• Aucun résultat trouvé

Identification of the Acquisition System in Medical Images by Noise Analysis

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Identification of the Acquisition System in Medical Images by Noise Analysis"

Copied!
137
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: tel-02124516

https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/tel-02124516

Submitted on 9 May 2019

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Identification of the Acquisition System in Medical

Images by Noise Analysis

Anas Kharboutly

To cite this version:

Anas Kharboutly. Identification of the Acquisition System in Medical Images by Noise Analysis. Graphics [cs.GR]. Université de Montpellier, 2016. English. �tel-02124516�

(2)
(3)
(4)

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥+,

❲❤❡♥ ♥❡✇ ❞❛②( ❜❡❣✐♥✱ -.② -♦ (♠✐❧❡ ❣.❛-❡❢✉❧❧②✳ ❲❤❡♥ (♦♠❡-❤✐♥❣ (❡❡♠( ❞✐✣❝✉❧-✱ ❜❡ (✉.❡ -❤❛- ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❞♦ ✐- ❛♥②✇❛②✦ ❊✈❡♥ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❢❡❡❧ -✐.❡❞✱ ❥✉(- ❦❡❡♣ ❣♦✐♥❣✦ ❚.② -♦ ❜❡ -❤❡ ❜❡(- ②♦✉ ❝❛♥✳✳ ❆- ❛❧❧ -✐♠❡(✱ ❉❛.❡ -♦ ❜❡✦ ❋✐.(-❧②✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ -♦ ❡①♣.❡(( ♠② ❞❡❡♣❡(- ❛♣♣.❡❝✐❛-✐♦♥ -♦ ♠② (✉♣❡.✈✐(♦. C.♦❢✳ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ %❯❊❈❍✱ ❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ■❈❆❘ ✭■♠❛❣❡ ✫ ■♥-❡.❛❝-✐♦♥✮ ♣.♦❥❡❝-✱ ❢♦. -❤❡ ❝♦♥-✐♥✉♦✉( (✉♣♣♦.- ❞✉.✐♥❣ ♠② C❤✳❉ (-✉❞✐❡(✱ ❢♦. ❤✐( ♣❛-✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♠❡♥(❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❍✐( ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❤❡❧♣❡❞ ♠❡ -❤.♦✉❣❤ ♠② .❡(❡❛.❝❤✳ ■ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦- ❤❛✈❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡❞ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❡--❡. ❛❞✈✐(♦. ❛♥❞ ♠❡♥-♦. ❢♦. ♠② C❤✳❉ (-✉❞✐❡(✳ ■ ♦✇❡ ❛ ❞❡❡♣ (❡♥(❡ ♦❢ ❣.❛-✐-✉❞❡ -♦ ♠② ❝♦✲(✉♣❡.✈✐(♦. ❉.✳ ●+,❛,❞ ❙❯❇❙❖▲✳ ❍✐( ♣.♦♠♣- ✐♥(♣✐.❛-✐♦♥(✱ -✐♠❡❧② (✉❣❣❡(-✐♦♥(✱ ❡♥-❤✉(✐❛(♠ ❛♥❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐(♠ ❤❛✈❡ ❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ♠❡ -♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡-❡ ♠② -❤❡(✐(✳ ▼② (✐♥❝❡.❡ -❤❛♥❦( ❣♦ -♦ ♠② C❤❉ .❡✈✐❡✇❡.( C.♦❢✳ ❆❧❡44❛♥❞,♦ %■❱❆ ❛♥❞ ❉.✳ ❑❤❛❧✐❢❛ ❉❏❊▼❆▲✱ ✇❤♦ ❛❝❝❡♣-❡❞ -♦ .❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛-❡ ♠② .❡(❡❛.❝❤ ✇♦.❦✳ ❨♦✉. .❡♠❛.❦( ❛♥❞ (✉❣❣❡(-✐♦♥( ❤❛✈❡ ❤❡❧♣❡❞ ♠❡ -♦ ✐♠♣.♦✈❡ -❤❡ M✉❛❧✐-② ♦❢ ♠② ♠❛♥✉(❝.✐♣-✳ ▼② (✐♥❝❡.❡ -❤❛♥❦( ❛❧(♦ ❣♦ -♦✿ C.♦❢✳ ●♦✉❡♥♦✉ ❈❖❆❚❘■❊❯❳ ❛♥❞ C.♦❢✳ ❱✐♥❝❡♥D ❈❍❆❘❱■▲▲❆❚✱ ❢♦. ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛.- ♦❢ -❤❡ ❥✉.② ♦❢ ♠② C❤✳❉ -❤❡(✐(✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ -♦ ❡①-❡♥❞ ♠② (✐♥❝❡.❡ -❤❛♥❦( -♦ ♠② ❧❛❜✲♠❛-❡(✱ ♠② ✇♦.❦ ❢❛♠✐❧②✿ ■❈❆❘ ❚❡❛♠✳ ❋♦. ❛❧❧ -❤❡ (♣❧❡♥❞✐❞ ♠♦♠❡♥-( ✇❡ (♣❡♥- -♦❣❡-❤❡. ✐♥ -❤❡ ❞✐✛❡.❡♥-❛❝-✐✈✐-✐❡( ✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♦✉- ♦❢ -❤❡ ✇♦.❦ ❝♦♥-❡①-✳ ❆ (♣❡❝✐❛❧ -❤❛♥❦( ❢♦. ■▼❆■❖❙ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ❡(♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❉.✳ ❉❡♥✐4 ❍❖❆✱ ❢♦. ❛❧❧ -❤❡ ❛❝M✉✐(✐-✐♦♥( -❤❡② ♣.♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✉( ❞✉.✐♥❣ ♦✉. ❞✐✛❡.❡♥- .❡(❡❛.❝❤ (-❡♣(✳ ▼② ❞❡❡♣❡(- -❤❛♥❦( -♦ ♠② ♥❡✇ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐♥ ❋,❛♥❝❡✿ ♠② ❢.✐❡♥❞(✱ ❢♦. ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛.- ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♠♦♠❡♥- ✐♥ ♠② ♥❡✇ ❧✐❢❡ ❤❡.❡✳ ▼② ❞❡❡♣❡(- -❤❛♥❦( ❛❧(♦ -♦ ♠② ❢,✐❡♥❞4 ♦✉D4✐❞❡ ❋,❛♥❝❡✱ ❢♦. -❤❡✐. ✉♥❧✐♠✐-❡❞ (✉♣♣♦.-✳

(5)

✐✐ ❚❤❡ ❧❛%❣❡'( (❤❛♥❦' ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣%❡❝✐❛(✐♦♥ (♦ ♠② ♣❛%❡♥()✱ ♠② ❜%♦(❤❡%) ❛♥❞ ♠② )✐)(❡%✱ ❢♦% '✉♣♣♦%(✐♥❣ ♠❡ '♣✐%✐(✉❛❧❧② ❛❧❧ (❤❡ (✐♠❡✳ ▲❛'( ❜✉( ♥♦( (❤❡ ❧❡❛'(✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ (♦ (❤❛♥❦ ♠② ♠♦(❤❡%❧❛♥❞✿ ❙②%✐❛✱ ✇✐(❤ (❤❡ ❤♦♣❡ (❤❛( (❤❡ ✇❛% ❡♥❞' '♦♦♥✳ ❆♥❞ (♦ (❤❡ ❝♦✉♥(%② ✇❤♦ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡❞ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣%♦✈✐❞❡❞ ♠❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ =✉❛❧✐(② ♦❢ %❡'❡❛%❝❤ ❡♥✈✐%♦♥♠❡♥( (♦ ❝♦♥(✐♥✉❡ ♠② ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥('✿ ❋%❛♥❝❡✳

(6)
(7)

■❞❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❆❝-✉✐/✐$✐♦♥ ❙②/$❡♠ ✐♥ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧

■♠❛❣❡/ ❜② ◆♦✐/❡ ❆♥❛❧②/✐/

❆❜/$8❛❝$✿

▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣*♦❝❡,,✐♥❣ ❛✐♠, .♦ ❤❡❧♣ .❤❡ ❞♦❝.♦*, .♦ ✐♠♣*♦✈❡ .❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♥♦,✐, ♣*♦❝❡,,✳ ❈♦♠♣✉.❡❞ ❚♦♠♦❣*❛♣❤② ✭❈❚✮ ❙❝❛♥♥❡* ✐, ❛ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✉,❡❞ .♦ ❝*❡❛.❡ ❝*♦,,✲,❡❝.✐♦♥❛❧ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡, ♦❢ ❛♥② ♣❛*. ♦❢ .❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞②✳ ❚♦❞❛②✱ ✐. ✐, ✈❡*② ✐♠♣♦*.❛♥. .♦ ,❡❝✉*❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡, ❞✉*✐♥❣ .❤❡✐* .*❛♥,♠✐,,✐♦♥✱ ,.♦*❛❣❡✱ ✈✐,✉❛❧✐③❛.✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ,❤❛*✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ ,❡✈❡*❛❧ ❞♦❝.♦*,✳ ❋♦* ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐♥ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❢♦*❡♥,✐❝,✱ ❛ ❝✉**❡♥. ♣*♦❜❧❡♠ ❝♦♥,✐,., ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ .♦ ✐❞❡♥.✐❢② ❛♥ ❛❝B✉✐,✐.✐♦♥ ,②,.❡♠ ❢*♦♠ ♦♥❧② ❞✐❣✐.❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡,✳ ■♥ .❤✐, .❤❡,✐,✱ ✇❡ ♣*❡,❡♥. ♦♥❡ ♦❢ .❤❡ ✜*,. ❛♥❛❧②,✐, ♦❢ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡* ✐❞❡♥.✐✜❝❛.✐♦♥ ♣*♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❖✉* ✇♦*❦ ✐, ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ .❤❡ ❝❛♠❡*❛ ✐❞❡♥.✐✜❝❛.✐♦♥ ♠❡.❤♦❞, .♦ ♣*♦♣♦,❡ ❛ ,♦❧✉.✐♦♥ ❢♦* ,✉❝❤ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♣*♦❜❧❡♠✳ ■. ✐, ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ❡①.*❛❝.✐♥❣ ❛ ,❡♥,♦* ♥♦✐,❡ ✜♥❣❡*♣*✐♥. ♦❢ .❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡* ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝.✐✈❡ .❤❡♥ ✐, .♦ ❞❡.❡❝. ✐., ♣*❡,❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛♥② ♥❡✇ .❡,.❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❚♦ ❡①.*❛❝. .❤❡ ♥♦✐,❡✱ ✇❡ ✉,❡❞ ❛ ✇❛✈❡❧❡.✲❜❛,❡❞ ❲✐❡♥❡* ❞❡♥♦✐,✐♥❣ ✜❧.❡*✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ .❤❡ ♣*♦♣❡*.✐❡, ♦❢ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡, .♦ ♣*♦♣♦,❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ,♦❧✉.✐♦♥, ❢♦* ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡* ✐❞❡♥.✐✜❝❛.✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡,❡ ,♦❧✉.✐♦♥, ❛*❡ ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥❝❡♣.✐♦♥, ✐♥ .❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✜♥❣❡*♣*✐♥. .❤❛. ❛*❡ .❤❡ .❤*❡❡ ❞✐♠❡♥,✐♦♥ ✜♥❣❡*♣*✐♥. ❛♥❞ .❤❡ .❤*❡❡ ❧❛②❡* ♦♥❡✳ ❚♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛.❡ ♦✉* ✇♦*❦✱ ✇❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♦✉* ❡①♣❡*✐♠❡♥., ♦♥ ♠✉❧.✐♣❧❡ *❡❛❧ ❞❛.❛ ✐♠❛❣❡, ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥. ❈❚✲ ❙❝❛♥♥❡* ❞❡✈✐❝❡,✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♦✉* ♠❡.❤♦❞, ♣*♦✈❡❞ .♦ ❜❡ *♦❜✉,. ❜❡,✐❞❡ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❤✐❣❤ ✐❞❡♥.✐✜❝❛.✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉*❛❝②✳ ❲❡ ✇❡*❡ ❛❜❧❡ .♦ ✐❞❡♥.✐❢② .❤❡ ❛❝B✉✐,✐.✐♦♥ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡* ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, .❤❡ ❛❝B✉✐,✐.✐♦♥ ❛①✐,✳

