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Advancing osteochondral tissue engineering: bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor signaling drive ordered differentiation of periosteal cells resulting in stable cartilage and bone formation in vivo.

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Academic year: 2021

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Fig. 1 Characterization of TIs at the gene expression and histological levels. a mRNA quantification by qPCR of chondrogenic genes in tissue intermediates (TIs), control aggregates (CTRL, no GFs) and human articular chondrocytes (hACs)
Fig. 2 Histological and microcomputed tomography ( μ CT) analysis of in vitro cultured and ectopically implanted TIs
Fig. 3 Immunohistological analysis of type-I and type-II collagen deposition and contribution of human (h) cells to bone and cartilage formation by TIs
Fig. 5 Histological analysis of osteochondral defects and human cell identification at 8 weeks postinjury
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