ···. S. iFWFOU w XBJUCMPDLFEXC ≤ 15 XBJUDQVXD ≤ 10. . S+1. ···. XBJUCMPDLFEXC = 0 XBJUDQVXD = 0. 'JHVS F 4UBUF NBDIJOF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG DPOTUSBJOUT WBMJEBUJOH XIFUIFS UIF QSPDFTT TQFOU BU NPTU PG UIF UJNF QFSJPE CFUXFFO TUBUFT i𝑆w BOE i𝑆 + 1w XBJUJOH GPS B $16 BOE BU NPTU PG UIJT TBNF QFSJPE CFJOH CMPDLFE. 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VTJOH TVDI QSPHSBNT UIBU QSPCMFN JT OPU BMXBZT PCWJPVT BT QPUFOUJBMMZ IJEEFO CZ PUIFS UBTLT .PSFPWFS VTJOH sleep BT TZODISPOJ[BUJPO FJUIFS JT TJNQMZ VOTBGF PS JNQMJFT UIBU XF IBWF TUSJDU VQQFS CPVOET PO UIF EVSBUJPO PG TPNF QPSUJPOT PG UBTLT TVDI UIBU UIF TMFFQ EVSBUJPO JT TVGGJDJ U UP fiOJTI UIF UBTL XF BSF XBJUJOH GPS 'VSUIFSNPSF UIJT NFUIPE JT CBTFE PO UIF XPSTU EVSBUJPO DBTF BOE JT SBSFMZ B HPPE DIPJDF ThF BQQMJDBUJPO apt JT UIF QBDLBHF NBOBHFS VTFE JO %FCJBOCBTFE EJTUSJCVUJPOT MongoDB JT BO PQFOTPVSDF EBUBCBTF TPftXBSF ThFZ IBWF JO DPNNPO UIBU UIFZ XFSF CPUI BU TPNF QPJOU VTJOH sleep PS FRVJWBMFOU GVODUJPOT usleep PS nanosleep UP EP TZODISPOJ[BUJPO JO UIFJS NVMUJUISFBEFE UBTLT 5SBDF "OBMZTJT "QQSPBDI 6TJOH LFSOFM USBDFT XF DBO JEFOUJGZ UIF TUBUVT PG B QSPDFTT BT XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT BOE VTF B XBJUJOH EFQFOEFODZ BOBMZTJT UP JEFOUJGZ UIF PSJHJO PG UIF XBJUJOH TUBUVT PG PVS QSPDFTT 5I LFSOFM USBDFT XFSF VTFE UP JEFOUJGZ XIBU apt XBT XBJUJOH GPS JO JUT JOTUBMMBUJPO QSPDFTT *OEFFE XF GPVOE CZ USBDJOH BO apt JOTUBMMBUJPO UIBU PG UIF UJNF BMPOH UIF DSJUJDBM QBUI XBT TQFOU CZ UIF QSPHSBN JO B XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT ThJT JT TVSQSJTJOH CFDBVTF JG XF BSF XBJUJOH GPS BOPUIFS QSPDFTT UP QSPEVDF VTFGVM SFTVMUT UIF PUIFS QSPDFTT BOE OPU UIF XBJU CFDPNFT QBSU PG UIF DSJUJDBM QBUI " XBJU BMPOH UIF DSJUJDBM QBUI JT DBVTFE CZ FWFOUT TVDI BT UJNFST TMFFQ. 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(11) . 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH. B 4DSFFOTIPU PG 5SBDF $PNQBTT TIPXJOH UIF QFSJPE CFUXFFO UXP iOQUMPPQw FWFOUT JO UIF BQQMJDBUJPO. [..51386] npt : loop : { cpu_id = 1 } , { countloop = ..3 , .. , duration = 0.485246 } [..51871] npt : loop : { cpu_id = 1 } , { countloop = ..4 , .. , duration = 0.484496 } [..52668] npt : loop : { cpu_id = 1 } , { countloop = ..5 , .. , duration = 0.485246 } [..55300] hrtimer_cancel : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..56260] hrtimer_expire_entry : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..58523] softirq_raise : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..59168] rcu_utilization : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..59775] softirq_raise : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..60238] rcu_utilization : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..60810] hrtimer_expire_exit : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..61303] hrtimer_start : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..62923] s ys_rt_sigpending : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..64118] exit_syscall : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..65228] sys_ rt _sigp rocm as k : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..66368] exit_syscall : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..67190] sys_write : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..70615] sched_wakeup : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..72728] exit_syscall : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..73547] sys_ rt _sigp rocm as k : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..74773] exit_syscall : { cpu_id = 1 } , .. [..77392] npt : loop : { cpu_id = 1 } , { countloop = ..6 , .. , duration = 24.5571 } C ,FSOFM FWFOUT USBDFE CFUXFFO UIF UXP iOQUMPPQw FWFOUT TIPXJOH LFSOFM UBTLT SVOOJOH XIJMF UIF BQQMJDBUJPO JT XBJUJOH UP DPOUJOVF JUT XPSL DBVTJOH MBUFODZ. 'JHVS F 6OFYQFDUFE LFSOFM XPSL XIJMF USBDJOH BO VTFSTQBDFPOMZ BQQMJDBUJPO.