❑❡②✇♦8❞/✿

▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❢♦*❡♥,✐❝,✱ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✐❞❡♥.✐✜❝❛.✐♦♥✱ ,❡♥,♦* ♥♦✐,❡✱ ❞❡♥♦✐,❡ ✜❧.❡*✐♥❣✱ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✜♥❣❡*♣*✐♥.✳

(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ ✶ ✶✳✶ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♦✈❡/✈✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ 2/♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇♦/❦ ♠♦5✐✈❛5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥5/✐❜✉5✐♦♥9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❚❤❡9✐9 ♦/❣❛♥✐③❛5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ #♦ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡$ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✼ ✷✳✶ ■♥5/♦❞✉❝5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ❈❚ ❛❝@✉✐9✐5✐♦♥ ❝❤❛✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸ ❍♦✇ 5❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡/ ✇♦/❦9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ❉■❈❖▼ ❋♦/♠❛5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✺ 2/♦❜❧❡♠❛5✐❝❛❧ ♦/✐❡♥5❛5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸ ❉✐❣✐#❛❧ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ■❞❡♥#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ✷✶ ✸✳✶ ■♥5/♦❞✉❝5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷ ◆♦✐9❡ ❛♥❛❧②9✐9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❙❡♥9♦/ 2❛55❡/♥ ◆♦✐9❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ 2❘◆❯✲❜❛9❡❞ ✐❞❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ♠❡5❤♦❞9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷✳✸ ■♠♣/♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ 2❘◆❯ ✐❞❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ♠❡5❤♦❞9 ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❖5❤❡/ 2❘◆❯ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛5✐♦♥9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✸ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✐❞❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉9✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡$ ✐❞❡♥#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ❜❛;❡❞ ♦♥ ;❡♥;♦$ ♥♦✐;❡ ❛♥❛❧②;✐; ✸✾ ✹✳✶ ■♥5/♦❞✉❝5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷ ■❞❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ❜❛9❡❞ ♦♥ 9❡♥9♦/ ♥♦✐9❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡/ ♥♦✐9❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

(12)

① ❈♦♥$❡♥$& ✹✳✷✳✷ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡3 3❡❢❡3❡♥❝❡ ♣❛**❡3♥ ♥♦✐7❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❉❡❝✐7✐♦♥ ❜② ❝♦33❡❧❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❊①♣❡3✐♠❡♥*❛❧ 3❡7✉❧*7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✸ ■♠♣3♦✈✐♥❣ 7❡♥7♦3 ♥♦✐7❡ ❛♥❛❧②7✐7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✸✳✶ ◆♦✐7❡ ❡①*3❛❝*✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦33❡❝*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❆77♦❝✐❛*✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦33❡❧❛*✐♦♥ ♠❛♣ *♦ *❤❡ ❘F◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❉❡❝✐7✐♦♥ ❜② ❝♦33❡❧❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❊①♣❡3✐♠❡♥*❛❧ 3❡7✉❧*7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹ ❉❡♥♦✐7✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦3✐*❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉7✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺ ◆❡✇ ❉✐,❡❝$✐♦♥& ❢♦, ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡, ■❞❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ✻✼ ✺✳✶ ■♥*3♦❞✉❝*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷ ❊①*❡♥❞✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❘F◆ *♦ *❤❡ ❞✐✛❡3❡♥* ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛①❡7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❉✐♠❡♥7✐♦♥ ✐❞❡♥*✐✜❡3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷✳✷ ■❞❡♥*✐✜❝❛*✐♦♥ ❜② ❝♦33❡❧❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❊①♣❡3✐♠❡♥*❛❧ 3❡7✉❧*7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✸ ❯7✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❘F◆ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡3❡♥* ✐♥*❡♥7✐*② ❧❛②❡37 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❙❡♣❛3❛*✐♦♥ ✐♥*♦ ❧❛②❡37 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✸✳✷ ◆♦✐7❡ ❡①*3❛❝*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❘❡❢❡3❡♥❝❡ F❛**❡3♥ ◆♦✐7❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺✳✸✳✹ ■❞❡♥*✐✜❝❛*✐♦♥ ❝3✐*❡3✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✸✳✺ ❊①♣❡3✐♠❡♥*❛❧ 3❡7✉❧*7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉7✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❡*❤♦❞7 ❝♦♠♣❛3✐7♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉&✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❡,&♣❡❝$✐✈❡& ✾✺ ✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉7✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✷ F❡37♣❡❝*✐✈❡7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✼ ❘>&✉♠> ❡♥ ❢,❛♥@❛✐& ✾✾

(13)

❈♦♥#❡♥#% ①✐

✽ ▲✐%# ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥% ✶✵✶

(14)
(15)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"

✷✳✶ ❘❛❞✐♦❣)❛♣❤② ✐♠❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ▼❘■ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ❯❧6)❛7♦✉♥❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ◆✉❝❧❡❛) ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✺ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡) ✐♠❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✻ ■♠❛❣❡ ❛❝C✉✐7✐6✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ )❡❝♦♥76)✉❝6✐♦♥ ❬❙❡❡)❛♠ ✷✵✶✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✼ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡) ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ 7②76❡♠ ❬❙❡❡)❛♠ ✷✵✶✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✽ ✭❆✮▼✉❧6✐✲❞❡6❡❝6♦) 7②76❡♠✳ ✭❇✮ ▼✉❧6✐✲7❧✐❝❡ ❈❚ ❬❙❡❡)❛♠ ✷✵✶✺❪✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✾ ❘❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❍♦✉♥7✜❡❧❞ 7❝❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✵ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❢)♦♠ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❝)❛♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✶ ❙❡♥7♦) P❛66❡)♥ ◆♦✐7❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ ❉✐❣✐6❛❧ ❝❛♠❡)❛ ✐❞❡♥6✐✜❝❛6✐♦♥ ❬P✐✈❛ ✷✵✶✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✸ ◆♦✐7❡ ❛)6✐❢❛❝67✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹ ❉✐❣✐6❛❧ ✢❛6❜❡❞ 7❝❛♥♥❡)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✺ ❈❚ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ )❡❝♦♥76)✉❝6✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦)✐6❤♠ ❢♦♦6♣)✐♥6 ❡①6)❛❝6✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✶ ■❞❡♥6✐✜❝❛6✐♦♥ ♠❡6❤♦❞ ♦✈❡)✈✐❡✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷ ❛✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦)✐❣✐♥❛❧ 7❧✐❝❡ ✭✺✶✷①✺✶✷✮ ♦❢ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♣❤❛♥6♦♠ ❢)♦♠ ❙✐❡♠❡♥7 ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ ❜✮ ■67 ❞❡♥♦✐7❡❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥6✱ ❝✮ ■67 ♥♦✐7❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥6✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✸ ❙✐❡♠❡♥7 ✶✿ 6❤)❡❡ 7❧✐❝❡7 ♦❢ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤❛♥6♦♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✹ ❙✐❡♠❡♥7 ✷✿ 6❤)❡❡ 7❧✐❝❡7 ♦❢ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤❛♥6♦♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✺ ●❡♥❡)❛❧ ❊❧❡❝6)✐❝✿ 6❤)❡❡ 7❧✐❝❡7 ♦❢ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡❛❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✻ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ 6❤❡ )❡❢❡)❡♥❝❡ ♣❛66❡)♥ ♥♦✐7❡ ❢)♦♠✿ ❛✮ 6❤❡ ●❡♥❡)❛❧ ❊❧❡❝6)✐❝✱ ❜✮ ❚❤❡ ✜)76 ❙✐❡♠❡♥7 ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ ❝✮ ❚❤❡ 7❡❝♦♥❞ ❙✐❡♠❡♥7 ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

(16)

