HAL Id: tel-01085204
https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01085204
Submitted on 20 Nov 2014
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Event-based social media data mining
Xueliang Liu
To cite this version:
Xueliang Liu. Event-based social media data mining. Other. Télécom ParisTech, 2012. English. �NNT : 2012ENST0071�. �tel-01085204�
2012-ENST-071
EDITE - ED 130
Doctorat ParisTech
T H È S E
pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par
TELECOM ParisTech
Spécialité « Signal et Images »
présentée et soutenue publiquement par
Xueliang LIU
le 3 décembre 2012
Fouille d’informations multimédia partagées
orienté evénements
Directeur de thèse :Benoit HUET
Jury
Mme. Nozha BOUJEMAA,Directeur de recherches, INRIA Paris, Président
M. Francesco DE NATALE,Professeur, University of Trento Rapporteurs
M. Hervé GLOTIN,Professeur, Université Sud Toulon Rapporteurs
M. Bernard MERIALDO,Professeur, EURECOM Examinateur
M. Benoit HUET,Maître de Conférences, EURECOM Directeur de thèse
TELECOM ParisTech
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◆♦✇❛❞❛②' (❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥( ♦❢ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝❛♣(✉4❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡' ❛♥❞ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡(✇♦4❦' ♠❛❦❡' ✐( ❡❛'✐❧② ❢♦4 ✉'❡4' (♦ ❝❛♣(✉4❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐'(4✐❜✉(❡ 4✐❝❤ ♠✉❧(✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦♥(❡♥(✳ ❘❡❝❡♥( ②❡❛4' ❤❛✈❡ ✇✐(♥❡''❡❞ (❤❡ 4❛♣✐❞ ❣4♦✇(❤ ♦❢ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝(✐♦♥' ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦✈❡4 (❤❡ ■♥(❡4♥❡(✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❜✐❣ ❞❛(❛ ♣4♦✈✐❞❡' ✉'❡4' ❢❛❝✐❧✐(✐❡' (♦ '❤❛4❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡'' ❞❛(❛✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐( ❛❧'♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞' (❤❡ 4❡✈♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❛(❛ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥( (❡❝❤♥✐=✉❡'✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥(✐❛❧ ❣4♦✇(❤ ♦❢ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛ 4❡=✉✐4❡' ♠♦4❡ '❝❛❧❛❜❧❡✱ ❡✛❡❝(✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ 4♦❜✉'( (❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡' (♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡① (❤❡♠✳ ❊✈❡♥( ✐' ♦♥❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ♠♦'( ✐♠♣♦4(❛♥( ❝✉❡' (♦ 4❡❝❛❧❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✬' ♣❛'( ♠❡♠♦4②✳ ❚❤❡ 4❡♠✐♥❞❡4 ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥( ♠❛❦❡' ✐( ❡①(4❡♠❡❧② ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ ✐♥ ♦4❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ ❞❛(❛✳ ❲✐(❤ (❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥( ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵✱ ♠❛♥② ❡✈❡♥(✲❜❛'❡❞ ✐♥❢♦4♠❛(✐♦♥ '❤❛4✐♥❣ '✐(❡' ❛4❡ ❛♣♣❡❛4✐♥❣ ♦♥❧✐♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ✈❛4✐❡(② ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥(' ❛4❡ '❝❤❡❞✉❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡'❝4✐❜❡❞ ❜② '❡✈❡4❛❧ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ '❡4✈✐❝❡'✳ ❚❤❡ '(✉❞② ♦❢ (❤❡ 4❡❧❛(✐♦♥ ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥(' ❝♦✉❧❞ ❧❡✈❡4❛❣❡ (❤❡ ❡✈❡♥( ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥(♦❧♦❣✐❡' (♦ ❢♦4♠✉❧❛(❡ (❤❡ 4❛✐'❡❞ ♣4♦❜❧❡♠'✱ ❛♥❞ ✐( ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❧'♦ ❡①♣❧♦✐( ♠✉❧(✐♠♦❞❛❧ ❢❡❛(✉4❡' (♦ ♠✐♥❡ (❤❡ ♣❛((❡4♥' ❞❡❡♣❧②✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❣❛✐♥ ❜❡((❡4 ♣❡4❢♦4♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❛4❡❞ ✇✐(❤ '♦♠❡ ♦(❤❡4 ♠❡(❤♦❞'✳ ■♥ (❤✐' (❤❡'✐'✱ ✇❡ '(✉❞② (❤❡ ♣4♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ 4❡❧❛(✐♦♥' ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ ❡✈❡♥(' ❛♥❞ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛✳ ❚❤❡4❡ ❛4❡ ♠❛✐♥❧② (❤4❡❡ ♣4♦❜❧❡♠' (❤❛( ❛4❡ ✇❡❧❧ ✐♥✈❡'(✐❣❛(❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✜4'( ♣4♦❜❧❡♠ ✐' ❡✈❡♥( ❡♥4✐❝❤♠❡♥(✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ✐♥✈❡'(✐❣❛(❡ ❤♦✇ (♦ ❧❡✈❡4❛❣❡ (❤❡ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ (♦ ❡✈❡♥(' ✐❧❧✉'(4❛(✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ '❡❝♦♥❞ ♣4♦❜❧❡♠ ✐' ❡✈❡♥( ❞✐'❝♦✈❡4②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦❝✉'❡' ♦♥ ❞✐'❝♦✈❡4✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥( ♣❛((❡4♥' ❢4♦♠ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ '(4❡❛♠✳ ❲❡ ♣4♦♣♦'❡ ❜✉4'( ❞❡(❡❝(✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ (♦♣✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛'❡❞ ♠❡(❤♦❞' (♦ ✜♥❞ ❡✈❡♥(' ❢4♦♠ (❤❡ '♣❛(✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ (❡♠♣♦4❛❧ ❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛✳ ❚❤❡ (❤✐4❞ ♣4♦❜❧❡♠ ✐' ✈✐'✉❛❧ ❡✈❡♥( ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ '(✉❞✐❡' (❤❡ ♣4♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❛✉(♦♠❛(✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦❧❧❡❝(✐♥❣ (4❛✐♥✐♥❣ '❛♠♣❧❡' (♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ (❤❡ ✈✐'✉❛❧✐③❛(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥('✳ ❚❤❡ '♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❝(✐♥❣ ❜♦(❤ ♦❢ (❤❡ ♣♦'✐(✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❣❛(✐✈❡ '❛♠♣❧❡' ✐' ❛❧'♦ ❞❡4✐✈❡❞ ❢4♦♠ (❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②'✐' ♦❢ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦♥(❡①(✳ ❚❤❛♥❦' (♦ (❤❡ ❛♣♣4♦❛❝❤❡' ♣4♦♣♦'❡❞ ✐♥ (❤✐' (❤❡'✐'✱ (❤❡ ✐♥(4✐♥'✐❝ 4❡❧❛(✐♦♥'❤✐♣ ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥(' ❛4❡ ❞❡❡♣❧② ✐♥✈❡'(✐❣❛(❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣4♦✈✐❞❡' ❛ ✇❛② (♦ ❡①♣❧♦4❡ ❛♥❞ ♦4❣❛♥✐③❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ♠❡❞✐❛' ❡✛❡❝(✐✈❡❧②✳❘("✉♠(
❆✉ ❝♦✉4' ❞❡' ❞❡4♥✐I4❡' ❛♥♥J❡'✱ ♥♦✉' ❛✈♦♥' ♣✉ ❛''✐'(❡4 K ✉♥❡ ❝4♦✐''❛♥❝❡ 4❛♣✐❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ =✉❛♥✲ (✐(J ❞✬✐♥❢♦4♠❛(✐♦♥ ♠✉❧(✐♠J❞✐❛ ❞✐'♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ✈✐❛ ❧❡' ♠J❞✐❛' '♦❝✐❛✉① ❡♥ ❧✐❣♥❡✳ ▲❛ ❝4♦✐''❛♥❝❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥(✐❡❧❧❡ ❞❡' ❞♦♥♥J❡' ❞❡' ♠J❞✐❛' '♦❝✐❛✉① ❛ ♠✐' ❡♥ ❛✈❛♥( ✉♥ ❜❡'♦✐♥ ❞❡ (❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡' ❡✣❝❛❝❡'✱ ✜❛❜❧❡' ❡( ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡' ❞❡ ♣❛''❡4 K ❧✬J❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❛✜♥ ❞❡ ♣♦✉✈♦✐4 ❧❡' ❣J4❡4 ❡( ❧❡' ✐♥❞❡①❡4✳ ▲❛ ♥♦(✐♦♥ ❞✬✧J✈I♥❡♠❡♥(✧ ❡'( ✉♥❡ ❞❡' ❝❧J' ♠❛❥❡✉4❡' ♣❡4♠❡((❛♥( ❞❡ '❡ 4❡♠J♠♦4❡4 ❞❡' '♦✉✈❡♥✐4'✳ ▲❛ ✈❛❧❡✉4 ♠J♠♦4✐❡❧❧❡ ❞✬✉♥ J✈I♥❡♠❡♥( ❧❡ 4❡♥❞ ❞❡' ♣❧✉' ✉(✐❧❡' ❧♦4'=✉✬✐❧ '✬❛❣✐( ❞✬♦4❣❛♥✐'❡4 ❞❡' ❞♦♥♥J❡'✳ ❆✈❡❝ ❧❡ ❞J✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥( ❞✉ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵✱ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ ❞❡ '✐(❡' ❞❡ ♣❛4(❛❣❡ ❞✬✐♥❢♦4♠❛(✐♦♥ ❛✉ '✉❥❡( ❞✬J✈I♥❡♠❡♥(' ❢♦♥( ❧❡✉4 ❛♣♣❛4✐(✐♦♥ '✉4 ✐♥(❡4♥❡(✱ ❡( ✉♥❡ ❣4❛♥❞❡ ✈❛4✐J(J ❞✬J✈I♥❡♠❡♥(' '♦♥( ♣4♦❣4❛♠♠J' ❡( ❞J❝4✐(' ♣❛4 ♣❧✉'✐❡✉4' '❡4✈✐❝❡' ❡( 4J'❡❛✉① '♦❝✐❛✉① ❡♥ ❧✐❣♥❡✳ ▲✬J(✉❞❡ ❞❡' 4❡❧❛(✐♦♥' ❡♥(4❡ ♠❡❞✐❛' '♦❝✐❛✉① ❡( J✈I♥❡♠❡♥(' ♣♦✉44❛✐( (✐4❡4 ♣❛4(✐ ❞❡' ❝♦♥♥❛✐''❛♥❝❡' ❧✐J❡' ❛✉ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞❡' J✈I♥❡♠❡♥(' ❡( ❞❡' ♦♥(♦❧♦❣✐❡' ❛✜♥ ❞❡ ❢♦4♠✉❧❡4 ❧❡' ♣4♦❜❧I♠❡' '♦✉❧❡✈J' ❀ ❧✬❡①♣❧♦✐(❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡' ❝❛4❛❝(J4✐'(✐=✉❡' ♠✉❧(✐♠♦❞❛❧❡' ♣❡✉( ❛✉''✐ ♣❡4♠❡((4❡ ❞✬❡①♣❧♦4❡4 ❧❡' ❝❛4✲ ❛❝(J4✐'(✐=✉❡' ❡♥ ♣4♦❢♦♥❞❡✉4✱ ❡( ❛✐♥'✐ ❞❡ ❣❛❣♥❡4 ❡♥ ♣❡4❢♦4♠❛♥❝❡ ♣❛4 4❛♣♣♦4( K ❞✬❛✉(4❡' ♠J(❤♦❞❡'✳ ❉❛♥' ❝❡((❡ (❤I'❡✱ ♥♦✉' J(✉❞✐♦♥' ❧❡ ♣4♦❜❧I♠❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❡①(4❛❝(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♥❛✐''❛♥❝❡' =✉❛♥( ❛✉① 4❡❧❛(✐♦♥' ❡♥(4❡ J✈I♥❡♠❡♥(' ❡( ❞♦♥♥J❡' ❞❡' 4J'❡❛✉① '♦❝✐❛✉①✳ ❚4♦✐' ♣4♦❜❧I♠❡' '♦♥( ❛✉ ❝❡♥(4❡ ❞❡ ♥♦(4❡ ❛♥❛❧②'❡✳ ▲❡ ♣4❡♠✐❡4 ♣4♦❜❧I♠❡ ♣♦4(❡ '✉4 ❧✬❡♥4✐❝❤✐''❡♠❡♥( ✈✐'✉❡❧ ❞❡' J✈I♥❡♠❡♥(' ✿ ♥♦(4❡ 4❡❝❤❡4❝❤❡ ✈✐'❡ K ❝♦♠♣4❡♥❞4❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥( ✉(✐❧✐'❡4 ❧❡' ♠J❞✐❛' '♦❝✐❛✉① ♣♦✉4✽