(12) 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH. . iOQUMPPQw DQVUJNFD == 100 TZTDBMMTT == 0. iOQUTUBSUw ··· SVOOJOH. iOQUTUPQw. B VOJRVF UISFBE GPS NFNPSZ NBQQJOH 5I TDBMBCJMJUZ PG UIF mmap TZTUFN DBMM XBT BMTP BOBMZ[FE JO <>. TUPQQJOH. ···. DQVUJNFD = 0 TZTDBMMTT = 0. 'JHVS F 4UBUF NBDIJOF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG nptT MPPQ VTJOH DPO TUSBJOUT UP DIFDL JG PVS QSPDFTT VTFE PG UIF $16 UJNF CFUXFFO FBDI MPPQ JUFSBUJPO. 6TJOH .PEFM#BTFE $POTUSBJOUT *G XF DPOTJEFS UIF BQQMJDBUJPO BT UIF POF PG IJHIFTU QSJPSJUJFT PO UIF TZTUFN B $16 VTBHF DPOTUSBJOU DPVME CF FGGJDJ U UP LOPX JG UIF QSPDFTT JT SFBMMZ UBLJOH BEWBOUBHF PG UIF $16 ThJT DPOTUSBJOU XPVME TIPX JG UIF $16 VTBHF JT OPU TVGGJDJ U DPNQBSFE UP PVS FYQFDUBUJPOT 8F DPVME BMTP VTF B XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT DPOTUSBJOU TUBUJOH UIBU PVS BQQMJDBUJPO TIPVME OPU TQFOE NPSF UIBO B HJWFO UJNF QFSDFOUBHF JO XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT 8JUI POF PG UIPTF DPOTUSBJOUT XF XPVME EFUFDU UIBU TJUVBUJPO 8BJU#MPDLFE 1SPDFTTFT 8IJMF 6TJOH &YUFSOBM 3FTPVSDFT. 'JHVS F 4DSFFOTIPU PG 5SBDF $PNQBTT TIPXJOH UIF CBSSJFS BU XIJDI UISFBET BSF XBJUJOH CFGPSF VONBQQJOH PQFSBUJPOT BftFS UIFJS DBMMT UP munmap <>. IBQQFO UIBU TPNF QBSU PG UIF UBTL NJTTFT UIFTF PQUJNJ[BUJPOT BOE EPFT OPU TDBMF XFMM DBVTJOH SFHSFTTJPOT XIFO VTJOH QBSBMMFM DPSFT 'PS IJHI TDBMBCJMJUZ NVMUJUISFBEFE QSPDFTTFT UIJT CFIBWJPS TIPVME CF BWPJEFE "O PDDVSSFODF PG UIBU QSPCMFN XBT FODPVOUFSFE XIJMF XF XFSF TFBSDIJOH UIF QPJOU BU XIJDI B IFBWZ *0 IJHIMZ QBSBMMFM BQQMJDBUJPO CFDPNFT *0CPVOE ThBU BQQMJDBUJPO VTFE UIF mmap TZTUFN DBMM JO diffFSFOU UISFBET UP NBQ diffFSFOU QBSUT PG a fiMF 8F XFSF QV[[MFE UP NFBTVSF UIBU XIFO VTJOH UISFBET PO B DPSF NBDIJOF UIF FYFDVUJPO UJNF XBT UJNFT TMPXFS UIBO XJUI KVTU POF UISFBE FWFO JG UIF UISFBET BSF UPUBMMZ JOEFQFOEFOU GSPN FBDI PUIFS 5SBDF "OBMZTJT "QQSPBDI 6TJOH POMZ LFSOFM USBDFT BOE MPPLJOH BU UIPTF XJUI B WJTVBMJ[JOH UPPM UIF SFHSFTTJPO BQQFBSJOH JO UIBU MBTU FYBNQMF XBT JEFOUJGJ E 5I QSPDFTTFT TFFNFE UP BMM CF XBJUJOH GPS UIF MBTU DBMMJOH UISFBE CFGPSF VONBQQJOH BOE FOEJOH UIFJS SFTQFDUJWF DBMMT UP munmap. ThJT BMTP BQQFBSFE CVU OPU BT DMFBSMZ GPS UIF mmap DBMMT 5IJ CFIBWJPS JT OPSNBMMZ BTTPDJBUFE XJUI UIF VTF PG B CBSSJFS BT TFFO JO 'JHVSF 8F XFSF BCMF UP GJO JO UIF -JOVY LFSOFM TPVSDF DPEF UIBU -JOVY VTFT B HMPCBM TFNBQIPSF QSPUFDUJOH UIF mm struct EBUB TUSVDUVSF 8F UIVT GPVOE B TPMVUJPO UP DJSDVNWFOU UIF QSPCMFN GPS PVS BQQMJDBUJPO VTJOH. 1SPCMFN 4VNNBSZ &YUFSOBM SFTPVSDFT BSF OFDFTTBSZ JO TPNF DBTFT UP QFSGPSN TQFDJGJ UBTLT 'PS JOTUBODF GPS TPNF IJHIMZ QBSBMMFM DPNQVUJOH UBTLT (16T BSF CFDPNJOH NPSF BOE NPSF JOUFSFTUJOH BT DPNQBSFE UP NVMUJDPSF $16T *O TVDI DBTFT DPNQVUBUJPO PS EBUB SFOEFSJOH EFQFOET PO BOPUIFS QSPDFTTJOH VOJU diffFSFOU GSPN UIF POF SVOOJOH PVS BQQMJDBUJPO *O IJHI QFSGPSNBODF TJUVBUJPOT JG UIF $16 XPSL JT IJHIMZ EFQFOEBOU PO UIF (16 XPSL BOE JG UIF (16 XPSL JT OPU PQUJNJ[FE CPUUMFOFDLT XJMM BQQFBS BOE PVS QSPDFTT XJMM CF JO XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT ThBU QSPCMFN XBT FODPVOUFSFE XIJMF XF XBOUFE UP LOPX JG BO BQQMJDBUJPO SVOOJOH PO B $16 BOE SFRVFTUJOH (16 XPSL XBT PQUJNJ[FE 5SBDF "OBMZTJT "QQSPBDI ,FSOFM BOE VTFSTQBDF USBDFT DBO IFSF CF VTFGVM XIJMF VTJOH B WJTVBMJ[JOH UPPM *O UIF QSFWJPVT FYBNQMF XF BEEFE VTFSTQBDF USBDFQPJOUT JO UIF "1* DBMMT UP 0QFO$- UP HFU NPSF JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU XIBU IBQQFOFE JO UIF (16 8F UIVT XFSF BCMF UP VTF UIF HFOFSBUFE FWFOUT UP VOEFSTUBOE UIF PSJHJO PG B MBUFODZ JO B HJWFO QSPDFTT *O TPNF TJUVBUJPOT UIF MBUFODZ XBT JOEVDFE CZ $16 QSFFNQUJPO UIF (16 IBE GJOJTI E JUT XPSL CVU JT VOBCMF UP HFU CBDL UP UIF QSPDFTT DVSSFOUMZ VOTDIFEVMFE PS BMSFBEZ CVTZ BT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF B *O TPNF PUIFS DBTFT BT XF DBO TFF JO 'JHVSF C JU XBT MJOLFE UP (16 TIBSJOH UIF QSPDFTT XBT JO XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT XBJUJOH GPS UIF (16 UP HFU CBDL UP JU XIJMF UIF (16 XBT OPU XPSLJOH PO UIBU UBTL CFJOH BMSFBEZ CVTZ PO BOPUIFS POF "T B TPMVUJPO GPS TVDI TJUVBUJPOT UIF QSPDFTT JUTFMG BOE JUT (16 UBTLT DBO CF PQUJNJ[FE UP JNQSPWF UIFJS VTF PG UIF BWBJMBCMF SFTPVSDFT 0O UIF $16 TJEF JU DPVME CF VTJOH B IJHIFS QSJPSJUZ GPS UIF QSPDFTT UP QSFWFOU QSFFNQUJPO 0O UIF (16 TJEF JU DPVME CF B CFUUFS EJWJTJPO PG UIF UBTLT 6TJOH .PEFM#BTFE $POTUSBJOUT 5I $16 QSFFNQUJPO DPVME FBTJMZ CF EFUFDUFE CZ VTJOH PVS NPEFM BQQSPBDI #FGPSF DBMMJOH UIF FYUFSOBM SFTPVSDF UIF (16 JO UIJT DBTF XF DPVME FOUFS B iFYUFSOBM SFTPVSDF DBMMw TUBUF BOE PODF UIBU SFTPVSDF BOTXFST XF DPVME FOUFS B iFYUFSOBM SFTPVSDF BOTXFSFEw TUBUF GPS JOTUBODF 8F DPVME UIFO VTF B QSFFNQUJPO DPOTUSBJOU PS B XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT DPOTUSBJOU UP FOTVSF UIBU PVS QSPDFTT EPFT OPU FOE VQ VOTDIFEVMFE GSPN JUT $16.