①✐✈ ▲✐$% ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉+❡$ ✹✳✼ ❈♦%%❡❧❛)✐♦♥, ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ )❤❡ )❡,)❡❞ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ❙✐❡♠❡♥, ✶ ❛♥❞ )❤❡ %❡❢❡%❡♥❝❡ ♥♦✐,❡ ♣❛))❡%♥ %❡❣❛%❞✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✽ ❈♦%%❡❧❛)✐♦♥, ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ )❤❡ )❡,)❡❞ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ❙✐❡♠❡♥, ✷ ❛♥❞ )❤❡ %❡❢❡%❡♥❝❡ ♥♦✐,❡ ♣❛))❡%♥ %❡❣❛%❞✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✾ ❈♦%%❡❧❛)✐♦♥, ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ )❤❡ )❡,)❡❞ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ●❡♥❡%❛❧ ❊❧❡❝)%✐❝ ❛♥❞ )❤❡ %❡❢❡%❡♥❝❡ ♥♦✐,❡ ♣❛))❡%♥ %❡❣❛%❞✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶✵ ✭❛✮ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❢%♦♠ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡❛❞ ❢%♦♠ ●❊✱ ✭❜✮ ■), ♥♦✐,❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✶ ■♠♣%♦✈❡❞ ✐❞❡♥)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥ ♠❡)❤♦❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✷ ❛✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ,❧✐❝❡ ❢%♦♠ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡% ❢%♦♠ ❙✐❡♠❡♥,✱ ❜✮ ■), ♥♦✐,❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥)✱ ❝✮ ■), ♥♦✐,❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥) ✇✐)❤♦✉) ❡❞❣❡,✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✸ ❙✐❡♠❡♥, ✶✿ )❤%❡❡ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤❛♥)♦♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✹ ❙✐❡♠❡♥, ✷✿ )❤%❡❡ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤❛♥)♦♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✺ ●❡♥❡%❛❧ ❊❧❡❝)%✐❝✿ )❤%❡❡ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤❛♥)♦♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✻ ❚❤❡ %❡❢❡%❡♥❝❡ ♣❛))❡%♥ ♥♦✐,❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✼ ❚❤❡ ❝♦%%❡❧❛)✐♦♥ ♠❛♣ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✽ ❚❤❡ )❤%❡❡ ❘N◆, ❛❝❝♦%❞✐♥❣ )♦ ❡P✉❛)✐♦♥✳ ✭✺✳✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✾ ❈♦%%❡❧❛)✐♦♥ ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ✶✵✵✵ )❡,)❡❞ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ❙✐❡♠❡♥, ✶ ❛♥❞ )❤❡ ❘N◆ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✷✵ ❈♦%%❡❧❛)✐♦♥ ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ✶✵✵✵ )❡,)❡❞ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ❙✐❡♠❡♥, ✷ ❛♥❞ )❤❡ ❘N◆ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✷✶ ❈♦%%❡❧❛)✐♦♥ ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ✶✵✵✵ )❡,)❡❞ ,❧✐❝❡, ♦❢ ●❊ ❛♥❞ )❤❡ ❘N◆ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✶ ◆♦✐,❡ ❢♦%♠ ❛, ❛ ❢✉♥❝)✐♦♥ ♦❢ )❤❡ ❞✐%❡❝)✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①❡,✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡% ✐❞❡♥)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥ ♠❡)❤♦❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✸ ■❞❡♥)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥ ♠❡)❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞✐%❡❝)✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐,✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✹ ❖%✐❣✐♥❛❧ ,❧✐❝❡, ❢%♦♠ ❙✐❡♠❡♥, ✶ ✭❳ ❞✐%❡❝)✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐,✱ ❨ ❞✐%❡❝)✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐,✱ ❩ ❞✐%❡❝)✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐,✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

(17)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡" ①✈ ✺✳✺ ◆♦✐%❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥+ ❢-♦♠ ❙✐❡♠❡♥% ✶ ✭❳ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✱ ❨ ❞✐-❡❝✲ +✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✱ ❩ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✻ ❊❞❣❡ ♠❛%❦ ❢-♦♠ ❙✐❡♠❡♥% ✶ ✭❳ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✱ ❨ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✱ ❩ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✼ @✉-❡ ♥♦✐%❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥+ ✇✐+❤♦✉+ +-❛❝❡% ❢-♦♠ ❙✐❡♠❡♥% ✶ ✭❳ ❞✐-❡❝✲ +✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✱ ❨ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✱ ❩ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✽ ❘@◆ ♦❢ ❙✐❡♠❡♥% ✶ ✭❳ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐% ✱ ❨ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✱ ❩ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✾ ❚❤❡ ❝♦--❡❧❛+✐♦♥ ♠❛♣ ❢-♦♠ ❙✐❡♠❡♥% ✶ ✭❳ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐% ✱ ❨ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✱ ❩ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐%✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✶✵ ❈♦--❡❧❛+✐♦♥ ❜❡+✇❡❡♥ +❡%+❡❞ %❧✐❝❡% ♦❢ ✬❳✬ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐% ❢-♦♠ +❤❡ +❤-❡❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡-% ❛♥❞ +❤❡ +❤-❡❡ ❞✐♠❡♥%✐♦♥ ✐❞❡♥+✐✜❡-% ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✶✶ ❈♦--❡❧❛+✐♦♥ ❜❡+✇❡❡♥ +❡%+❡❞ %❧✐❝❡% ♦❢ ✬❨✬ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐% ❢-♦♠ +❤❡ +❤-❡❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡-% ❛♥❞ +❤❡ +❤-❡❡ ❞✐♠❡♥%✐♦♥ ✐❞❡♥+✐✜❡-% ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✶✷ ❈♦--❡❧❛+✐♦♥ ❜❡+✇❡❡♥ +❡%+❡❞ %❧✐❝❡% ♦❢ ✬❩✬ ❞✐-❡❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐% ❢-♦♠ +❤❡ +❤-❡❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡-% ❛♥❞ +❤❡ +❤-❡❡ ❞✐♠❡♥%✐♦♥ ✐❞❡♥+✐✜❡-% ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✶✸ ■❞❡♥+✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥ ♠❡+❤♦❞ ♦✈❡-✈✐❡✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✶✹ ❖-✐❣✐♥❛❧ %❧✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ✐+% +❤-❡❡ ❧❛②❡-%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✶✺ ❖-✐❣✐♥❛❧ %❧✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡❝❦ ❛♥❞ +❤❡ ♥♦✐%❡ ♦❢ ✐+% +❤-❡❡ ❧❛②❡-%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✶✻ ❘@◆% ❢-♦♠ +❤-❡❡ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥+ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡-% ❛♥❞ ✉%✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥+ ❧❛②❡-%✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✶✼ @❈❊% ♦❢ +❡%+❡❞ %❧✐❝❡% ❢-♦♠ ✸ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡-% ❛♥❞ ✸ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥+ ❧❛②❡-%✳ ✽✾

(18)
(19)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡"

✹✳✶ ❈❤❛&❛❝(❡&✐+(✐❝+ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❡①♣❡&✐♠❡♥(❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✷ ■❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉&❛❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✸ ❈❤❛&❛❝(❡&✐+(✐❝+ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❡①♣❡&✐♠❡♥(❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✹ ■❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉&❛❝②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✶ ❈❤❛&❛❝(❡&✐+(✐❝+ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❡①♣❡&✐♠❡♥(❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✷ ■❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉&❛❝②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✸ ❈❤❛&❛❝(❡&✐+(✐❝+ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❡①♣❡&✐♠❡♥(❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✹ ■❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉&❛❝② ♠❛(&✐①✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♥❢✉+✐♦♥ ✐❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉&❛❝② ♠❛(&✐①✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛&✐+♦♥ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ♠❡(❤♦❞+ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛&✐+♦♥ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ♠❡(❤♦❞+ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹

(20)
(21)

❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶

■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

✶✳✶ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♦✈❡/✈✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ 2/♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇♦/❦ ♠♦5✐✈❛5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥5/✐❜✉5✐♦♥9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❚❤❡9✐9 ♦/❣❛♥✐③❛5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

(22)

✷ ❈❤❛♣%❡' ✶✳ ■♥%'♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥

✶✳✶ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ♦✈❡/✈✐❡✇

▲❛"❡ ✐♥ "❤❡ "✇❡♥"✐❡"❤ ❝❡♥"✉*②✱ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❜❡❝♦♠❡3 "❤❡ ❝♦*♥❡*3"♦♥❡ ✐♥ "❤❡ ✇♦*❧❞ ♦❢ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ❬❉♦✐ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ■" *❡♣*❡3❡♥"3 "❤❡ "♦♦❧3 "❤❛" ❛*❡ ✉3❡❞ "♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥"❡*♥❛❧ ✈✐3✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥② ❛♥❛"♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛*" ♦❢ "❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞②✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✇❡ "❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉" ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✱ "❤❛" ❞♦❡3 ♥♦" ♠❡❛♥ "❤❡ ♣*♦❝❡33 ♦❢ "❛❦✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❤♦"♦ ❛♥❞ 3❛✈✐♥❣ ✐" ❛3 ❛ ♠❡♠♦*② ♦♥ ❛ ❤❛*❞ ❞✐3❦ ♦♥❧②✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❤❡❧♣3 ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞♦❝"♦*3 "♦ ✐♠♣*♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ 3♣❡❡❞ ✉♣ "❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♥♦3✐3 ♣*♦❝❡33 ❛3 ✇❡❧❧✳ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣*♦❝❡33✐♥❣ *❡❢❡*3 "♦ "❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ "❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡3 ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣*♦❝❡33✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞✐3❝✐♣❧✐♥❡3 ❬▼❝❆✉❧✐✛❡ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ■♥ "❤✐3 *❡❣❛*❞✱ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥" ❞❡✈✐❝❡3 ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧"✐♣❧❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐"✐❡3 ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❬❇❡✉"❡❧ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ❈♦♠♣✉"❡❞ ❚♦♠♦❣*❛♣❤② ✭❈❚✮ ✐3 ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦*"❛♥" ♠♦❞❛❧✐"② ✉3❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ■" ✇❛3 ✜*3" ♣*❡3❡♥"❡❞ ❜② ●✳ ◆✳ ❍♦✉♥3✜❡❧❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✼✵✱ ✇❤♦ ✇❛3 ❛✇❛*❞❡❞ ✇✐"❤ ❆✳ ▼✳ ❈♦*♠❛❝❦ "❤❡ ◆♦❜❡❧ P*✐③❡ ✐♥ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ❢♦* "❤❡ ✐♥♥♦✈❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉"❡❞ ❚♦♠♦❣*❛♣❤②✳ ■" ✐3 ❜❛3❡❞ ♦♥ "❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉"❡*✐③❡❞ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢ "✇♦✲ ❞✐♠❡♥3✐♦♥❛❧ ❝*♦33✲3❡❝"✐♦♥❛❧ ①✲*❛② ✐♠❛❣❡3 "♦ ♣*♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ "❤*❡❡ ❞✐♠❡♥3✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♠✲ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥"❡*♥❛❧ 3"*✉❝"✉*❡ ❢♦* ❛♥② ♣❛*" ♦❢ "❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡*✱ "❤✐3 ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ *❡✈♦❧✉"✐♦♥ *❡T✉✐*❡❞ ❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥" ✐♥ "❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ 3"♦*❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ "*❛♥3❢❡* 3♦❧✉"✐♦♥3 ❬❙❡❡*❛♠ ✷✵✶✺❪✳ ❉■❈❖▼ ✭❉✐❣✐"❛❧ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛"✐♦♥3 ✐♥ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❡✮ ✐3 ❛ 3"❛♥❞❛*❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❢♦*♠❛" ❢♦* 3"♦*✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ "*❛♥3♠✐""✐♥❣ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡3 ❬●*❛❤❛♠ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐"✐♦♥ "♦ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❝♦♥"❡♥"✱ ❉■❈❖▼ ❝♦♥"❛✐♥3 ❛ ❤❡❛❞❡* ✜❧❡ "❤❛" ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡3 ❛❧❧ "❤❡ ✐♥❢♦*♠❛"✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉" "❤❡ ♣❛"✐❡♥" ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ❛❝T✉✐3✐"✐♦♥ 3②3"❡♠✳ ▼♦*❡♦✈❡*✱ ✐" ❝♦♥"❛✐♥3 3♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♥❡"✇♦*❦✐♥❣ ♣*♦"♦❝♦❧3 "❤❛" ❡♥3✉*❡ "❤❡ ❡❛3② "*❛♥3♠✐33✐♦♥ ♦❢ "❤❡3❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡3 ❛♠♦♥❣ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥" ✉3❡*3 ❬P✐❛♥②❦❤ ✷✵✶✷❪✳