✐❧❧✉$%&❡& ❞❡$ )✈+♥❡♠❡♥%$✳ ▲❡ ❞❡✉①✐+♠❡ ♣&♦❜❧+♠❡✱ ❧❛ ❞)❝♦✉✈❡&%❡ ❞✬)✈+♥❡♠❡♥%✱ $❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥%&❡ $✉& ❧❛ ❞)❝♦✉✈❡&%❡ ❞❡ ❝❛&❛❝%)&✐$%✐8✉❡$ ❞❛♥$ ❧❡$ )✈+♥❡♠❡♥%$ 9 ♣❛&%✐& ❞❡$ ✢✉① ❞✬✐♥❢♦&♠❛%✐♦♥$ ♣&♦✈❡♥❛♥% ❞❡$ ♠)❞✐❛$ $♦❝✐❛✉①✳ ◆♦✉$ ♣&♦♣♦$♦♥$ ❞✬✉%✐❧✐$❡& ❧❛ ❞)%❡❝%✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♥✐✈❡❛✉① ❡% ❞❡$ ♠)%❤♦❞❡$ ❞❡ ❞)%❡❝%✐♦♥ ❞❡ $✉❥❡% ♣♦✉& ❞)❝♦✉✈&✐& ❞❡$ )✈+♥❡♠❡♥%$ ❣&@❝❡ ❛✉① ❛♥♥♦%❛%✐♦♥$ $♣❛✲ %✐❛❧❡$ ❡% %❡♠♣♦&❡❧❧❡$ ♣&)$❡♥%❡$ ❞❛♥$ ❧❡$ ♠)❞✐❛$ $♦❝✐❛✉①✳ ▲❡ %&♦✐$✐+♠❡ ♣&♦❜❧+♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡&♥❡ ❧❛ ♠♦❞)❧✐$❛%✐♦♥ ✈✐$✉❡❧❧❡ ❞❡$ )✈+♥❡♠❡♥%$✱ ❞♦♥% ❧❛ ♣&♦❜❧)♠❛%✐8✉❡ ❡$% ❞❡ &❛$$❡♠❜❧❡& ❞❡ ❢❛B♦♥ ❛✉%♦♠❛%✐8✉❡ ❞❡$ )❝❤❛♥%✐❧❧♦♥$ ❞✬❛♣♣&❡♥%✐$$❛❣❡✱ ❛✜♥ ❞❡ ♠❡%%&❡ ❡♥ ♦❡✉✈&❡ ✉♥❡ &❡♣&)$❡♥%❛%✐♦♥ ✈✐$✉❡❧❧❡ ❞❡$ )✈+♥❡♠❡♥%$✳ ▲❛ $♦❧✉%✐♦♥ ♣&♦♣♦$)❡ ❝♦♥$✐$%❡ 9 &❛$$❡♠❜❧❡& ❞❡$ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡$ 9 ❧❛ ❢♦✐$ ♣♦$✐%✐❢$ ❡% ♥)❣❛%✐❢$ ❀ ❞❡ ♠E♠❡✱ ❡❧❧❡ ❡$% ❞)&✐✈)❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❛♥❛❧②$❡ ❞✉ ❝♦♥%❡①%❡ ❞❡$ ♠)❞✐❛$ $♦❝✐❛✉①✳ ●&@❝❡ ❛✉① ❛♣♣&♦❝❤❡$ ♣&♦♣♦$)❡$ ❞❛♥$ ❝❡%%❡ %❤+$❡✱ ❧❛ &❡❧❛%✐♦♥ ✐♥%&✐♥$+8✉❡ ❡♥%&❡ ❧❡$ ♠)❞✐❛$ $♦❝✐❛✉① ❡% ❧❡$ )✈+♥❡♠❡♥%$ ❡$% )%✉❞✐)❡ ❡♥ ♣&♦❢♦♥❞❡✉&✱ ❝❡ 8✉✐ ♥♦✉$ ❢♦✉&♥✐% ✉♥ ♠♦②❡♥ ❞✬❡①♣❧♦&❡& ❡% ❞✬♦&❣❛♥✐$❡& ❧❡$ ♠❡❞✐❛$ ❡♥ ❧✐❣♥❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐+&❡ ❡✣❝❛❝❡✳
✾
❈♦♥#❡♥#%
✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ ✶✼ ✶✳✶ ▼♦%✐✈❛%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♥%❡♥% ♦❢ %❤❡ ❚❤❡1✐1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥%4✐❜✉%✐♦♥1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✶✳✹ ❖✉%❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷ ❇❛❝❦❣$♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❧❛#❡❞ ❲♦$❦ ✷✺ ✷✳✶ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❋❧✐❝❦4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❊✈❡♥% ❙✐%❡1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❉❛%❛ ❙❝4❛♣✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷ ❆♥❛❧②1✐1 ❚❡❝❤♥✐G✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❙✉♣♣♦4% ❱❡❝%♦4 ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❚♦♣✐❝ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❊✈❛❧✉❛%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✸ ❘❡❧❛%❡❞ ❲♦4❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✸✳✶ ▼✉❧%✐♠❡❞✐❛ 4❡%4✐❡✈❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✸✳✷ ▼✉❧%✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❉❛%❛❙❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❖♥%♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❙❡♠❛♥%✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❛♥❛❧②1✐1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✸✳✺ ▼✉❧%✐♠❡❞✐❛ ✐❧❧✉1%4❛%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✸✳✻ ❊✈❡♥% ■❧❧✉1%4❛%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✸✳✼ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❊✈❡♥% ❉❡%❡❝%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✸✳✽ ❆✉%♦♠❛%✐❝ ❉❛%❛ ❈♦❧❧❡❝%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉1✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❊♥$✐❝❤♠❡♥# ❢♦$ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❊✈❡♥#= ✹✺ ✸✳✶ ■♥%4♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷ ❖✉4 ❊✈❡♥% ■❧❧✉1%4❛%✐♦♥ ❋4❛♠❡✇♦4❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▲❖❉❊ ❖♥%♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❊✈❡♥% ❉✐4❡❝%♦4✐❡1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❊✈❡♥%▼❡❞✐❛ ❉❛%❛1❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❋✐♥❞ ▼❡❞✐❛ ■❧❧✉1%4❛%✐♥❣ ❊✈❡♥%1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷✳✸✳✶ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❈♦♥%❡①% ❆♥❛❧②1✐1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷✳✸✳✷ ◗✉❡4② ❜② ●❡♦%❛❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷✳✸✳✸ ◗✉❡4② ❜② ❚✐%❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷✳✸✳✹ S4✉♥✐♥❣ ■44❡❧❡✈❛♥% ▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❘❡1✉❧%1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✷✳✺ ❉❡♠♦♥1%4❛%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾✶✵ ❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙ ✸✳✷✳✻ ❉✐(❝✉((✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✸ ❊✈❡♥2✲❜❛(❡❞ ❚♦♣✐❝ ❊①♣:❡((✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❖✉: <:♦♣♦(❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❙❡♠❛♥2✐❝ ◗✉❡:② <❛:(✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❊✈❡♥2( ❊①2:❛❝2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✸✳✶✳✸ ▼❡❞✐❛ ■❧❧✉(2:❛2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❘❡(✉❧2( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❉✐(❝✉((✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹ ❊✈❡♥%& ❉✐&❝♦✈❡+② ❢+♦♠ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❛ ✼✶ ✹✳✶ ■♥2:♦❞✉❝2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✷ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❊✈❡♥2 ❉✐(❝♦✈❡:② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❉❛2❛ ❆❝K✉✐(✐2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❉❡2❡❝2✐♥❣ ❊✈❡♥2( ❇❛(❡❞ ♦♥ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❆❝2✐✈✐2② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✷✳✷✳✶ ●:♦✉♥❞ ❚:✉2❤ ❈♦❧❧❡❝2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ 2❤❡ ❋❧✐❝❦: ❆❝2✐✈✐2② ❛:♦✉♥❞ ❱❡♥✉❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❉❡2❡❝2✐♦♥ ❘❡(✉❧2( ❛♥❞ ❊✈❛❧✉❛2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✸ ❚♦♣✐❝ ❇❛(❡❞ ❊✈❡♥2 ❉❡2❡❝2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❊✈❡♥2 ❉❡2❡❝2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❚♦♣✐❝( ▲❡❛:♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❊✈❡♥2( ❊(2✐♠❛2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❊①♣❡:✐♠❡♥2( ❛♥❞ ❘❡(✉❧2( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❘❡(✉❧2( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❉✐(❝✉((✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✹ ❊✈❡♥2 ❉❡2❡❝2✐♦♥ ♦♥ ▼❡❞✐❛❊✈❛❧ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✹✳✶ <:♦❜❧❡♠( ❙2❛2❡♠❡♥2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✹✳✶✳✶ ❚✇♦ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✹✳✶✳✷ ❉❛2❛(❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❆♣♣:♦❛❝❤ ❉❡(❝:✐♣2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✹✳✷✳✶ <:✐♦: ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛❝K✉✐(✐2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✹✳✷✳✷ ❊✈❡♥2 ■❞❡♥2✐✜❝❛2✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✹✳✷✳✸ ❱✐(✉❛❧ ❋✐❧2❡: ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✹✳✷✳✹ ❖✇♥❡: ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❊①♣❡:✐♠❡♥2( ❛♥❞ ❘❡(✉❧2( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺ ❚+❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❙❛♠♣❧❡ ❈♦❧❧❡❝%✐♦♥ ❢♦+ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❊✈❡♥% ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✶ ■♥2:♦❞✉❝2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❱✐(✉❛❧ ❊✈❡♥2 ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✷✳✶ <♦(✐2✐✈❡ ❙❛♠♣❧❡( ❈♦❧❧❡❝2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✷✳✷ ◆❡❣❛2✐✈❡ ❙❛♠♣❧❡( ❈♦❧❧❡❝2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❚:❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✸ ❊①♣❡:✐♠❡♥2( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❉❛2❛ ❙❡2 ❛♥❞ ❊①♣❡:✐♠❡♥2 ❙❡22✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✸✳✷ ▲♦❝❛2✐♦♥ ❉✐(2❛♥❝❡✱ ❚✐♠❡ ■♥2❡:✈❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❚❛❣( ❙✐③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✸✳✸ <❡:❢♦:♠❛♥❝❡ ❊✈❛❧✉❛2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
✶✶ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'✐♦♥ ✶✶✺ ✻✳✶ ❆❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✻✳✷ /❡0,♣❡❝+✐✈❡, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✻✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉,✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❆ ❘-'✉♠- ❡♥ ❋1❛♥3❛✐' ✶✶✾ ❆✳✶ ❊♥0✐❝❤✐,,❡♠❡♥+ ❞✬;✈;♥❡♠❡♥+ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❆✳✶✳✶ ❊✈❡♥+▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❆✳✶✳✷ ❚0♦✉✈❡③ ❞❡, ✐❧❧✉,+0❛+✐♦♥, ♣♦✉0 ❞❡, ;✈;♥❡♠❡♥+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ❆✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❆♥❛❧②,❡ ❞✉ ❝♦♥+❡①+❡ ❞❡, ♠;❞✐❛, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ❆✳✶✳✷✳✷ ❘❡D✉E+❡ ❡♥ ❧✐❣♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ❆✳✶✳✷✳✸ ▼;❞✐❛, ❞✬;❧❛❣❛❣❡ ♥♦♥ ♣❡0+✐♥❡♥+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ❆✳✶✳✸ ❘❡,✉❧+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ❆✳✷ ❉;❝♦✉✈❡0+❡ ❞✬ ;✈;♥❡♠❡♥+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ❆✳✷✳✶ ❉;+❡❝+✐♦♥ ❞✬ ;✈;♥❡♠❡♥+, ❜❛,;❡ ,✉0 ❧✬❛❝+✐✈✐+; ❞❡, ♠;❞✐❛, ,♦❝✐❛✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ❆✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❉;+❡❝+✐♦♥ ❞✬;✈J♥❡♠❡♥+ ♣❛0 ❛♥❛❧②,❡ ❞❡ ♠✐,❡ ❡♥ ❧✐❣♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ❆✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❘;,✉❧+❛+ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ❆✳✷✳✷ ❉;+❡❝+✐♦♥ ❞✬;✈;♥❡♠❡♥+, ♣❛0 ❧✬❛♥❛❧②,❡ ❧❛+❡♥+❡ ❞❡, ,✉❥❡+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ❆✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❆♣♣0❡♥+✐,,❛❣❡ ❞✉ ,✉❥❡+ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ❆✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❊,+✐♠❛+✐♦♥ ❞❡, ;✈;♥❡♠❡♥+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ❆✳✷✳✷✳✸ ❘;,✉❧+❛+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ❆✳✸ ❈0❡❛+✐♦♥ ❛✉+♦♠❛+✐D✉❡ ❞✬❡♥,❡♠❜❧❡, ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥❡, ❞✬❡♥+0❛✐♥❡♠❡♥+ ♣♦✉0 ❧❛ ♠♦❞✲ ;❧✐,❛+✐♦♥ ❞✬;✈;♥❡♠❡♥+, ,♦❝✐❛✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ❆✳✸✳✶ ❈♦❧❧❡❝+❡ ❞✬;❝❤❛♥+✐❧❧♦♥, ♣♦,✐+✐❢, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ❆✳✸✳✷ ❈♦❧❧❡❝+❡ ❞✬;❝❤❛♥+✐❧❧♦♥, ♥;❣❛+✐❢, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ❆✳✸✳✸ ❊♥+0❛✐♥❡♠❡♥+ ❞❡, ♠♦❞J❧❡, ✈✐,✉❡❧, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ❆✳✸✳✹ ❘;,✉❧+❛+, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ❆✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉,✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ❆✳✹✳✶ ❘;❛❧✐,❛+✐♦♥, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ❆✳✺ /❡0,♣❡❝+✐✈❡, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ✶✹✸
✶✸
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"
✶✳✶ ❍♦✉&' ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦' ✉♣❧♦❛❞❡❞ ♣❡& ♠✐♥✉2❡ ♦✈❡& 2❤❡ ♣❛'2 ✺ ②❡❛&' ✐♥ ❨♦✉2✉❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✶✳✷ ❇✐❧❧✐♦♥' ♦❢ ♣❤♦2♦' ✐♥ ❋❧✐❝❦& ♦✈❡& 2❤❡ ♣❛'2 ✺ ②❡❛&' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♣❤♦2♦' ✇✐2❤ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ 2❛❣' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥2 '✐2❡' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸ ●❡♦♠❡2&② ❊①♣❧❛♥❛2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✹ ♣▲❙❆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✺ ▲❉❆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✻ ❈❧❛''✐✜❝❛2✐♦♥ ❱❙ ●&♦✉♥❞ ❚&✉2❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✼ ❚❤❡ ❢&❛♠❡✇♦&❦ ♦❢ ♠✉❧2♠❡❞✐❛ &❡2&✐❡✈❛❧ '②'2❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✽ ❚❤❡ ▲✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❖♣❡♥ ❉❛2❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❞✐❛❣&❛♠✱ 2❤❡ ✈❡&'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✾ ✇✐2❤ ✾✺ ❞❛2❛'❡2'✱ ❛♥❞ 2❤❡ ❧❛2❡'2 ✈❡&'✐♦♥ ✇✐2❤ ✷✾✺ ❞❛2❛'❡2' ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞❡❞ ❢&♦♠ ❤!!♣✿✴✴%✐❝❤❛%❞✳❝②❣❛♥✐❛❦✳❞❡✴✷✵✵✼✴✶✵✴❧♦❞✴❧♦❞✲❞❛!❛7❡!7❴✷✵✶✶✲✵✾✲✶✾✳♣❞❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❘❛❞✐♦❤❡❛❞ ❍❛✐(✐ ❘❡❧✐❡❢ ❈♦♥❝❡.( ❞❡'❝&✐❜❡❞ ✇✐2❤ ▲❖❉❊ ✭(♦♣✮ ❛♥❞ ✐❧❧✉'✲ 2&❛2❡❞ ✇✐2❤ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡'❝&✐❜❡❞ ❜② 2❤❡ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❖♥2♦❧♦❣② ✭❜♦((♦♠✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷ ❆ ♣❤♦2♦ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈✐❞❡♦ 2❛❦❡♥ ❜② 2❤❡ '❛♠❡ ✉'❡& ❛2 2❤❡ ❘2✐34♥ ▼✉.♣❤② ❈♦♥❝❡.( ❞❡'❝&✐❜❡❞ ✇✐2❤ 2❤❡ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❖♥2♦❧♦❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸ ■♠❛❣❡ ✉♣❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ 2❡♥❞❡♥❝② ❛❧♦♥❣ 2✐♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ ♣&♦♣♦'❡❞ ❢&❛♠❡✇♦&❦ 2♦ ❡♥&✐❝❤ ❡✈❡♥2 ✇✐2❤ ♣❤♦2♦'✴✈✐❞❡♦' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✺ ❱✐❞❡♦ ✉♣❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ 2❡♥❞❡♥❝② ❛❧♦♥❣ 2✐♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✻ ❙2❛2✐'2✐❝' ❢♦& ❣❡♦2❛❣ ❜❛'❡❞ Y✉❡&② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✼ ❙2❛2✐'2✐❝' ❢♦& 2✐2❧❡ ❜❛'❡❞ Y✉❡&② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✽ ❚❤❡ ❞✐'2&✐❜✉2✐♦♥ ♦❢ 2❤&❡'❤♦❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✾ ❚❛❣ ❈❧♦✉❞' ♦❢ ♣❤♦2♦' ❛''♦❝✐❛2❡❞ 2♦ 2❤❡ ❡✈❡♥2 ✶✵✾✼✶✻✻✿ ❆❧❡❧❛ ❉✐❛♥❡ ❛( ❚✐✈♦❧✐ ❉❡ ❍❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❯(.❡❝❤(✮ ♦♥ ✶✹ ❏✉❧ ✷✵✵✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✶✵ [❤♦2♦ ❈♦❧❧❛❣❡ ❢♦& ❡✈❡♥2 ✶✵✾✼✶✻✻✿ ❆❧❡❧❛ ❉✐❛♥❡ ❛( ❚✐✈♦❧✐ ❉❡ ❍❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❯(.❡❝❤(✮ ♦♥ ✶✹ ❏✉❧ ✷✵✵✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✶✶ ■♥2❡&❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ ✐❧❧✉'2&❛2✐♥❣ '♦❝✐❛❧ ❡✈❡♥2 ✐♥ ❊✈❡♥2▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✷ ❊♥&✐❝❤✐♥❣ &❡'✉❧2' ❢♦& ❡✈❡♥2✿ ✵❛✸✽✺✺✾✹✲✺❡✾❢✲✹✹❝✾✲✾✽❢✺✲❞✺✻❜❝✶✺❛❛❢✵✼✳ ▼❛♥②