(13) . 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH. B 6OJGJF $16(16 WJFX TIPXJOH UIF QSPDFTT VOTDIFEVMFE GSPN JUT $16 DBVTJOH XBJU PO UIF (16 TJEF. C 6OJGJF $16(16 WJFX TIPXJOH UIF QSPDFTT XBJUJOH GPS UIF (16 XIJMF UIF (16 JT TUJMM XPSLJOH PO BOPUIFS UBTL. 'JHVS F 7JFXT TIPXJOH XBJU TJUVBUJPOT XIJMF VTJOH FYUFSOBM SFTPVSDFT UIFTF WJFXT EP OPU FYJTU JO UIF 5SBDF $PNQBTT NBJOMJOF WFSTJPO ZFU <>. 5B CMF /VNCFS PG FWFOUT BOE TJ[FT PG UIF USBDFT VTFE UP CFODINBSL PVS BOBMZTJT /BNF. 645 ULQSFFNQU . ULQSFFNQU NPEFMCFODI . /VNCFS PG FWFOUT ,FSOFM 5PUBM . 4J[F .J#. . 5I (16 TIBSJOH XPVME IPXFWFS CF USJDLJFS UP EFUFDU XJUI UIF DVSSFOU SFTPVSDFT BT LTTng EPFT OPU JNQMFNFOU TIBSFE $16(16 USBDFT ZFU *G XF IBWF BO JEFB PG UIF EVSBUJPO PG UIF (16 UBTL XF DPVME VTF B XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT DPOTUSBJOU PO PVS QSPDFTT TUBUJOH UIBU JG PVS QSPDFTT JT TQFOEJOH NPSF UIBO B HJWFO UJNF JO XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT TPNFUIJOH JT QSPCBCMZ XSPOH PO UIF SFTPVSDF TJEF )BWJOH DPNCJOFE $16 BOE (16 USBDFT DPVME IFMQ UP GVSUIFS EFUFDU UIJT LJOE PG QSPCMFNT. 5. Analysis Results and Time 6TJOH UIF DBTF QSFTFOUFE JO 4FDUJPO UIF BTTPDJBUFE EFUFDUJPO DPOTUSBJOUT BOE UIF NPEFM SFQSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSF UP BVUPNBUJDBMMZ JEFOUJGZ JUT VOXBOUFE CFIBWJPS XF SBO PVS BOBMZTJT BOE CFODINBSLFE UIF UJNF JU UPPL UP BOBMZ[F diffFSFOU USBDFT EFUBJMFE JO 5BCMF 5IJ DBTF IBT UIF BCJMJUZ UP QSPWJEF JOUFSFTUJOH SFTVMUT BT XF DBO VTF GPS JU UIF UISFF diffFSFOU DBUFHPSJFT PG WBSJBCMFT BWBJMBCMF JO PVS BQQSPBDI $POTUSBJOUT 7BMJEBUJPO 'JHVSF HJWFT BO PWFSWJFX PG UIF EiffFSFOU PVUQVUT PG PVS BOBMZTJT EFQFOEJOH PO UIF DPOTUSBJOUT TBUJTGBDUJPO BOE BWBJMBCMF EBUB 5IF F SFTVMUT BSF KVTU B TFDUJPO PG UIF GVMM SFQPSU DPOUBJOJOH BMM UIF JOTUBODFT PG UIF BQQMJDBUJPO BDDPSEJOH UP PVS NPEFM BOE UIFJS BOBMZTJT SFTVMUT 'PS UIFTF FYBNQMFT XF VTFE UIF USBDF 'PS BMM UIPTF SFTVMUT UIF fiSTU QBSU TIPXT UIF FOUSZ JO UIF XPSL TUBUF XIFO SFDFJWJOH B iUSBDFLJUCFHJOw FWFOU BOE UIF FOUSZ JO UIF XBJU TUBUF XIFO SFDFJWJOH UIF iUSBDFLJUFOEw FWFOU 8F BMTP IBWF UIF UJNFTUBNQ PG UIF SFBE FWFOU BOE XF DBO TFF UIF MJTU PG JOJUJBMJ[FE WBSJBCMFT BOE DPOTUSBJOUT JG BOZ 3FTVMUT QSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSFT B BOE C XFSF DPN QVUFE VTJOH CPUI UIF VTFSTQBDF BOE LFSOFM USBDFT *O 'JH VSF B XF DBO TFF UIBU UIF SFRVJSFNFOUT XFSF TBUJTfiFE BOE UIVT FBDI DPOTUSBJOU JT JO UIF WBMJE TUBUVT *O 'JHVSF C. OPOF PG UIF SFRVJSFNFOUT XFSF NFU UIVT TFUUJOH BMM DPO TUSBJOUT UP UIF JOWBMJE TUBUVT 8F DBO TFF JO UIBU MBUUFS DBTF UIBU UIF DPNQVUFE WBMVF JT TIPXO JO UIF SFQPSU UP VOEFSTUBOE XIZ UIF SFRVJSFNFOUT XFSF OPU NFU ThF SFTVMUT QSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSF D XFSF DPNQVUFE VTJOH POMZ UIF VTFSTQBDF USBDF 8F DBO TFF UIBU HJWFO POMZ UIF VTFSTQBDF USBDF UIF BOBMZTJT XBT OPU BCMF UP WFSJGZ JG BMM UIF DPOTUSBJOUT XFSF TBUJTGJ E BOE UIVT TFU UIF $16 VTBHF BOE QSFFNQU DPOTUSBJOUT UP VODFSUBJO TUBUVT XIJMF UIF EFBEMJOF DPOTUSBJOU IBT CFFO BOBMZ[FE BOE JT JO UIJT DBTF JOWBMJE BT UIF UJNF TQFOU JO UIF XPSL TUBUF XBT NT XIJMF UIF NBYJNVN XBT NT 'JHVSF TIPXT TPNF JOWBMJE TFDUJPOT BT SFQPSUFE CZ PVS UPPM GPS PUIFS DBTFT QSFTFOUFE JO 4FDUJPO 'JHVSF B TIPXT B TFDUJPO JO XIJDI FWFO UIPVHI UIF BQQMJDBUJPO