(23)

✶✳✷✳ #$♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇♦$❦ ♠♦/✐✈❛/✐♦♥ ✸

✶✳✷ #$♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇♦$❦ ♠♦/✐✈❛/✐♦♥

❙❡❝✉$✐&② ✐( ♦♥❡ ♦❢ &❤❡ ♠♦(& ✐♠♣♦$&❛♥& ❛(♣❡❝& &♦ ❝♦♥(✐❞❡$ ✇❤❡♥ ✇❡ &❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉& ❞❛&❛ ♦$ ✐♠❛❣❡ &$❛♥(♠✐((✐♦♥ ❬7❛♥ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ❆❧&❤♦✉❣❤ ✐& ❜❡❝♦♠❡( ♥♦✇❛❞❛②( &♦♦ ❡❛(② &♦ &$❛♥(♠✐& ♦$ (❤❛$❡ &❤❡ ❉■❈❖▼ ✜❧❡( ❬❇✐❞❣♦♦❞ ✶✾✾✼❪✱ ✐& ✐( ❝$✐&✐❝❛❧ &♦ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&❡ &❤❡✐$ ❝♦♥&❡♥&✳ ❉■❈❖▼ ✜❧❡( ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❡❛(✐❧②✳ ❙♦✱ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥& (❝❡♥❛$✐♦( ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐(❝✉((❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ✇❡ &❤✐♥❦ ❛❜♦✉& (❡❝✉$✐♥❣ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡(✿

✶✳ ❍❡❛❧&❤ ❛((✉$❛♥❝❡✿ ❧❡& ✉( ♣$♦♣♦(❡ &❤❛& (♦♠❡♦♥❡ ✇❛♥&( &♦ ❣♦ &♦ ❛♥ ❛((✉$✲ ❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② &♦ ♦$❞❡$ ❛ ❤❡❛❧&❤ ❛((✉$❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛((✉$❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✇✐❧❧ ❛(❦ ❤✐♠ ❛❜♦✉& ❤✐( ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ♣$♦✜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐( ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❝♦♥&❛✐♥( ❛❧❧ &❤❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛✲ &✐♦♥( ❛❜♦✉& ❤✐( ❤❡❛❧&❤ (✐&✉❛&✐♦♥✱ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❤✐(&♦$② ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❤✐( ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡(✳ ■♥ (✉❝❤ (✐&✉❛&✐♦♥✱ &✇♦ ♦♣&✐♦♥( ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥(✐❞❡$❡❞✳ ❋✐$(&✱ &❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥& ✐( ❤❡❛❧&❤②✱ (♦ ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣❛② &❤❡ ♥♦$♠❛❧ ❢❡❡( ❢♦$ &❤❡ ❛((✉$❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛♥②✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ &❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥& ❤❛( ❛ ❤❡❛❧&❤ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠✱ (♦ ❤❡ ❤❛( &♦ ♣❛② ❛❞❞✐✲ &✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❡❡( &♦ &❤❡ ❛((✉$❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ❜❡❝❛✉(❡ &❤❡ ♣$♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&② ♦❢ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ (✉$❣❡$② ✐( ❤✐❣❤✳ ■♥ &❤❡ (❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❛(❡✱ &❤❡ ♣❛&✐❡♥& ❝❛♥ &❛❦❡ ❛♥ ❛♥♦&❤❡$ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡❛❧&❤② ♣❡$(♦♥✱ &❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❞✐& ✐&( ❉■❈❖▼ ❤❡❛❞❡$ &♦ ✐♥(❡$& ❤✐( ♣❡$(♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛&✐♦♥( ✇✐&❤ &❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❙♦✱ ❤❡ $❡♠♦✈❡( ❛❧❧ &❤❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛&✐♦♥( ❛❜♦✉& &❤❡ ❞✐(❡❛(❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❛✈♦✐❞ &❤❡ ❛❞❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❡❡(✳ ❍♦✇✲ ❡✈❡$✱ ✐❢ ✇❡ ❛$❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ ✐❞❡♥&✐❢② &❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡$ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❢$♦♠ &❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ &♦ &❤❡ (♦✉$❝❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞❛&❛(❡& ❛♥❞ $❡&$✐❡✈❡ &❤❡ ♦$✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛&✐♦♥✳

✷✳ ❇❛♥❦ ❝$❡❞✐&(✿ ❧❡& ✉( (✉♣♣♦(❡ ❛♥♦&❤❡$ ♦♥❡ &❤❛& ✇❛♥&( &♦ ❣♦ &♦ ❛ ❜❛♥❦ ❛♥❞ ♦$❞❡$ ❝$❡❞✐&( ❢♦$ &❤❡ ♥❡①& &❡♥ ♦$ &✇❡♥&② ②❡❛$( ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ &♦ ❜✉② ❛ ♥❡✇ ❤♦✉(❡ ♦$ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❝❛$✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❛♥❦ ✇✐❧❧ ❛(❦ ❢♦$ ❤✐( ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ♣$♦✜❧❡✳ ❆❣❛✐♥✱ &✇♦ ♦♣&✐♦♥( (❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥(✐❞❡$❡❞✳ ❋✐$(&✱ &❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥& ✐( ❤❡❛❧&❤②✱ (♦ &❤❡ ❜❛♥❦ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❝❝❡♣& ❤✐( $❡P✉❡(& ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣$♦✈❡ &❤❡ $❡P✉✐$❡❞ ❝$❡❞✐&(✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ &❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥& ❤❛( ❛ ❤❡❛❧&❤ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠✱ (♦ &❤❡ ❜❛♥❦ ✇✐❧❧ $❡❢✉(❡ ❤✐( $❡P✉❡(& ❛♥❞

(24)

✹ ❈❤❛♣%❡' ✶✳ ■♥%'♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦% ❣✐✈❡ ❤✐♠ ❝,❡❞✐%. ❡✈❡♥ ❢♦, ✜✈❡ ②❡❛,.✱ ❜❡❝❛✉.❡ %❤❡ ♣,♦❜❛❜✐❧✐%② ♦❢ ,❡❢✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❤✐. ❝,❡❞✐%. ✐. ❧❡.. %❤❛♥ ✉.✉❛❧✳ ■♥ %❤✐. ❝❛.❡✱ %❤❡ ♣❛%✐❡♥% ❝❛♥ ❢❛❦❡ ❤✐. ♦✇♥ ❤❡❛❧%❤ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛%✐♦♥. ❜② ,❡♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ✐% ✇✐%❤ %❤✐. ♦❢ .♦♠❡♦♥❡ ❤❡❛❧%❤②✳ ❙♦✱ ❤✐. ❞✐.❡❛.❡ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛%✐♦♥. ❞♦❡. ♥♦% ❡①✐.% ❛♥②♠♦,❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❝♦✉,❛❣❡ %❤❡ ❜❛♥❦ %♦ ❛❝❝❡♣% ❤✐. ,❡<✉❡.%✳ ❆❧.♦✱ ✐❢ ✇❡ ❛,❡ ❛❜❧❡ %♦ ✐❞❡♥%✐❢② %❤❡ .♦✉,❝❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡,✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛✈♦✐❞ .✉❝❤ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❢,❛✉❞✳ ✸✳ ■♥ .♦♠❡ ❝❛.❡.✱ ✐% ✐. ❡❛.✐❡, %♦ ❝♦♥✈❡,% %❤❡ ❉■❈❖▼ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐♥%♦ ❛♥♦%❤❡, ❢♦,✲ ♠❛% ❛♥❞ .❤❛,❡ ✐%✱ ♦, ❡✈❡♥ %♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❥✉.% ❛ ♣,✐♥% .❝,❡❡♥ ♦❢ %❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ .❡♥❞ ✐% ❜② ❡♠❛✐❧✳ ■♥ %❤✐. ❝❛.❡✱ ❛♥② ❤❡❛❞❡, ✐♥❢♦,♠❛%✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❧♦.%✳ ❙♦✱ ✇❤❡♥ %❤❡ ,❛❞✐♦❧♦❣✐.% ♦, %❤❡ ,❡.♣♦♥.✐❜❧❡ ♣❡,.♦♥ ,❡❝❡✐✈❡. %❤✐. ✐♠❛❣❡✱ ✐❞❡♥✲ %✐❢②✐♥❣ %❤❡ .♦✉,❝❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡, ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡. %❤❡ ♦♥❧② ✇❛② %♦ ,❡%,✐❡✈❡ %❤❡ ,❡<✉✐,❡❞ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛%✐♦♥.✳ ✹✳ ■♥ %❤❡ ✐♥❞✉.%,② .✐❞❡✱ ✇❤❡♥ %❤❡ ✐♥❞✉.%,✐❛❧ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡, ♣,♦❞✉❝❡. ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ %❤❡ ❡♥%❡,♣,✐.❡ ♠❛② ❝♦♥✈❡,% ✐% %♦ ❛♥♦%❤❡, ❢♦,♠❛% ❢♦, .❤❛,✐♥❣ ♣✉,♣♦.❡.✳ ❚❤✐. ❝♦♥✈❡,.✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ♣,♦❞✉❝❡ ✐♠❛❣❡. ✇✐%❤♦✉% ❛♥② ❤❡❛❞❡, ✜❧❡✳ ■♥ %❤✐. ❝❛.❡✱ ■% ✐. ❛❧.♦ ✐♠♣♦,%❛♥% %♦ ✐❞❡♥%✐❢② %❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡,✱ %❤❡♥ %♦ ,❡%,✐❡✈❡ %❤❡ ♦,✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛%✐♦♥.✳ ❙♦✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥.❡,✈❡ %❤❡ ❝♦♣②,✐❣❤%. ❛♥❞ ❛✈♦✐❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛%%❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ %❤❡ ❛❜.❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ %❤❡ ❤❡❛❞❡, ✜❧❡✱ .✐♥❝❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%❡ %❤❡ %,❛♥.♠✐%%❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡✳

✶✳✸ ❈♦♥&'✐❜✉&✐♦♥+

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝%✐✈❡ ♦❢ ♦✉, ✇♦,❦ ✐. %♦ ✐❞❡♥%✐❢② %❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡, ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❢,♦♠ ✐%. ✐♠❛❣❡. ❡.♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦, ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ♣✉,♣♦.❡✳ ❚❤✐. ✐. ❡①❛❝%❧② %❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝✲ %✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✇❤❛% ✐. ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❢♦,❡♥.✐❝. ❬❋,✐❞,✐❝❤ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ■♠❛❣❡ ❢♦,❡♥.✐❝. ❛❞✲ ❞,❡..❡. %✇♦ ❡..❡♥%✐❛❧ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠.✿ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✐❞❡♥%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ❬▲✐✉ ✷✵✶✵❪ ❛♥❞ ❢♦,❣❡,② %,❛❝✐♥❣ ❬❋❛,✐❞ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❨❡,✉.❤❛❧♠② ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ❖✉, ✇♦,❦ ❝♦♥.✐.%. ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥%✐❢②✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡, ❢,♦♠ ✐%. ♦✉%♣✉% ✐♠❛❣❡. ❜② ♥♦✐.❡ ❛♥❛❧②.✐.✳ ■♥ %❤✐. ❛♥❛❧②.✐.✱ ✇❡

(25)

✶✳✸✳ ❈♦♥&'✐❜✉&✐♦♥+ ✺ ♣!❡#❡♥% ❢♦✉! ❝♦♥%!✐❜✉%✐♦♥# %♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ %❤❡ !❡/✉✐!❡❞ ❣♦❛❧✳ ❲❡ ❜❛#❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐❣✐%❛❧ ❝❛♠❡!❛ ✐❞❡♥%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ♠❡%❤♦❞# %♦ ♣!♦♣♦#❡ ♦✉! #♦❧✉%✐♦♥#✱ ❛♥❞ %❤❡ ❦❡② ♣♦✐♥% ♦❢ ♦✉! ❝♦♥%!✐❜✉%✐♦♥# ✐# %♦ ❡①%!❛❝% %❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡! #❡♥#♦! ♥♦✐#❡ ❢!♦♠ ✐%# ✐♠❛❣❡#✿ ✶✳ ❲❡ ❛##✉♠❡ %❤❛% %❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡! ❛❝/✉✐#✐%✐♦♥ #❡♥#♦! ❧❡❛✈❡# ♥♦✐#❡ ❛# ❛ ✜♥❣❡!♣!✐♥% ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❛❝/✉✐!❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣!♦♣♦#❡❞ ♠❡%❤♦❞ ❝♦♥#✐#%# ♦❢ %✇♦ ♣❛!%#✳ ❋✐!#%✱ ❡①%!❛❝%✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❘❡❢❡!❡♥❝❡ D❛%%❡!♥ ◆♦✐#❡ ✭❘D◆✮ ❢!♦♠ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡! ❛# ✐%# ✜♥❣❡!♣!✐♥%✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ ❞❡%❡❝%✐♥❣ ✐%# ♣!❡#❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛♥② ♥❡✇ %❡#%❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❜② ❝♦!!❡❧❛%✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①%!❛❝%❡❞ ♥♦✐#❡ ✐♥ %❤✐# ♣!♦♣♦#❡❞ ♠❡%❤♦❞ ✇❛# ♥♦% ♣✉!❡✱ #✐♥❝❡ ✐% ❝♦♥%❛✐♥# #♦♠❡ %!❛❝❡# ♦❢ %❤❡ ❝♦♥%❡♥% #❝❡♥❡ ❬❑❤❛!❜♦✉%❧② ✷✵✶✹❪✳ ✷✳ ❲❡ ♣!♦✈✐❞❡ #♦♠❡ ✐♠♣!♦✈❡♠❡♥%# ♦♥ %❤❡ ♣!❡✈✐♦✉# ♣!♦♣♦#✐%✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦!❞❡! %♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ %❤❡ #❝❡♥❡ %!❛❝❡#✳ ❲❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛%❡ %❤❡#❡ %!❛❝❡# ✐♥ %❤❡ ♥♦✐#❡ ✐♠✲ ❛❣❡ ❜② ❛ ❜✐♥❛!② ❣❡♥❡!❛%❡❞ ♠❛#❦✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ ♣!❡#❡♥% ❛ ♥❡✇ ❘D◆ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦!!❡❧❛%✐♦♥ ♠❛♣ ❝♦♥❝❡♣%✳ ❚❤✐# ❝♦!!❡❧❛%✐♦♥ ♠❛♣ ❣✐✈❡# ♠♦!❡ ✐♠♣♦!✲ %❛♥❝❡ %♦ %❤❡ ✉♥♠❛#❦❡❞ ♣❛!%# ♦❢ %❤❡ ♣!♦❝❡##❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡# %❤❛♥ %❤❡ ♦%❤❡! ♦♥❡#✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ %❤❡ ❝♦!!❡❧❛%✐♦♥ ✐# ❝♦♠♣✉%❡❞ ✇✐%❤ !❡#♣❡❝% %♦ %❤❡ ❝♦!!❡❧❛✲ %✐♦♥ ♠❛♣ ❬❑❤❛!❜♦✉%❧② ✷✵✶✺❜❪✳ ✸✳ ❇❛#❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ♣!❡✈✐♦✉# ♠❡%❤♦❞ ❛♥❞ %❤❡ #♣❡❝✐✜❝✐%② ♦❢ ✸❉ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡#✱ ✇❡ ♣!♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡! ✜♥❣❡!♣!✐♥% ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐# ❝♦♠♣♦#❡❞ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ❘D◆ ❢♦! ❡❛❝❤ ❛①✐#✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝%✐✈❡ ✐# %♦ ✐❞❡♥%✐❢② ❛ %❡#%❡❞ #❧✐❝❡ ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ %❤❡ ♦!✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✇❛# ❛%%❛❝❦❡❞ ❜② !♦%❛%✐♦♥ ❬❑❤❛!❜♦✉%❧② ✷✵✶✺❛❪✳ ✹✳ ❇❛#❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ✜!#% ❝♦♥%!✐❜✉%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ %❤❡ ✐♥%❡♥#✐%② ❍♦✉♥#✜❡❧❞ #❝❛❧✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡! ✐♠❛❣❡✱ ✇❡ ♣!❡#❡♥% ❛ ♥❡✇ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡! ✜♥❣❡!♣!✐♥%✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥✲ #✐#%# ♦❢ %❤!❡❡ ❧❛②❡! ❘D◆#✳ ❲❡ ❛♣♣❧② ♦✉! ✇♦!❦ ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❧❛②❡! #❡♣❛!❛%❡❧②✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❛!❡ ❛❜❧❡ %♦ ✐❞❡♥%✐❢② %❤❡ #♦✉!❝❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡! ♦❢ ❛ !❡❛❧ %❡#%❡❞ #❧✐❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ %✇♦ ♦❢ ✐%# ❧❛②❡!# ❝♦!!❡#♣♦♥❞ %♦ %❤❡ #❛♠❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡! ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳

(26)

✻ ❈❤❛♣%❡' ✶✳ ■♥%'♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥

✶✳✹ ❚❤❡&✐& ♦)❣❛♥✐③❛.✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ (❤✐* (❤❡*✐* ✐* (♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(❛(✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉( ♦✉2 ❝♦♥(2✐❜✉(✐♦♥*✳ ❲❡ ❛✐♠ (♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡(❡ 2❡*❡❛2❝❤ ♦♥ (❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❢♦2❡♥*✐❝*✱ ✐♥ ♣❛2(✐❝✉❧❛2✱ (❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡2 ✐❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐* (❤❡*✐* ✐* ♦2❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❢♦✉2 ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛♣(❡2* ❛* ❢♦❧❧♦✇*✿ • ❈❤❛♣(❡2 ✷ ♣2♦✈✐❞❡* ❛♥ ♦✈❡2✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡2✱ ✐(* ❛❝?✉✐*✐(✐♦♥ ❝❤❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ✐( ✇♦2❦*✳ ❚❤❡ ❉■❈❖▼ ❢♦2♠❛( ❛♥❞ ♦✉2 ✇♦2❦ ♦2✐❡♥(❛(✐♦♥ ❛2❡ ❛❧*♦ ♣2❡*❡♥(❡❞ ✐♥ (❤✐* ❝❤❛♣(❡2✳ • ❈❤❛♣(❡2 ✸ *(✉❞✐❡* ❞✐✛❡2❡♥( 2❡*❡❛2❝❤❡* ♣2❡*❡♥(❡❞ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❧✐(❡2❛(✉2❡ ❛❜♦✉( ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✐❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❡✐(❤❡2 ✐♥ (❤❡ ♣❤♦(♦❣2❛♣❤② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ♦2 ✐♥ (❤❡ ♠❡❞✲ ✐❝❛❧ ♦♥❡✳ • ❈❤❛♣(❡2 ✹ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥* ♦✉2 ✜2*( ❣2♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❝♦♥(2✐❜✉(✐♦♥* (❤❛( ❛2❡ ❜❛*❡❞ ♦♥ (❤❡ ❞✐❣✐(❛❧ ❝❛♠❡2❛ ✐❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥✳ • ❈❤❛♣(❡2 ✺ ♣2❡*❡♥(* ♦✉2 *❡❝♦♥❞ ❣2♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❝♦♥(2✐❜✉(✐♦♥* (❤❛( ❛2❡ ❜❛*❡❞ ♦♥ (❤❡ *♣❡❝✐✜❝✐(② ♦❢ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡*✳ ■♥ ❝❤❛♣(❡2 ✻ ✇❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ (❤✐* (❤❡*✐* ❜② *♦♠❡ ❞✐*❝✉**✐♦♥* ❛♥❞ ♣2❡*❡♥( ♦✉2 ✈✐*✐♦♥ ❢♦2 ❛ ❢✉(✉2❡ ✇♦2❦ ✐♥ (❤✐* ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣(❡2 ✼ ❛ *✉♠♠❛2② ♦❢ ♦✉2 ✇♦2❦ ✐* ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ❋2❡♥❝❤✳