♣❤♦2♦' ❛&❡ ♥♦2 '❤♦✇♥ ❤❡&❡ ❜❡❝❛✉'❡ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ❧✐♠✐2❡❞ '♣❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✶✸ [❛&❝ ❉❡❧ ❋♦&✉♠ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥2 ✇❡❜ '❡&✈✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✹ [❤♦2♦' 2❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ ✈❡♥✉❡ ✇❡&❝❤2❡&✱ ❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ ❜② ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛&❦❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✺ ❚❤❡ '♥❛♣'❤♦2 ♦❢ ❛ Y✉❡&② &❡'✉❧2 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✶✻ ❖✈❡&✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ♣&♦♣♦'❡❞ ❢&❛♠❡✇♦&❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✶✼ ❙❡♠❛♥2✐❝ ♣❛&'✐♥❣ ✉'✐♥❣ ◆▲[✳ ✭❛✮ 2❤❡ ✢♦✇❝❤❛&2❀ ✭❜✮ 2❤❡ ❣&❛♠♠❛& ✉'❡❞ ❢♦&
❝❤✉♥❦❡& ♣❛&'✐♥❣❀ ✭❝✮ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❢♦& ✐♥♣✉2 Y✉❡&② ✏2❤❡ ◆❡✇' ✐♥ ◆❡✇ ❨♦&❦ ❧❛'2 ▼♦♥❞❛②✑❀ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✶✹ ▲■❙❚ ❖❋ ❋■●❯❘❊❙ ✸✳✶✽ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ◆❡✇. ❲❡❜ ❙❡1✈✐❝❡✱ ❉✐❣❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✶✾ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥? ✈✐.✉❛❧✐③❛?✐♦♥✱ ?♦ ✐❧❧✉.?1❛?❡ ?❤❡ ❡✈❡♥? ✏❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡. ✜1❡ ❜❛❝❦ ❛? ♣1♦♣♦.❡❞ ◆❨❈ ❜✐❣ .♦❞❛ ❜❛♥✑✱ ✭❆✮❊✈❡♥? ?✐?❧❡❀ ✭❇✮❊✈❡♥? ❛❜.?1❛❝?✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ?♦ ?❤❡ ♦1✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♥❡✇.❀ ✭❈✮❚❛❣ ❝❧♦✉❞❀ ✭❉✮P❤♦?♦ ❝♦❧❧❛❣❡❀ ✭❊✮ ◆❛✈✐❣❛?✐♦♥ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✶ ❚❤❡ ♣1♦♣♦.❡❞ ❢1❛♠❡✇♦1❦ ?♦ ❞✐.❝♦✈❡1 ❡✈❡♥?. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✷ ❇♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❇♦① ❢♦1 ?❤❡ ✈❡♥✉❡ ❑♦❦♦ ✐♥ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ✭❯❑✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✸ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❢❡1❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ ♠❡❧❦✇❡❣ ✇❡❜ .✐?❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✹ ❊✈❡♥? ❞❡?❡❝?✐♦♥ ❞✉1✐♥❣ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✵ ✐♥ ?❤❡ ▼❡❧❦✇❡❣ ✭❆♠.?❡1❞❛♠✱ ◆▲✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✺ ❊✈❡♥? ❞❡?❡❝?✐♦♥ ❞✉1✐♥❣ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✵ ✐♥ ?❤❡ ❑♦❦♦ ✭▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ❯❑✮ ✈❡♥✉❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✻ ❚❤❡ ♣❤♦?♦. ?❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ ?❤❡ ♣❛.? ❡✈❡♥?. ♦♥ ▼❡❧❦✇❡❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✼ ❚❤❡ ♣❤♦?♦. ?❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ ?❤❡ ♣❛.? ❡✈❡♥?. ♦♥ ❘♦?♦✇♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✽ ❋❛❧.❡ P♦.✐?✐✈❡ ✐♥ ✈❡♥✉❡ ✏1♦?♦✇♥✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✾ ❆ ♣❤♦?♦ ?❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ 1♦?♦✇♥ ♦♥ ▼❛② ✻?❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✶✵ ❋❛❧.❡ ♣♦.✐?✐✈❡ .❛♠♣❧❡. ✐♥ ❍▼❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✶✶ ❱✐.✉❛❧ ❝❧✉.?❡1 ❢♦1 ?❤❡ ❡✈❡♥? ✶✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛. ❤❡❧❞ ♦♥ ✵✼✴✵✺✴✷✵✶✵✱ ✐♥ ?❤❡ ✈❡♥✉❡ ❑♦❦♦ ✇✐?❤ ?❤❡ ?✐?❧❡ ❙❤❡✫❍✐♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✶✷ ❱✐.✉❛❧ ❝❧✉.?❡1 ❢♦1 ?❤❡ ❡✈❡♥? ✷✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛. ❤❡❧❞ ♦♥ ✵✸✴✵✺✴✷✵✶✵✱ ✐♥ ?❤❡ ✈❡♥✉❡ ❍❛♠♠❡1.♠✐?❤ ❆♣♦❧❧♦ ✇✐?❤ ?❤❡ ?✐?❧❡ ✐❣❣② .?♦♦❣❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✹✳✶✸ ❚❤❡ ♣1♦♣♦.❡❞ ❢1❛♠❡✇♦1❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✶✹ ❚❤❡ ❤✐.?♦❣1❛♠ ♦❢ ?❤1❡.❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✶✺ ❚❤❡ ▲❉❆ ?♦♣✐❝. ❧❡❛1♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❆♠.?❡1❞❛♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✶✻ ❚❤❡ ❞❡❝✐.✐♦♥ ♠❛❞❡ ✐♥ ♠❡❧❦✇❡❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✶✼ ■♥?❡1❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❋❇❧❡❛❣❡✱ ✇❤❡1❡ ♠♦.? ♦❢ ?❤❡ ❢♦♦?❜❛❧❧ ❣❛♠❡. ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✶✽ P❤♦?♦ ❝❧✉.?❡1 ❢♦1 .♦❝❝❡1 ✏❇❛1❝❡❧♦♥❛ ✈. ▼❛♥❝❤❡.?