EJTDVTTFE JO 4FDUJPO XBT TUJMM TDIFEVMFE BOE TIPVME IBWF CFFO SVOOJOH POMZ JO VTFSTQBDF GPVS TZTUFN DBMMT XFSF FYFDVUFE NBLJOH UIF TFDUJPO MBTU GPS NPSF UIBO 𝜇T 'JHVSF C TIPXT UIBU MongoDB EJTDVTTFE JO 4FDUJPO UPPL NVDI NPSF UJNF UIBO FYQFDUFE GPS SVOOJOH B DPNNBOE 'JOBMMZ 'JHVSF D. TIPXT UIBU UIF BQQMJDBUJPO EJTDVTTFE JO 4FDUJPO TQFOET BO VOFYQFDUFE BNPVOU PG UJNF JO UIF XBJUCMPDLFE TUBUVT 3VOOJOH 5JNF 4XJUDIJOH PO BOE Pff UIF EJffFSFOU DPO TUSBJOUT QVU JO UIF NPEFM SFQSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSF XF CFODI NBSLFE UIF SVOOJOH UJNF PG PVS BOBMZTJT 0VS UFTU TZTUFN DPOTJTU PG BO *OUFM $PSF J.2 $16 BU ()[ XJUI (J# PG %%3 3". BU .)[ 5BCMF TIPXT UIF SFTVMUT GPS USBDF XIJMF 5BCMF TIPXT UIF SFTVMUT GPS USBDF (JWFO UIF diffFSFOU OVNCFST PG VTFSTQBDF BOE LFSOFM FWFOUT JO FBDI USBDF XF DBO TFF UIF EiffFSFOU CBTFMJOF UJNFT OFFEFE UP CVJME UIF TUBUF TZTUFN BOE UIF NPEFM BOE WFSJGZ UIF DPOTUSBJOUT XIFO OP DPOTUSBJOU JT BDUJWF /POF 8F UIVT TFF UIBU IBWJOH BSPVOE UJNFT NPSF LFSOFM FWFOUT NBLFT UIF TUBUF TZTUFN CVJME UJNF BSPVOE UJNFT MPOHFS 0O UIF VTFSTQBDF TJEF IBWJOH BSPVOE UJNFT NPSF FWFOUT NBLFT UIF NPEFM CVJME UJNF BSPVOE UJNFT MPOHFS "NPOHTU UIF DPOTUSBJOUT XF DBO TFF UIBU GPS CPUI USBDFT UIF EFBEMJOF DPOTUSBJOU JT UIF GBTUFTU UP DPNQVUF GPMMPXFE CZ UIF QSFFNQUJPO BOE GJO MMZ UIF $16 VTBHF 5IJ JT DPIFSFOU XJUI UIF GBDU UIBU TUBUF TZTUFN GSFF DPOTUSBJOUT EP OPU OFFE DPNQMFNFOUBSZ EBUB UP CF DPNQVUFE XIJMF DPVOUFST OFFE UXP TUBUF TZTUFN DBMMT GPS UIF JOUFSWBM BOE UJNFST GPVS DBMMT 'PS FBDI USBDF IPXFWFS XF DBO TFF JO 5BCMFT BOE UIBU UIF TUBUF TZTUFN CVJME UJNF JT BMXBZT UIF TBNF JOEFQFOEFOUMZ PG UIF BDUJWF DPOTUSBJOUT *U UIVT POMZ EFQFOET PO UIF LFSOFM.

(14) 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH. . Received tracekit : begin at 18:27:53.143 850 080 Entering state : work Variables : - deadline / d = 0 - cputime / c = 0 - preempt / p = 0 Received tracekit : end at 18:27:53.173 146 432 Entering state : wait Constraints : - deadline / d <= 45 ms [ VALID ] - cputime / c == 100% [ VALID ] - preempt / p == 0 [ VALID ] B 3FTVMU TIPXO GPMMPXJOH UIF BOBMZTJT PG CPUI LFSOFM BOE VTFSTQBDF USBDFT XIFO UIF DPOTUSBJOUT BSF TBUJTfiFE. Received tracekit : begin at 18:27:53.173 147 428 Entering state : work Variables : - deadline / d = 0 - cputime / c = 0 - preempt / p = 0 Received tracekit : end at 18:27:53.218 552 778 Entering state : wait Constraints : - deadline / d <= 45 ms [ INVALID ] value : 45.4054 ms - cputime / c == 100% [ INVALID ] value : 99.9806% - preempt / p == 0 [ INVALID ] value : 1 C 3FTVMU TIPXO GPMMPXJOH UIF BOBMZTJT PG CPUI LFSOFM BOE VTFSTQBDF USBDFT XIFO UIF DPOTUSBJOUT BSF OPU TBUJTfiFE. Received tracekit : begin at 18:27:53.173 147 428 Entering state : work Variables : - deadline / d = 0 - cputime / c = 0 - preempt / p = 0 Received tracekit : end at 18:27:53.218 552 778 Entering state : wait Constraints : - deadline / d <= 45 ms [ INVALID ] value : 45.4054 ms - cputime / c == 100% [ UNCERTAIN ] - preempt / p == 0 [ UNCERTAIN ] D 3FTVMU GPMMPXJOH UIF BOBMZTJT PG UIF VTFSTQBDF USBDF POMZ UP TJNVMBUF B DBTF XIFSF XF XPVME OPU IBWF BOZ LFSOFM USBDF UIVT NBLJOH UIF TUBUF TZTUFN VOBWBJMBCMF GPS UIF BOBMZTJT. 'JHVS F 3FTVMUT PG UIF BOBMZTJT VTJOH UIF NPEFMCBTFE DPOTUSBJOUT PO VTFSTQBDF BOE LFSOFM USBDFT.