(27)
(28)

✽ ❈❤❛♣%❡' ✷✳ ■♥%'♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ %♦ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡' ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣

✷✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥

▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✐* +❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐+❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❢♦0 ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ♦❜❥❡❝+✐✈❡*✳ ■+ ✐* ❝♦♥*✐❞❡0❡❞ ❛* ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦0+❛♥+ ♣❛0+ ✐♥ +❤❡ ✇♦0❧❞ ♦❢ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡✳ ■+ 0❡❢❡0* +♦ +❤❡ ❞✐✛❡0❡♥+ ✐♥+❡0❛❝+✐♦♥* ❜❡+✇❡❡♥ *♦♠❡ ❢♦0♠* ♦❢ ❡♥❡0❣②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❡♥❡+0❛+❡ +❤❡ +✐**✉❡* ✐♥ ♦0❞❡0 +♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥+❡0♥❛❧ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛♥② ♣❛0+ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞② ✇✐+❤✲ ♦✉+ ♥❡❡❞ +♦ ❜❡ ♦♣❡♥❡❞ ✉♣ *✉0❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❬❇✉*❤❜❡0❣ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ■+ ✐* ✉*❡❞ +♦ ❤❡❧♣ +❤❡ ❞♦❝+♦0* ✐♥ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛+✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❛❣♥♦*✐* ♣0♦❝❡** ❜② ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❛ C✉✐+❡ ❣♦♦❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ C✉❛❧✐+②✳ ▼♦*+ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ *②*+❡♠* 0❡C✉✐0❡ +❤❡ ✐♥+❡0❛❝+✐♦♥ ❜❡+✇❡❡♥ +❤✐* ❡♥❡0❣② ❛♥❞ +❤❡ +✐**✉❡ ✇❤❡0❡ ✐+ ❣♦❡* +❤0♦✇✳ ❲✐+❤♦✉+ ❛♥② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ✐♥+❡0❛❝+✐♦♥ ❧✐❦❡ ❛❜*♦0♣+✐♦♥ ♦0 ❛++❡♥✉❛+✐♦♥ ❢♦0 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ +❤❡ ❞❡+❡❝+♦0* ♦❢ +❤✐* ❡♥❡0❣② ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦+ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ +♦ ❡①+0❛❝+ ❛♥② ✉*❡❢✉❧ ✐♥❢♦0♠❛+✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉+ +❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡❞ +✐**✉❡*✱ ❝♦♥✲ *❡C✉❡♥+❧② ♥♦ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❝C✉✐0❡❞ ✉*✐♥❣ *✉❝❤ ✐♥❢♦0♠❛+✐♦♥ ❬❲♦❧❜❛0*+ ✷✵✶✸❪✳ ❉✐✛❡0❡♥+ ♠♦❞❡* ♦❢ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❛0❡ ❡①✐*+❡❞ 0❡❣❛0❞✐♥❣ +❤❡ ❞✐✛❡0❡♥+ +②♣❡* ♦❢ ❡♥❡0❣② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉*❡❞ ✐♥ +❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛❝C✉✐*✐+✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡*❡ ♠♦❞❡* ❛0❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ +❤❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐+✐❡* ❬▲❡♦♥❞❡* ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❚❤❡*❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐+✐❡* ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿ • ❘❛❞✐♦❣0❛♣❤②✿ ❚❤❡ ✜0*+ ❣❡♥❡0❛+✐♦♥ +❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✲ ✐♥❣ ❬❙✉++♦♥ ✶✾✽✼❪✳ ■+ ✐* ❝♦♠♣♦*❡❞ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❳✲0❛② *❡♥❞❡0 ✐♥ ❢0♦♥+ ♦❢ +❤❡ ♣❛+✐❡♥+ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❳✲0❛② 0❡❝❡✐✈❡0 ♦♥ +❤❡ ♦+❤❡0 *✐❞❡✳ ❆ ♣❛❝❦ ♦❢ ①✲0❛② ✐* *❡♥+ ❜② +❤❡ ①✲0❛② +✉❜❡ +❤0♦✉❣❤ +❤❡ ♣❛+✐❡♥+ +✐**✉❡*✳ ❚❤❡*❡ ①✲0❛②* ✐♥+❡0❛❝+ ✇✐+❤ +❤❡ ♣❛+✐❡♥+ +✐**✉❡*✱ ❛♥❞ *♦♠❡ ♦❢ ✐+ 0❡❛❝❤ +❤❡ ❞❡+❡❝+♦0✳ ❚❤✐* ♣0♦❝❡** ❝♦♥*+0✉❝+* +❤❡ 0❛❞✐♦❣0❛♣❤✐❝ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❬❇❡♥*❡❧❡0 ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✶ ✐❧❧✉*+0❛+❡* ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ 0❛❞✐♦❣0❛♣❤② ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♠❛❣❡* ❢♦0 ♠✉❧+✐♣❧❡ ❛♥❛+♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛0+* ♦❢ +❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞②✳ • ▼❛❣♥❡+✐❝ ❘❡*♦♥❛♥❝❡ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣✿ ❆♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ +❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② +❤❛+ ✉*❡* ♠❛❣✲ ♥❡+✐❝ ✜❡❧❞* ❛♥❞ 0❛❞✐♦ ✇❛✈❡* +♦ ♣0♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❞❡+❛✐❧❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡* ♦❢ +❤❡ *♦❢+ +✐**✉❡* ❬❊❞❡❧♠❛♥ ✶✾✾✸❪✳ ■+ ✐* ✉*❡❞ ❢♦0 ❞✐*❡❛*❡ ❞❡+❡❝+✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❛❣♥♦*✐* ♣✉0♣♦*❡*✳ ❇② ✉*✐♥❣ ♣0♦+♦♥* +❤❛+ ❛0❡ *♦ *❡♥*✐+✐✈❡ +♦ ♠❛❣♥❡+✐❝ ✜❡❧❞*✱ ✐+

(29)

✷✳✶✳ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✾ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✶✿ ❘❛❞✐♦❣$❛♣❤② ✐♠❛❣❡ ❝❛♥ ♣$♦❞✉❝❡ 4❤❡ ▼❘■ ✐♠❛❣❡7✳ 8$♦4♦♥7 ❛$❡ ❝❡♥4❡$❡❞ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❤②❞$♦❣❡♥ ❛4♦♠ ♦❢ ✇❛4❡$ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡7 ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞②✳ ❉✉$✐♥❣ 4❤❡ ❛❝>✉✐7✐4✐♦♥✱ ❜✉$747 ♦❢ $❛❞✐♦ ✇❛✈❡7 ❛$❡ 7❡♥4 4❤$♦✉❣❤ ❛ 7♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♥❛4♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛$4 ♦❢ 4❤❡ ♣❛4✐❡♥4✳ ❚❤❡7❡ ✇❛✈❡7 ❝❤❛♥❣❡ 4❤❡ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥4 ♦❢ ❡①✐4❡❞ ♣$♦4♦♥7 ✐♥ 4❤✐7 ❛♥❛4♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛$4✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❤❡♥ 4❤❡ $❛❞✐♦ ✇❛✈❡7 ❛$❡ 74♦♣♣❡❞✱ 4❤❡ ❛✛❡❝4❡❞ ♣$♦4♦♥7 ❛$❡ $❡❛❧✐❣♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡7❡ ❛✛❡❝4❡❞ ♣$♦4♦♥7✱ ✐♥ 4❤❡✐$ 4✉$♥✱ 7❡♥❞ $❛❞✐♦ 7✐❣♥❛❧7 4♦ ❜❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝4❡❞ ❜② 4❤❡ $❡❝❡✐✈❡$7✳ ❚❤❡7❡ 7✐❣♥❛❧7 ❝♦♥4❛✐♥ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛4✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉4 4❤❡ ❡①❛❝4 ❧♦❝❛4✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡❞ ♣$♦4♦♥7✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ 4❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛4✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥7 ♦❢ ♣$♦4♦♥7 7✐❣♥❛❧7 ❝$❡❛4❡7 ❛ ❞❡4❛✐❧❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡7 ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❛♥❛4♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛$4✳ ▼❘■ 7❝❛♥7 4❤❡ ❛♥❛4♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛$4 ❛❧♦♥❣ ❛ ❞✐$❡❝4✐♦♥❛❧ ❛①✐7✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡$❛4❡❞ 7❧✐❝❡7 ❛$❡ ✷❉✱ ✇❤❡$❡ ✐4 ❞✐✈✐❞❡7 4❤❡ ❛♥❛4♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛$4 ✐♥ ❛ 7❡$✐❡7 ♦❢ ✷❉ 7❧✐❝❡7✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ 4❤❡7❡ ❣❡♥❡$❛4❡❞ 7❧✐❝❡7 ❛$❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ 4♦✲ ❣❡4❤❡$ 4♦ ❣✐✈❡ 4❤❡ ✸❉ ▼❘■ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❬❑✉♣❡$♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✷ ✐❧❧✉74$❛4❡7 ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ▼❘■ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ▼❘■ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜$❛✐♥✳ • ❯❧4$❛7♦✉♥❞ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣✿ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ♠♦74 ✉7❡❞ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ 4❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❚❤❛4 ✐7 ♣♦$4❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ $❛❞✐❛4✐♦♥ ❢$❡❡ ❬❱♦♥ ❘❛♠♠ ✶✾✾✵❪✳ ■4 ♣$♦✈✐❞❡7 ❛❧7♦ ❛ ❝$♦77✲ 7❡❝4✐♦♥❛❧ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡❞ ❛♥❛4♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛$4 ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞②✳ ▼♦$❡✲ ♦✈❡$✱ ✐4 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝>✉✐$❡❞ ✐♥ $❡❛❧ 4✐♠❡✱ 4❤❛4 ♠❛❦❡7 ✐4 ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛4♦$ ❢♦$

(30)