❡1 ❯♥✐?❡❞✱ ❈❛♠♣✐♦♥. ▲✐❣❛ ❈❤❛♠♣✐♦♥. ▲❡❛❣✉❡✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✹✳✶✾ P❤♦?♦ ❝❧✉.?❡1 ❢♦1 .♦❝❝❡1 ✏❋1❛♥③ ❋❡1❞✐♥❛♥❞✑ ✐♥ P❛1❛❞✐.♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✶ ❖✈❡1✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ?❤❡ ❢1❛♠❡✇♦1❦ ❢♦1 ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥?. .❡♠❛♥?✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✷ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❚❛❣. ❯.❡❞ ✐♥ ▲❛.?✳❢♠✭❚♦♣✮ ❛♥❞ ❋❧✐❝❦1✭❇♦??♦♠✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✸ ❈1♦.. ❱❛❧✐❞❛?✐♦♥ ♦♥ R ❛♥❞ D ❢♦1 ?✇♦ ❊✈❡♥?. ✇✐?❤ Score1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✺✳✹ ❈1♦.. ❱❛❧✐❞❛?✐♦♥ ♦♥ R ❛♥❞ D ❢♦1 ?✇♦ ❊✈❡♥?. ✇✐?❤ Score2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✺✳✺ P❡1❢♦1♠❛♥❝❡ ✈. .✐③❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ?❛❣ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛1② ✇✐?❤ Score1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✺✳✻ P❡1❢♦1♠❛♥❝❡ ✈. .✐③❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ?❛❣ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛1② ✇✐?❤ Score2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ❆✳✶ P1♦♣♦1?✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣❤♦?♦. ❡♥❧✐❣♥❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝?✐♦♥ ❞✉ ?❡♠♣. a❝♦✉❧a ❞❡♣✉✐. ❧❛ ❝❛♣?✉1❡ ♣❡♥❞❛♥? ✉♥ a✈b♥❡♠❡♥?✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ❆✳✷ ▲❡ ❝❛❞1❡ ❞❡ ?1❛✈❛✐❧ ♣1♦♣♦.a ♣♦✉1 ❡♥1✐❝❤✐1 ❧✬a✈a♥❡♠❡♥? ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡. ♣❤♦?♦.✴✈✐❞a♦. ✶✷✹ ❆✳✸ ❙?❛?✐.?✐d✉❡. ❞❡ ❧❛ 1❡d✉e?❡ ❡♥ ❧✐❣♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ❆✳✹ ▲✬❛❥♦✉? ❞❡ ❞a❝♦✉✈1✐1 ❧✬❛♥❛❧②.❡ ❞❡. a✈a♥❡♠❡♥?. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ❆✳✺ ❙?❛?✐.?✐d✉❡ ❞❡ ?a❧a❝❤❛1❣❡♠❡♥? ❛ ❞❡✉① ❡♥❞1♦✐?. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ❆✳✻ ▲✬❛♣♣1♦❝❤❡ ♣1♦♣♦.a❡ ♣♦✉1 ❧❛ ❞a?❡❝?✐♦♥ ❞✬a✈b♥❡♠❡♥?. ♣❛1 ❛♥❛❧②.❡ .❡♠❛♥?✐d✉❡
❧❛?❡♥?❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ❆✳✼ ❧❛ ❝❛❞1❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞a❧✐.❛?✐♦♥ ♣♦✉1 ❧❡. a✈a♥❡♠❡♥?. .a♠❛♥?✐d✉❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ❆✳✽ ❈1♦.. ❱❛❧✐❞❛?✐♦♥ ♦♥ R ❛♥❞ D ❢♦1 ✸ ❊✈❡♥?. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ❆✳✾ P❡1❢♦1♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ?❛✐❧❧❡ ❞✉ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛✐1❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥ ?❛❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽
✶✺
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡"
✸✳✶ ◆✉♠❜❡) ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥.✴❛❣❡♥.✴❧♦❝❛.✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦.♦✴✉8❡) ❞❡8❝)✐♣.✐♦♥8 ✐♥ .❤❡ ❞❛.❛8❡. ♣✉❜❧✐8❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❚)♦♥❝② ❡. ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❜❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷ ◆✉♠❜❡) ♦❢ ♣❤♦.♦8 ❛♥❞ ✈✐❞❡♦8 )❡.)✐❡✈❡❞ ❢♦) ✶✶✵ ❡✈❡♥.8 ✉8✐♥❣ .❤❡ ❡✈❡♥. ♠❛✲ ❝❤✐♥❡ .❛❣ ✭■❉✮✱ .❤❡ ❣❡♦✲❝♦♦)❞✐♥❛.❡8 ♦) .❤❡ ❡✈❡♥. .✐.❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✸ ◆✉♠❜❡) ♦❢ ♣❤♦.♦8 ❢♦) ✷✵ ❡✈❡♥.8✱ )❡8✉❧.8 ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣)✉♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦)✐.❤♠ ❛♥❞ )❡8✉❧.8 ♦❢ .❤❡ 8✐♠♣❧❡ ❤❡✉)✐8.✐❝ ❡①.❡♥8✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✹ ❊✈❡♥.8 ❢♦✉♥❞ ❢♦) J✉❡)② ✏◆❡✇ ❨♦)❦ ✐♥ .❤❡ ❧❛8. ✸ ❞❛②8✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✶ ◆✉♠❜❡) ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥.8✱ ♣❤♦.♦8 ❛♥❞ ❞✐8.✐♥❝. ✉8❡)8 ❢♦) ✾ ✈❡♥✉❡8 ✐♥ .❤❡ ❊✈❡♥.▼❡❞✐❛ ❞❛.❛8❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✷ ◆✉♠❜❡) ♦❢ ♣❤♦.♦8 .❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ .❤❡ ✾ 8❡❧❡❝.❡❞ ✈❡♥✉❡8 ❞✉)✐♥❣ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❣)♦✉♥❞ .)✉.❤ ❢♦) .❤❡ ✾ ✈❡♥✉❡8 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✹ ❊✈❡♥. ❉❡.❡❝.✐♦♥ ❘❡8✉❧.8 ♦♥ ▼❡❧❦✇❡❣ ❛♥❞ ❑♦❦♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✺ ❊✈❡♥. ❞❡.❡❝.✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡)❡♥. ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥8 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✻ ❊✈❡♥. ❞❡.❡❝.✐♦♥ )❡8✉❧.8 ❢♦) .❤❡ ✾ 8❡❧❡❝.❡❞ ✈❡♥✉❡8 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✼ ■❧❧✉8.)