(15) . 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH Received npt : loop at 16:53:03.116 356 658 Entering state : running Variables : - cputime / c = 0 - syscalls / s = 0 [...] Received npt : loop at 16:53:03.116 405 899 Entering state : running [...] Constraints : - cputime / c == 100% [ VALID ] - syscalls / s == 0 [ INVALID ] value : 4 B *OWBMJE TFDUJPO GPS UIF DBTF QSFTFOUFE JO 4FDUJPO XIFO WFSJGZJOH UIF NPEFM SFQSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSF EVSJOH XIJDI GPVS TZTUFN DBMMT XFSF JTTVFE. Received mongodb : combegin at 21:31:52.618 207 853 Entering state : command Variables : - deadline / d = 0 Received mongodb : comend at 21:31:57.557 893 474 Entering state : wait Constraints : - deadline / d < 1 s [ INVALID ] value : 4.9397 s C *OWBMJE TFDUJPO GPS UIF DBTF QSFTFOUFE JO 4FDUJPO XIFO WFSJGZJOH B EFBEMJOF DPOTUSBJOU PG MFTT UIBO POF TFDPOE GPS B UBTL MFOHUI XIJDI MBTUFE OFBSMZ fiWF . TFDPOET JO UIJT DBTF. Instance TID : 41176 Received cache : begin at 13:31:22.023 214 053 Entering state : mmapping Variables : - waitblocked / wb = 0 Received cache : end at 13:31:22.231 503 275 Entering state : waiting Constraints : - waitblocked / wb < 10% [ INVALID ] value : 15.8541% D *OWBMJE TFDUJPO GPS UIF DBTF QSFTFOUFE JO 4FDUJPO XIFO WFSJGZJOH B XBJU CMPDLFE DPOTUSBJOU PG MFTT UIBO UFO QFSDFOU % GPS B UBTL XIJDI TQFOU NPSF UIBO GJ FFO QFSDFOU % PG JUT UJNF CFJOH CMPDLFE JO UIJT DBTF. 'JHVS F &YBNQMFT PG JOWBMJE TFDUJPOT BT SFQPSUFE CZ PVS UPPM GPS PUIFS DBTFT EJTDVTTFE JO 4FDUJPO . USBDF TJ[F ThJT JT CFDBVTF UIF TUBUF TZTUFN JT DPNQVUFE UP BDRVJSF BMM UIF NFUSJDT OFDFTTBSZ UP TFU DPOTUSBJOUT BU PODF OP NBUUFS XIJDI POFT BSF BDUVBMMZ VTFE 8IJMF UIJT CFIBWJPS JT DPTUMZ GPS UIF fiSTU SVO UIF TUBUF IJTUPSZ USFF EBUBCBTF CVJMU JT TBWFE JO TUBCMF TUPSBHF UP BMMPX GBTU BDDFTT GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH SVOT BT TIPXO JO 5BCMF 4DBMBCJMJUZ 5I MBTU WBMJEBUJPO TUFQ PG PVS BQQSPBDI IBT CFFO UP WFSJGZ JUT TDBMBCJMJUZ "T PVS NPEFMCBTFE BOBMZTJT VTFT CPUI USBDFT BOE NPEFMT XF OFFEFE UP WBMJEBUF TDBMBCJMJUZ PO UIPTF UXP EJffFSFOU BTQFDUT. *O PSEFS UP NFBTVSF UIF TDBMBCJMJUZ SFMBUJWF UP USBDF MFOHUI XF HFOFSBUFE B OVNCFS PG USBDFT DPOUBJOJOH FWFOUT OFFEFE UP GPMMPX UIF NPEFM QSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSF &BDI EBUB QPJOU QSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSFT BOE JT UIF BWFSBHF FMBQTFE FYFDVUJPO UJNF PWFS UXFOUZ SVOT PG PVS BMHPSJUIN 'JHVSF QSFTFOUT UIF SFTVMUT VTJOH UIF diffFSFOU VTFSTQBDF USBDFT BOE PVS diffFSFOU DBUFHPSJFT PG DPOTUSBJOUT 8F DBO TFF JO UIF fiHVSF UIBU GPS BMM DBUFHPSJFT PG DPOTUSBJOUT VTFE UIF DPNQMFYJUZ PG UIF BQQSPBDI JT QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF OVNCFS PG VTFSTQBDF FWFOUT 8F BMTP PCTFSWF UIBU JU UBLFT BCPVU UXJDF BT NVDI UJNF UP VTF UJNFS WBSJBCMFT BT DPNQBSFE UP DPVOUFS.

(16) 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH. . $POTUSBJOUT %FBEMJOF "WH 4UE EFW $16 VTBHF "WH 4UE EFW 1SFFNQUJPO "WH 4UE EFW "MM UISFF "WH 4UE EFW /POF "WH 4UE EFW. 4UBUF TZTUFN CVJME. 5JNF JO T. .PEFM CVJME DPOTUSBJOU WFSJG. 5PUBM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5B CM F "WFSBHF BWH BOE TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO TUE EFW PG UIF UJNF UBLFO JO TFDPOET CZ B SVO PG UIF NPEFMCBTFE DPOTUSBJOUT BOBMZTJT DPNQVUFE VTJOH SVOT PG UIF BOBMZTJT PG UIF USBDF ULQSFFNQU $POTUSBJOUT %FBEMJOF "WH 4UE EFW $16 VTBHF "WH 4UE EFW 1SFFNQUJPO "WH 4UE EFW "MM UISFF "WH 4UE EFW /POF "WH 4UE EFW. 4UBUF TZTUFN CVJME. 5JNF JO T. .PEFM CVJME DPOTUSBJOU WFSJG. 