✶✵ ❈❤❛♣&❡( ✷✳ ■♥&(♦❞✉❝&✐♦♥ &♦ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡( ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✷✿ ▼❘■ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✸✿ ❯❧1$❛2♦✉♥❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ 1❤❡ ✐♥1❡$✈❡♥1✐♦♥2✳ ❚❤❡ ✉❧1$❛2♦✉♥❞ 2✐❣♥❛❧2 ♣❛22 1❤$♦✉❣❤ 1❤❡ 1✐22✉❡2✱ 2♦♠❡ ♦❢ ✐1 ❛$❡ $❡✢❡❝1❡❞ ❜❛❝❦ 1♦ 1❤❡ 1$❛♥2❞✉❝❡$ ✭❡❝❤♦ 2✐❣♥❛❧2✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❝❤♦ 2✐❣♥❛❧2 ❛$❡ ✉2❡❞ 1♦ ❝♦♥21$✉❝1 1❤❡ ✉❧1$❛2♦✉♥❞ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✉❧1$❛2♦✉♥❞ 1$❛♥2❞✉❝❡$ ✇♦$❦2 ❛2 ❛ 2❡♥❞❡$ ❛♥❞ ❛ $❡❝❡✐✈❡$ ❛2 ✇❡❧❧ ❬❉❡❧ ❈✉$❛ ✷✵✶✷❪✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✸ ✐❧❧✉2✲ 1$❛1❡2 ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✉❧1$❛2♦✉♥❞ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ✉❧1$❛2♦✉♥❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❡1✉2✳ • ◆✉❝❧❡❛$ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡✿ L$♦❞✉❝❡2 ❞❡1❛✐❧❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡2 ♦❢ ✇❤❛1 ✐2 ❤❛♣♣❡♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ 1❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞② ❛1 1❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛$ ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ■1 ✐2 ✉2❡❞ 1♦ 21✉❞② 1❤❡ ❜♦❞② ❢✉♥❝1✐♦♥✱

(31)

✷✳✶✳ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✶✶ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✹✿ ◆✉❝❧❡❛$ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♠❡❛1✉$❡ ✐21 ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣$♦❝❡11❡1 ❬▼❡22❧❡$ ❏$ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ❉✉$✐♥❣ 2❤❡ ❛❝>✉✐1✐2✐♦♥✱ $❛❞✐♦✲2$❛❝❡$1 ❛$❡ ✐♥❥❡❝2❡❞ ✐♥2♦ 2❤❡ ❜❧♦♦❞12$❡❛♠ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞②✳ ❚❤❡1❡ $❛❞✐♦✲2$❛❝❡$1 ❣♦ 2❤$♦✉❣❤ 2❤❡ ❛♥❛2♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛$2 ❛♥❞ 1❡♥❞ ♦✉2 ❡♥❡$❣② ✐♥ ❛ ❢♦$♠ ♦❢ ❣❛♠♠❛ $❛②1✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ 1♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ 1❡♥1♦$1 ❞❡2❡❝2 2❤❡ ❣❛♠♠❛ $❛②1 ❛♥❞ 1❡♥❞ ✐2 2♦ 2❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉2❡$ ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ 2♦ ❝$❡❛2❡ 2❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❚❤✐1 ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ 1②12❡♠ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡1 1♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛2✐♦♥ 2❤❛2 ❝❛♥♥♦2 ❜❡ ❛❝>✉✐$❡❞ ✉1✐♥❣ ♦2❤❡$ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ 1②12❡♠ ❬❈❤❡$$② ✷✵✶✷❪✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✹ ✐❧❧✉12$❛2❡1 ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ◆✉❝❧❡❛$ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡❛❞✳ • ❈♦♠♣✉2❡❞ ❚♦♠♦❣$❛♣❤②✿ ❈♦♠♣✉2❡❞ ❚♦♠♦❣$❛♣❤② ♦$ ✇❤❛2 ✐1 ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❈❚✲ ❙❝❛♥♥❡$ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✱ ✐1 ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ 2❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥2❡❣$❛2❡1 ❛ 1❡$✐❡1 ♦❢ ①✲$❛②1 ✈✐❡✇1 2❤❛2 ❛$❡ ❝❛♣2✉$❡❞ ❢$♦♠ 1♦ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡$❡♥2 ❛♥❣❧❡1 2♦ ❝$❡❛2❡ ❝$♦11✲1❡❝2✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡1 ❬▲✐1❧❡ ✷✵✶✷❪✳ ■2 ♣$♦✈✐❞❡1 ❛ ✸❉ $❡♣$❡1❡♥2❛2✐♦♥ ❢♦$ ❛♥② ♣❛$2 ♦❢ 2❤❡ ❜♦❞②✳ ❇② ♣❛11✐♥❣ 2❤✐1 ❜♦❞② ♣❛$2 2❤$♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❝✐$❝✉❧❛$ 2✉❜❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥2❛✐♥1 ❛♥ ①✲$❛②1 1❡♥❞❡$ ❛♥❞ ❛ 1❡2 ♦❢ ❞❡2❡❝2♦$1 ♦♥ 2❤❡ ♦♣♣♦1✐2❡ 1✐❞❡✱ 2❤❡1❡ ❞❡2❡❝2♦$1 ❝♦❧❧❡❝2 2❤❡ ❛❝>✉✐1✐2✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝2 ✐♥❢♦$♠❛2✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ 1❡♥❞ ✐2 2♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉2❡$ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣$♦❝❡11❡1 ✐2✱ 2❤❡♥ ❞✐1♣❧❛②1 ✐2 ❛1 ❛ ❣$❛②✲1❝❛❧❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ 2♦ 2❤❡ ✉1❡$✳ ■2 ✐1 ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉1❡❞ 1✐♥❝❡ ✐2 ♣$♦✈✐❞❡1 ❛ ❧♦2 ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛2✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉2 2❤❡ ♣❛2✐❡♥2✱ ♣❤②1✐❝❛❧ ❢❡❛2✉$❡1 ❛♥❞ ♣♦2❡♥2✐❛❧ ❞✐1❡❛1❡ ❬❍1✐❡❤ ✷✵✵✾❪✳

(32)

✶✷ ❈❤❛♣&❡( ✷✳ ■♥&(♦❞✉❝&✐♦♥ &♦ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡( ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✺✿ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡$ ✐♠❛❣❡

❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✺ ✐❧❧✉&'(❛'❡& ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡( ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡❝❦✳

❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡( ✐& ♦♥❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ♠♦&' ✉&❡❞ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ &②&'❡♠ ✐♥ '❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✇♦(❧❞ ❬❇(♦✇♥ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❛♥❛'♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛(' ♦❢ '❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ (❡❝♦♥&'(✉❝'❡❞ ❜❛&❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❧❛(❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡( ♦❢ ♣(♦❥❡❝'✐♦♥&✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✻ ✐❧❧✉&✲ '(❛'❡& '❤✐& ♣(♦❝❡&&✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❡(❣② ✐& &❡♥' ❢(♦♠ '❤❡ &♦✉(❝❡✱ '❤❡♥✱ ♣❛&&❡❞ '❤♦✉❣❤ '✐&&✉❡&✱ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧②✱ ♣(♦❥❡❝'❡❞ ♦♥'♦ ❞❡'❡❝'♦(&✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ '❤❡✐( '✉(♥ &❡♥' ✐' '♦ '❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉'❡( ❢♦( ♣♦&'✲♣(♦❝❡&&✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥&'(✉❝'✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❧❡❛( ✐♥'❡(♥❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❛♥❛'♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛('✳

✷✳✷ ❈❚ ❛❝&✉✐)✐*✐♦♥ ❝❤❛✐♥

❚❤❡ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡( ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ &②&'❡♠ ✐& ❝♦♠♣♦&❡❞ ♦❢ '❤(❡❡ ❜❛&✐❝ ♣❛('&✿ ❞❛'❛ ❛❝I✉✐✲ &✐'✐♦♥✱ ✐♠❛❣❡ (❡❝♦♥&'(✉❝'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❞✐&♣❧❛② ❬❙❡❡(❛♠ ✷✵✶✺❪✱ ❛& ✐❧❧✉&'(❛'❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✼

• ❉❛'❛ ❆❝I✉✐&✐'✐♦♥✿ ■' (❡♣(❡&❡♥'& '❤❡ ♣(♦❝❡&& ♦❢ ①✲(❛②& ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛(❡ &❡♥' ❢(♦♠ '❤❡ &♦✉(❝❡ ①✲(❛② '✉❜❡✱ ♣❛&&❡❞ '❤(♦✉❣❤ '❤❡ ♣❛'✐❡♥' ❛♥❞ (❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② '❤❡ ❞❡'❡❝'♦(&✳ ❲❤❡♥ '❤❡ ①✲(❛②& ♣❛&&❡❞ '❤(♦✉❣❤ '❤❡ ♣❛'✐❡♥' ❛♥❞ (❡❛❝❤❡❞ '❤❡

(33)

✷✳✷✳ ❈❚ ❛❝&✉✐)✐*✐♦♥ ❝❤❛✐♥ ✶✸ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✻✿ ■♠❛❣❡ ❛❝.✉✐/✐0✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ $❡❝♦♥/0$✉❝0✐♦♥ ❬❙❡❡$❛♠ ✷✵✶✺❪ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✼✿ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡$ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ /②/0❡♠ ❬❙❡❡$❛♠ ✷✵✶✺❪ ❞❡0❡❝0♦$✱ ✐0 $❡❣✐/0❡$/ 0❤❡ $❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛0✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡/✳ ❚❤✐/ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛0✐♦♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡/ 0❤❡ 0$❛♥/♠✐//✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛00❡♥✉❛0✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡/✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ $♦0❛0✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ①✲ $❛②/ 0✉❜❡ ❛♥❞ 0❤❡/❡ ❞❡0❡❝0♦$/ /❡✈❡$❛❧ 0✐♠❡/ ❞✉$✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ♣❛0✐❡♥0 ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥0 ✇✐❧❧ ♣$♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡ $❛0❤❡$ 0❤❛♥ ❥✉/0 ❛ ✷❉ /❧✐❝❡ ♦♥❧②✱ /✐♥❝❡ ♦♥❡ /❧✐❝❡ ✐/ ❣❡♥❡$❛0❡❞ ♣❡$ ❡❛❝❤ $♦0❛0✐♦♥ ❬❑❡0❝❤❛♠ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ❆0 0❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ 0❤✐/ /0❡♣✱ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛0✐♦♥ /❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ $❡❣✐/0❡$❡❞ ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ 0♦ ❝♦♥0✐♥✉❡ 0❤❡ $❡❝♦♥✲ /0$✉❝0✐♦♥ /0❡♣✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡$✱ ♠❛♥② ♣❛$❛♠❡0❡$/ /❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ 0✉♥❡❞ ❞✉$✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ❛❝.✉✐/✐0✐♦♥ /0❡♣✱ 0❤❡/❡ ♣❛$❛♠❡0❡$/ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿ ❇❡❛♠ ❊♥❡4❣②✿ ✭✽✵✲✶✹✵✮

