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BIM-based Mixed Reality Application for Supervision of Construction

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Science Arts & Métiers (SAM)

is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers Institute of

Technology researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible.

This is an author-deposited version published in:

https://sam.ensam.eu

Handle ID: .

http://hdl.handle.net/10985/17238

To cite this version :

Pierre RAIMBAUD, Ruding LOU, Frédéric MERIENNE, Florence DANGLADE, Pablo FIGUEROA,

Jose Tiberio HERNANDEZ - BIM-based Mixed Reality Application for Supervision of Construction

In: 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Japon, 20190323

-IEEE Virtual Reality (VR) - 2019

Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository

Administrator :

archiveouverte@ensam.eu

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