5PUBM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WBSJBCMFT #PUI UIPTF WBSJBCMFT BSF NPSF FYQFOTJWF UIBO VTJOH B TUBUF TZTUFN GSFF WBSJBCMF 'JHVSF TIPXT UIF SFTVMUT VTJOH UIF EiffFSFOU LFSOFM USBDFT *U TIPXT UIBU UIF UJNF JU UBLFT UP CVJME UIF TUBUF TZTUFN JT QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF OVNCFS PG LFSOFM FWFOUT JO UIF USBDF. 5B CM F "WFSBHF BWH BOE TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO TUE EFW PG UIF UJNF UBLFO JO TFDPOET UP CVJME UIF TUBUF TZTUFN EVSJOH UIF GJ TU SVO WFSTVT UP WFSJGZ JG JU FYJTUT JO UIF TVCTFRVFOU SVOT DPNQVUFE VTJOH SVOT PG UIF BOBMZTJT PG UIF USBDFT 5JNF JO T. 5SBDF ULQSFFNQU . "WH 4UE EFW ULQSFFNQU . "WH 4UE EFW. #VJME. "DDFTT. . . . . *OTUBODFCVJMEBOE DPOTUSBJOUWFSJGJD UJPOUJNF T. 5B CM F "WFSBHF BWH BOE TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO BUE EFW PG UIF UJNF UBLFO JO TFDPOET CZ B SVO PG UIF NPEFMCBTFE DPOTUSBJOUT BOBMZTJT DPNQVUFE VTJOH SVOT PG UIF BOBMZTJT PG UIF USBDF ULQSFFNQU . 0.0e0. 1.0e6 2.0e6 3.0e6 /VNCFSPGVTFSTQBDFFWFOUT. 4.0e6. 8JUIPVUDPOTUSBJOU 8JUIBEFBEMJOFDPOTUSBJOU 8JUIBQSFFNQUJPODPOTUSBJOU 8JUIB$16VTBHFDPOTUSBJOU 8JUIUIFBCPWFUISFFDPOTUSBJOUT. 'JHVS F 5JNF JO T UP CVJME UIF JOTUBODFT BOE DIFDL UIFJS DPOTUSBJOUT BT B GVODUJPO PG UIF OVNCFS PG VTFSTQBDF FWFOUT -JOFT SFQSFTFOU MJOFBS SFHSFTTJPOT PG UIF EBUB. "MTP UIF MJOFBS SFHSFTTJPOT JO CPUI 'JHVSFT BOE TIPX UIBU UIF QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ GPMMPXT B MJOFBS QBUUFSO GPS CPUI LFSOFM BOE VTFSTQBDF USBDFT 5P BOBMZ[F UIF NPEFM TDBMBCJMJUZ XF VTFE UIF USBDF NPEFM CFODI UIBU DPOUBJOT DBMMT UP EJffFSFOU USBDFQPJOUT &BDI EBUB QPJOU QSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSFT BOE JT UIF BWFSBHF FMBQTFE FYFDVUJPO UJNF PWFS UXFOUZ SVOT PG PVS BMHPSJUIN 8F VTFE UIJT USBDF UP fiSTU DPOTJEFS B NPEFM XJUIPVU DPOTUSBJOU BOE XJUI POMZ POF USBOTJUJPO QFS TUBUF UP BOBMZ[F UIF TDBMBCJMJUZ BDDPSEJOH UP UIF OVNCFS PG TVDDFTTJWF TUBUFT JO UIF NPEFM BT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF 8F TFF UIBU UIF UJNF JU UBLFT UP CVJME UIF JOTUBODFT JT QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF OVNCFS PG TUBUFT JOWPMWFE 8F UIFO BOBMZ[FE B TJUVBUJPO JO XIJDI UIF OVNCFS PG TUBUFT XBT fiYFE CVU UIF OVNCFS PG USBOTJUJPOT GSPN POF TUBUF UP UIF PUIFS XBT WBSJBCMF 'JHVSF TIPXT UIF SFTVMUT GPS UIJT DBTF UIBU EPFT OPU TVQQPSU BOZ DPOTUSBJOU XIFSF UIF.

(17) . 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH *OTUBODFTCVJMEUJNF NT. . 5JNF T. 0.0e0. 5.0e6. 1.0e7 1.5e7 /VNCFSPGLFSOFMFWFOUT. 2.0e7. 2.5e7. 4UBUFTZTUFNCVJME. *OTUBODFTCVJMEUJNF NT. . 0. 200 400 600 800 /VNCFSPGTVDDFTTJWFTUBUFTJOUIFNPEFM. 1000. 'JHVS F 5JNF JO NT UP CVJME UIF JOTUBODFT BT B GVODUJPO PG UIF OVNCFS PG TVDDFTTJWF TUBUFT JO UIF NPEFM. USBOTJUJPOT BSF FBDI CBTFE PO B EJffFSFOU USBDF FWFOU ThFTF SFTVMUT JMMVTUSBUF UIBU UIF OVNCFS PG USBOTJUJPOT CFUXFFO UXP FWFOUT EPFT OPU JNQBDU UIF UJNF JU UBLFT UP CVJME UIF JOTUBODFT 'JOBMMZ XF TUVEJFE UIF DPOTUSBJOUT TDBMBCJMJUZ CZ GJYJ H UIF OVNCFS PG TUBUFT BOE USBOTJUJPOT BOE CZ WBSZJOH UIF OVNCFS PG DPOTUSBJOUT PO UIBU USBOTJUJPO 8F SFQFBUFE UIBU UFTU GPS UIF UISFF EiffFSFOU DBUFHPSJFT PG DPOTUSBJOUT BOE GPS B DBTF VTJOH POF DPOTUSBJOU PG FBDI DBUFHPSZ 'JHVSF TIPXT UIF SFTVMUT PG UIPTF UFTUT 8F DBO PCTFSWF UIBU JO FBDI DBTF UIF UJNF JT MJOFBSMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF OVNCFS PG DPOTUSBJOUT JOWPMWFE "MM UIPTF UFTUT BMMPX VT UP WBMJEBUF UIBU PVS BQQSPBDI FYFDVUFT JO UJNF MJOFBSMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF USBDF MFOHUI BOE NPEFM TJ[F *U XJMM UIVT UBLF NPSF UJNF UP BOBMZ[F B CJHHFS USBDF BT JU XJMM CF MPOHFS UP GPMMPX BOE DIFDL B NPEFM XJUI NPSF OPEFT BOE DPOTUSBJOUT. 6. Conclusion and Future Work 8F IBWF QSFTFOUFE PVS BQQSPBDI GPS BQQMJDBUJPO NPEFMJOH VTJOH NPEFMCBTFE DPOTUSBJOUT BOE LFSOFM BOE VTFSTQBDF. 200 400 600 800 /VNCFSPGUSBOTJUJPOTCFUXFFOUXPTUBUFT. 1000. . . 0. 