(34)

✶✹ ❈❤❛♣&❡( ✷✳ ■♥&(♦❞✉❝&✐♦♥ &♦ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡( ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❑✈✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦((❡*♣♦♥❞* .♦ .❤❡ ❡♥❡(❣② ♦❢ ①✲(❛②* ❜❡❛♠ .❤❛. ✐* *❡♥. ❢(♦♠ .❤❡ ①✲(❛②* .✉❜❡✳ ■♥❝(❡❛*✐♥❣ ❜❡❛♠ ❡♥❡(❣② ✇✐❧❧ *♣❡❡❞ ✉♣ .❤❡ ❡❧❡❝.(♦♥*✱ ❛♥❞ ♣(♦❞✉❝❡ ♠♦(❡ ❡♥❡(❣②✳ ❚✉❜❡ ❝✉((❡♥&✿ ✭✷✵✲✺✵✵✮ ♠❆✱ ✐. (❡♣(❡*❡♥.* .❤❡ ①✲(❛②* ❜❡❛♠ ✐♥.❡♥*✐.②✱ ♦( .❤❡ B✉❛♥.✐.② ♦❢ .❤❡ *❡♥. ❡❧❡❝.(♦♥*✳ ❙❝❛♥ &✐♠❡✿ ✭✵✳✸✲✹✮ *✱ ✐* .❤❡ ①✲(❛②* ♣(♦❞✉❝.✐♦♥ .✐♠❡ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ (♦.❛.✐♦♥✳ ■♥❝(❡❛*✲ ✐♥❣ .❤✐* .✐♠❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥❝(❡❛*❡ ①✲(❛②* B✉❛♥.✐.②✳ ❙❧✐❝❡ &❤✐❝❦♥❡::✿ ✭✵✳✺✲✶✵✮ ♠♠✱ .❤✐❝❦♥❡** ❛❧♦♥❣ ✬❩✬ ❛①✐*✳ ;✐&❝❤✿ ✭✵✳✺✲✷✮ *✱ ✐* .❤❡ .❛❜❧❡ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥. *♣❡❡❞ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ (♦.❛.✐♦♥✳ ▼♦(❡♦✈❡(✱ .❤❡ ❞❛.❛ ❛❝B✉✐*✐.✐♦♥ *.❡♣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡* .✇♦ ❝♦♥✈❡(*✐♦♥ ❝②❝❧❡*✳ ❚❤❡ ✜(*. ♦♥❡ ✐* ✇❤❡♥ ❞❡.❡❝.♦(* (❡❝❡✐✈❡ .❤❡ ①✲(❛②* ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡(. .❤❡♠ ✐♥.♦ ❡❧❡❝.(✐❝❛❧ *✐❣♥❛❧* ✉*✐♥❣ .❤❡ ❡❧❡❝.(✐❝❛❧ ❞❡.❡❝.♦(*✳ ❚❤❡ *❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡✱ (❡♣(❡*❡♥.* .❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡(*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❧❡❝.(✐❝❛❧ *✐❣♥❛❧* ✐♥.♦ ❞✐❣✐.❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡* .❤❛. ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉*❡❞ ❧❛.❡( ✐♥ .❤❡ (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝.✐♦♥ *.❡♣✳ • ■♠❛❣❡ ❘❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝.✐♦♥✿ ❚❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝.❡❞ ✐♥❢♦(♠❛.✐♦♥ ❢(♦♠ ❞❡.❡❝.♦(* ✐* *❡♥. .♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉.❡( ❢♦( .❤❡ ✸❉ (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝.✐♦♥ ❬❍*✐❡❤ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉.❡( ✉*❡* ♠❛.❤❡♠❛.✐❝❛❧ .❡❝❤♥✐B✉❡* ❢♦( .❤❡ .♦♠♦❣(❛♣❤② (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝✲ .✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦(❞❡( .♦ (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝. ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡*✳ ❚❤❡*❡ ✸❉ ✐♠❛❣❡* ❛(❡ (❡✲ ❝♦♥*.(✉❝.❡❞ ❢(♦♠ ❛ *❡(✐❡* ♦❢ ❝(♦**✲*❡❝.✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❧❛♥❡* .❤❛. ❛(❡ ❛❝B✉✐(❡❞ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✬❩✬ ❛①✐*✳ ❚❤❡*❡ .❡❝❤♥✐B✉❡* ❛(❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ .❤❡ (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝.✐♦♥ ❛❧✲ ❣♦(✐.❤♠*✳ ❙❡✈❡(❛❧ (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝.✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦(✐.❤♠* ❛(❡ ❡①✐*.❡❞ ❧✐❦❡ ✜❧.❡(❡❞ ❜❛❝❦✲♣(♦❥❡❝.✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐* ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ✉*❡❞ ✐♥ .❤❡ ✐.❡(❛.✐✈❡ (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝✲ .✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦(✐.❤♠* .❤❛. ❛(❡ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉*❡❞ ✐♥ .❤❡ ♠♦❞❡(♥ ❣❡♥❡(❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❚✲ ❙❝❛♥♥❡(* ❬❍*✐❡❤ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❇❡✐*.❡( ✷✵✶✷✱ ❈✐❡(♥✐❛❦ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ❆❧.❤♦✉❣❤ .❤❡ ♣(✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❧❡* ♦❢ .❤❡*❡ ❛❧❣♦(✐.❤♠* ❛(❡ ❦♥♦✇♥✱ .❤❡✐( ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥.❛.✐♦♥* ❛(❡ ♥♦. ❞❡✲ *❝(✐❜❡❞ ❜② .❤❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝.✉(❡(*✳ ▼❛♥② ♣❛(❛♠❡.❡(* *❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ .✉♥❡❞ ❞✉(✐♥❣ .❤❡ (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝.✐♦♥ *.❡♣✱ .❤❡*❡ ♣❛(❛♠❡.❡(* ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿ ❋❖❱✿ ✭✶✵✲✺✵✮ ❝♠✱ ✐* .❤❡ (❡❝♦♥*.(✉❝.✐♦♥ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ (❡♣(❡*❡♥.* .❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ *✐③❡ ✐♥ ✬❳✬ ❛♥❞ ✬❨✬ ❞✐(❡❝.✐♦♥* ❬❍*✐❡❤ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ❘❡❝♦♥:&(✉❝&✐♦♥ ♠❛&(✐①✿ ✭✺✶✷ × ✺✶✷✮✱ ✐* .❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ (❡*♦❧✉.✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♥✈♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ❦❡(♥❡❧✴❘❡❝♦♥:&(✉❝&✐♦♥ ✜❧&❡(✿

(35)

✷✳✷✳ ❈❚ ❛❝&✉✐)✐*✐♦♥ ❝❤❛✐♥ ✶✺ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡' (❤❡ ❜♦♥❡ ✜❧(❡- ❢♦- ❤❛-❞ ❞❡(❛✐❧' ❛♥❞ '♦❢( (✐''✉❡ ✜❧(❡- ❢♦- '♠♦♦(❤❡❞ ❞❡(❛✐❧'✳ • ■♠❛❣❡ ❉✐'♣❧❛②✿ ❚❤❡ -❡❝♦♥'(-✉❝(❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐' (❤❡♥ '(❡❞ (♦ ❜❡ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ♦-❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ❧❛(❡- ✉'✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇♥ '♦❢(✇❛-❡'✳ ❚❤❡ ✜-'( ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡- ✇❛' ♣-❡'❡♥(❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✼✷ ❜② ❙✐- ●♦❞❢-❡② ❍♦✉♥'✜❡❧❞ ❬❏♦♥❡' ✷✵✶✸❪✳ ❊❛-❧✐❡- ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡-' ❤❛❞ ❛❝L✉✐-❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡' ♦❢ ♦♥❡ '❧✐❝❡ ❛( ❛ (✐♠❡✳ ■♥ (❤❡ ♥❡①( ❣❡♥❡-❛(✐♦♥' (❤❛( ❛❧❧♦✇' ❛♥ ①✲-❛②' (✉❜❡ (♦ ❣♦ ❛-♦✉♥❞ (❤❡ ♣❛(✐❡♥( ✇❡-❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛' ❤❡❧✐❝❛❧ ♦- '♣✐-❛❧ ❈❚ (♦ ❛❝L✉✐-❡ ✐♠❛❣❡' ♦❢ ♠✉❧(✐♣❧❡ '❧✐❝❡'✱ ♦♥❡ '❧✐❝❡ ❢♦- ❡❛❝❤ (✉❜❡ -♦(❛(✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐' ❣❡♥❡-❛(✐♦♥ ❣✐✈❡' (❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐(② ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❧❛-❣❡- ❛♥❛(♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛-(' ♦❢ (❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜♦❞②✳ ❘❡❝❡♥( ❣❡♥❡-❛(✐♦♥' ♦❢ ❈❚✲❙❝❛♥♥❡-' ❤❛✈❡ ♣-♦♣♦'❡❞ (❤❡ ♠✉❧(✐♣❧❡ -♦✇' ♦❢ ❞❡(❡❝(♦-'✱ ✇❤❡-❡ (❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡' ♦❢ ♠✉❧(✐♣❧❡ '❧✐❝❡' ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝L✉✐-❡❞✱ ✇❤❡-❡ ♠✉❧(✐♣❧❡ '❧✐❝❡' ❛-❡ ❛❝L✉✐-❡❞ ❜② ❛ (✉❜❡ -♦(❛(✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐' ❣❡♥❡-❛(✐♦♥ ♣-♦✈✐❞❡' ❛ ❧❛-❣❡- ❛-❡❛ ♦❢ (❤❡ ♣❛(✐❡♥( (♦ ❜❡ ✐♠❛❣❡❞ ❛' ✐❧❧✉'(-❛(❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✽✳ ❋✐❣✉-❡ ✷✳✽✿ ✭❆✮▼✉❧(✐✲❞❡(❡❝(♦- '②'(❡♠✳ ✭❇✮ ▼✉❧(✐✲'❧✐❝❡ ❈❚ ❬❙❡❡-❛♠ ✷✵✶✺❪✳

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to