'JHVS F 5JNF JO NT UP CVJME UIF JOTUBODFT BT B GVODUJPO PG UIF OVNCFS PG USBOTJUJPOT CFUXFFO UXP TUBUFT. *OTUBODFTCVJMEBOE DPOTUSBJOUTWFSJGJD UJPOUJNF T. 'JHVSF 5JNF JO T UP CVJME UIF TUBUF TZTUFN BT B GVODUJPO PG UIF OVNCFS PG LFSOFM FWFOUT ThF MJOF SFQSFTFOUT B MJOFBS SFHSFTTJPO PG UIF EBUB. . 0. 200. 400. 600 n. 800. 1000. 1200. 8JUI n EFBEMJOFDPOTUSBJOUT 8JUI n QSFFNQUJPODPOTUSBJOUT 8JUI n $16VTBHFDPOTUSBJOUT 8JUI n PGUIFBCPWFUISFFDPOTUSBJOUT. 'JHVS F 5JNF JO T UP CVJME UIF JOTUBODFT BOE DIFDL UIFJS DPOTUSBJOUT BT B GVODUJPO PG UIF OVNCFS BOE DBUFHPSJFT PG DPOTUSBJOUT CFUXFFO UXP TUBUFT. USBDFT UP BVUPNBUJDBMMZ EFUFDU VOXBOUFE CFIBWJPS JO SFBM UJNF BOE NVMUJDPSF BQQMJDBUJPOT 8F QSFTFOUFE IPX PVS NPEFMT VTF USBDFQPJOUT UP GPMMPX UIF BQQMJDBUJPO XPSLGM X 8F UIFO QSPQPTFE TPNF DPOTUSBJOUT VTJOH VTFSTQBDF BOE LFSOFM USBDFT JOGPSNBUJPO UP WBMJEBUF BQQMJDBUJPO CFIBWJPS 8F EFUBJMFE NVMUJQMF DBTFT XIFSF USBDJOH IBT CFFO IFMQGVM UP JEFOUJGZ BO VOFYQFDUFE CFIBWJPS BOE FYQMBJOFE IPX PVS NPEFM BQQSPBDI DPVME IBWF TBWFE UJNF CZ BVUPNBUJDBMMZ JEFOUJGZJOH UIPTF CFIBWJPST 'JOBMMZ XF QSFTFOUFE UIF SFTVMUT QSPEVDFE CZ PVS BQQSPBDI BOE UIF BTTPDJBUFE FYFDVUJPO UJNF BT XFMM BT JUT TDBMBCJMJUZ SFMBUJWF UP USBDF MFOHUI BOE NPEFM DPNQMFYJUZ 8F CFMJFWF UIBU VTJOH NPEFMCBTFE DPOTUSBJOUT PO UPQ PG VTFSTQBDF BOE LFSOFM USBDFT IBT B HSFBU QPUFOUJBM UP BVUPNBUF QFSGPSNBODF BOBMZTJT BOE QSPCMFN EFUFDUJPO 8F JOUFOE UP QVSTVF PVS XPSL UP VTF NPEFMCBTFE DPOTUSBJOUT OPU POMZ UP EFUFDU QSPCMFNT CVU BMTP UP JEFOUJGZ UIFJS SPPU DBVTF 8F DPVME BMTP VTF UIJT JOGPSNBUJPO UP BMMPX PVS BQQSPBDI UP QSPQPTF TJNQMF TPMVUJPOT UP DPNNPO SFBMUJNF BOE NVMUJDPSF.

(18) 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH QSPCMFNT TVDI BT SBJTJOH UIF QSJPSJUZ PG B QSPDFTT JG JU XBT QSFFNQUFE CVU TIPVME OPU IBWF CFFO. Disclosure 5IJ XPSL SFQSFTFOUT UIF WJFXT PG UIF BVUIPST BOE EPFT OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ SFQSFTFOU UIF WJFX PG 1PMZUFDIOJRVF .POUSFBM -JOVY JT B SFHJTUFSFE USBEFNBSL PG -JOVT 5PSWBMET 0UIFS DPNQBOZ QSPEVDU BOE TFSWJDF OBNFT NBZ CF USBEFNBSLT PS TFSWJDF NBSLT PG PUIFST. Competing Interests ThF BVUIPST EFDMBSF UIBU UIFZ IBWF OP DPNQFUJOH JOUFSFTUT. Acknowledgments ThF BVUIPST BSF HSBUFGVM UP .BUIJFV $~PU}F %BWJE $PVUVSJFS 'SBOD PJT %PSBZ 'SBODJT (JSBMEFBV BOE 'BCJFO 3FVNPOU -PDLF GPS UIF DBTFT TUVEJFE JO UIJT QBQFS ThJT SFTFBSDI JT TVQQPSUFE CZ 01"-35 $"& UIF /BUVSBM 4DJFODFT BOE &OHJOFFSJOH 3FTFBSDI $PVODJM PG $BOBEB /4&3$ BOE UIF $POTPSUJVN GPS 3FTFBSDI BOE *OOPWBUJPO JO "FSPTQBDF JO 2V}FCFD $3*"2 . References <> - "DFUP " #VSHVFOP BOE , ( -BSTFO i.PEFM DIFDLJOH WJB SFBDIBCJMJUZ UFTUJOH GPS UJNFE BVUPNBUB w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF UI *OUFSOBUJPOBM 8PSLTIPQ PO 5PPMT BOE "MHPSJUINT GPS UIF $POTUSVDUJPO BOE "OBMZTJT PG 4ZTUFNT -JTCPO 1PSUVHBM .BSDI # 4UFffFO &E WPM PG -FDUVSF /PUFT JO $PNQVUFS 4DJFODF QQ o (VMCFOLJBO 'PVOEBUJPO <> ' 3FVNPOU-PDLF .}FUIPEFT FGGJDBD EF QBSBMM}FMJTBUJPO EF } MBOBMZTF EF USBDFT OPZBV <.4 UIFTJT> &DPMF 1PMZUFDIOJRVF EF .POUS}FBM 2V}FCFD $BOBEB <> % $PVUVSJFS BOE . 3 %BHFOBJT i-55OH $-645 B TZTUFN XJEF VOJGJF $16 BOE (16 USBDJOH UPPM GPS 0QFO$- BQQMJDB UJPOT w "EWBODFT JO 4PftXBSF &OHJOFFSJOH WPM "SUJDMF *% QBHFT <> # #SBOEFOCVSH BOE + "OEFSTPO i'FBUIFSUSBDF B MJHIUXFJHIU FWFOU USBDJOH UPPMLJU w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF ThJSE *OUFSOBUJPOBM 8PSLTIPQ PO 0QFSBUJOH 4ZTUFNT 1MBUGPSNT GPS &NCFEEFE 3FBM 5JNF "QQMJDBUJPOT QQ o +VMZ <> # 1 .JMMFS . % $BMMBHIBO + . $BSHJMMF FU BM iThF QBSBEZO QBSBMMFM QFSGPSNBODF NFBTVSFNFOU UPPM w $PNQVUFS WPM OP QQ o <> 3 8JTNVMMFS . #VCBL 8 'VOJLB BOE # #BMJ}T i" QFSGPS NBODF BOBMZTJT UPPM GPS JOUFSBDUJWF BQQMJDBUJPOT PO UIF HSJE w *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG )JHI 1FSGPSNBODF $PNQVUJOH "QQMJDB UJPOT WPM OP QQ o <> " 3 #FSOBU BOE # 1 .JMMFS i"OZXIFSF BOZUJNF CJOBSZ JOTUSVNFOUBUJPO w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF UI "$. 4*(1-"/ 4*(40'5 8PSLTIPQ PO 1SPHSBN "OBMZTJT GPS 4PftXBSF 5PPMT BOE &OHJOFFSJOH 1"45& QQ o 4[FHFE )VOHBSZ 4FQUFNCFS <> + &EHF 1FSGDPVOUFST "EEFE UP UIF .BJOMJOF IUUQMXOOFU "SUJDMFT. <> . %FTOPZFST " /FX 6OJfiFE -PDLMFTT 3JOH #VffFS -JCSBSZ GPS &ffiDJFOU ,FSOFM 5SBDJOH IUUQXXXFGGJDJPT NQVC MJOVYDPOUSBDJOHTVNNJUQSFTFOUBUJPOMJOVYDPOUSBDJOH NJOJTVNNJUQEG <> + &EHF " -PPL BU 'USBDF IUUQMXOOFU"SUJDMFT <> 4 3PTUFEU 'USBDF'VODUJPO 5SBDFS IUUQTXXXLFSOFM PSHEPD%PDVNFOUBUJPOUrace/ftSBDFUYU <> 'USBDF OPX BOE UIFO IUUQQFPQMFSFEIBUDPNTSPTUFEU USBDFDNEMJOVYDPOPEQ <> ' $ &JHMFS i1SPCMFN TPMWJOH XJUI TZTUFNUBQ w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF -JOVY 4ZNQPTJVN WPM QQ o 0UUBXB $BOBEB +VMZ <> 3 ,SJTIOBLVNBS i,FSOFM LPSOFS LQSPCFTB LFSOFM EFCVHHFS w -JOVY +PVSOBM WPM OP Q <> . %FTOPZFST $PNNPO 5SBDF 'PSNBU $5' 4QFDifiDBUJPOT IUUQHJUFGGJDJPT N QDUGHJUBCMPC QMBJOGDPNNPO USBDFGPSNBUTQFDJGJD UJPOUYU <> 1 & .D,FOOFZ BOE + 8BMQPMF i*OUSPEVDJOH UFDIOPMPHZ JOUP UIF -JOVY LFSOFM B DBTF TUVEZ w "$. 4*(014 0QFSBUJOH 4ZTUFNT 3FWJFX WPM OP QQ o <> . %FTOPZFST 1 & .D,FOOFZ " 4 4UFSO . 3 %BHFOBJT BOE + 8BMQPMF i6TFSMFWFM JNQMFNFOUBUJPOT PG SFBEDPQZ VQEBUF w *&&& 5SBOTBDUJPOT PO 1BSBMMFM BOE %JTUSJCVUFE 4ZTUFNT WPM OP QQ o <> 3 #FBNPOUF 5SBD BHF EF TZTU|FNFT MJOVY NVMUJDPFVST FO UFNQT } S}FFM <.4 UIFTJT> &DPMF 1PMZUFDIOJRVF EF .POUS}FBM .POUSFBM $BOBEB <> 4 " &[VTU 5BOHP UIF USBDF BOBMZTJT HFOFSBUPS <.4 UIFTJT> .D(JMM 6OJWFSTJUZ .POUSFBM $BOBEB <> 4 " &[VTU BOE ( 7 #PDINBOO i"O BVUPNBUJD USBDF BOBMZTJT UPPM HFOFSBUPS GPS FTUFMMF TQFDJGJD UJPOT w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF "$. 4*($0.. $POGFSFODF QQ o $BNCSJEHF .BTT 64" <> 9 $IFO ) )TJFI ' #BMBSJO BOE : 8BUBOBCF i-PHJD PG DPO TUSBJOUT B RVBOUJUBUJWF QFSGPSNBODF BOE GVODUJPOBM DPOTUSBJOU GPSNBMJTN w *&&& 5SBOTBDUJPOT PO $PNQVUFS"JEFE %FTJHO PG *OUFHSBUFE $JSDVJUT BOE 4ZTUFNT WPM OP QQ o } <> . (FJNFS ' 8PMG # + / 8ZMJF & "CSBI} BN % #FDLFS BOE # .PIS iThF TDBMBTDB QFSGPSNBODF UPPMTFU BSDIJUFDUVSF w $PODVSSFODZ $PNQVUBUJPO 1SBDUJDF &YQFSJFODF WPM OP QQ o <> 5 . 1FJSJT BOE + ) )JMM i"EBQUJOH TZTUFN FYFDVUJPO USBDFT GPS WBMJEBUJPO PG EJTUSJCVUFE TZTUFN 2P4 QSPQFS UJFT w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF UI *OUFSOBUJPOBM 4ZNQPTJVN PO 0CKFDU$PNQPOFOU4FSWJDF0SJFOUFE 3FBM5JNF %JTUSJCVUFE $PNQVUJOH *403$ QQ o *&&& (VBOHEPOH $IJOB "QSJM <> + ) )JMM ) " 5VSOFS + 3 &ENPOETPO BOE % $ 4DINJEU i6OJU UFTUJOH OPOGVODUJPOBM DPODFSOT PG DPNQPOFOUCBTFE EJTUSJCVUFE TZTUFNT w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF OE *OUFSOBUJPOBM $POGFSFODF PO 4PGUX SF 5FTUJOH 7FSJfiDBUJPO BOE 7BMJEBUJPO *$45 QQ o %FOWFS $PMP 64" "QSJM <> 5SBDF $PNQBTT IUUQTQSPKFDUTFDMJQTFPSHQSPQPTBMTUSBDFDPN QBTT <> ' 3BKPUUF BOE . 3 %BHFOBJT i3FBMUJNF MJOVY BOBMZTJT VTJOH MPXJNQBDU USBDFS w "EWBODFT JO $PNQVUFS &OHJOFFSJOH WPM "SUJDMF *% QBHFT <> ' (JSBMEFBV "OBMZTF EF QFSGPSNBODF EF TZTU|FNFT EJTUSJCV}FT FU } I}FU}FSPH|FOFT B| MBJEF EF USBD BHF OPZBV <1I% EJTTFSUBUJPO> &DPMF 1PMZUFDIOJRVF EF .POUS}FBM .POUSFBM $BOBEB .

(19) <> ( .BUOJ BOE . %BHFOBJT i"VUPNBUBCBTFE BQQSPBDI GPS LFSOFM USBDF BOBMZTJT w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF $BOBEJBO $POGFSFODF PO &MFDUSJDBM BOE $PNQVUFS &OHJOFFSJOH $$&$& QQ o .BZ <> 3 . :PP " 3PNBOP BOE $ ,P[ZSBLJT i1IPFOJY SFCJSUI TDBMBCMF NBQSFEVDF PO B MBSHFTDBMF TIBSFENFNPSZ TZTUFN w JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF *&&& *OUFSOBUJPOBM 4ZNQPTJVN PO 8PSLMPBE $IBSBDUFSJ[BUJPO **48$ QQ o "VTUJO 5FY 64" 0DUPCFS . 4DJFOUJGJ 1SPHSBNNJOH.