❛.✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥.8 ✇✐.❤ ♣❤♦.♦8 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✽ V❤♦.♦8 ❈♦❧❧❡❝.✐♦♥8 ♦✈❡) .❤❡ ❱❡♥✉❡8✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✾ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❉❛.❛ 8.❛.✐8.✐❝8 ♦✈❡) ❊✈❡♥. ❉❡.❡❝.✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✶✵ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❊✈❡♥. ❉❡.❡❝.✐♦♥ V❡)❢♦)♠❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✶✶ ❊✈❡♥. ❉✐8❝♦✈❡)② ❘❡8✉❧.8 ♦♥ ❚♦♣✐❝✲❜❛8❡❞ ❛♥❞ .❤)❡8❤♦❧❞✲❜❛8❡❞ ❛♣♣)♦❛❝❤❡8 ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✶✷ ❚❤❡ ✻ ❙♦❝❝❡) ❣❛♠❡8 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✶✸ ❈♦♥❝❡).8 ❡✈❡♥. 8❛♠♣❧❡8 ✐♥ ❛"❛❞✐%♦ ❛♥❞ ❛"❝ ❞❡❧ ❋♦"✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✶✹ ❊✈❡♥. ❉❡.❡❝.✐♦♥ ❘❡8✉❧.8 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✶✺ ❙❊❉ ❡✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ❢♦) ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✶✻ ❙❊❉ ❡✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ❢♦) ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✶ ❊✈❡♥. ❉❛.❛❙❡. ✇✐.❤ ♠❡.❛❞❛.❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✺✳✷ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝.✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✺✳✸ V❡)❢♦)♠❛♥❝❡ ❊✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ✭❆❝❝✉)❛❝②✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✺✳✹ ❊✈❡♥. ❚)❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❚❡8.✐♥❣ ❙❛♠♣❧❡8✱ 8♦♠❡ ❞❛.❛ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦. ❜❡ ♦❜.❛✐♥❡❞ ❢)♦♠ 8♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ 8✐.❡8✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ❆✳✶ ❉❡8❝)✐♣.✐♦♥8 ❞❡8 ❞♦♥♥[❡8 ❞❛♥8 ❧✬❡♥8❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥[❡8 ♣✉❜❧✐[❡8 ❞❛♥8 ❊✈❡♥.✲ ▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❆✳✷ ◆♦♠❜)❡ ❞❡ ♣❤♦.♦8 ♣♦✉) ✷✵ [✈[♥❡♠❡♥.8✱ ❧❡8 )[8✉❧.❛.8 ❞❡ ❧✬❛❧❣♦)✐.❤♠❡ ❞✬[❧❛❣❛❣❡ ❡. ❧❡8 )[8✉❧.❛.8 ❞❡ ❧✬❡①.❡♥8✐♦♥ ❤❡✉)✐8.✐J✉❡ 8✐♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ❆✳✸ ◆♦♠❜)❡ ❞❡ ♣❤♦.♦8 ♣)✐8❡8 ❞❛♥8 ❧❡8 ✾ 8✐.❡8 8[❧❡❝.✐♦♥♥[8 ❡♥ ♠❛✐ ✷✵✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ❆✳✹ ❊.✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✛[)❡♥.8 ❝)✐.])❡8 ♣♦✉) ❧❛ ❞[.❡❝.✐♦♥ ❞✬[✈[♥❡♠❡♥. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶✶✻ ▲■❙❚ ❖❋ ❚❆❇▲❊❙ ❆✳✺ ❈♦❧❧❡❝*✐♦♥- ❞❡ ♣❤♦*♦- ♣❛2 ▲✐❡✉①✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ❆✳✻ 7❡2❢♦2♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❉;*❡❝*✐♦♥ ❞✬;✈;♥❡♠❡♥*- -♦❝✐❛✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ❆✳✼ ◆♦♠❜2❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥;❡- ✉*✐❧✐-;❡- ♣♦✉2 ❧❛ ♠♦❞;❧✐-❛*✐♦♥ ✈✐-✉❡❧❧❡ ❞✬;✈;♥❡♠❡♥*- ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ❆✳✽ ;✈❛❧✉❛*✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡2❢♦2♠❛♥❝❡ ✭♣2;❝✐-✐♦♥✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾
✶✼
❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶
■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥
✶✳✶ ▼♦$✐✈❛$✐♦♥
❚♦❞❛②✬( ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝❛♣.✉0❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡( ❛♥❞ ♥❡.✇♦0❦ ✐♥❢0❛(.0✉❝.✉0❡( ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ✉(❡0( .♦ ❡❛(✐❧② ❝❛♣.✉0❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐(.0✐❜✉.❡ 0✐❝❤ ♠✉❧.✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦♥.❡♥. ✇❤❡0❡✈❡0 .❤❡② ❛0❡ ❧♦❝❛.❡❞✳ ❘❡❝❡♥. ②❡❛0( ❤❛✈❡ ✇✐.♥❡((❡❞ .❤❡ 0❛♣✐❞ ❣0♦✇.❤ ♦❢ (♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝.✐♦♥( ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦0 (❡❛0❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜0♦✇(✐♥❣ ♦✈❡0 .❤❡ ■♥.❡0♥❡.✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✐. ✐( ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❢♦0 ♣❡♦♣❧❡ .♦ ❝❛♣.✉0❡ ❛♥❞ (❤❛0❡ ✐♠❛❣❡( ♦0 ✈✐❞❡♦( ♦❢ .❤❡✐0 ❡✈❡0②❞❛② ❧✐❢❡ ✉(✐♥❣ .❤❡✐0 ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣❤♦♥❡( ♦0 ❞✐❣✐.❛❧ ❝❛♠❡0❛✳ ❆ ♣❧❡.❤♦0❛ ♦❢ ♥✐❝❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛.✐♦♥( (✉❝❤ ❛( ✐♥(.❛❣0✳❛♠✶ ♦0 ❝♦❧♦0✷ ❛0❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝.❡❞ .♦ ❧❛0❣❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛.✐♦♥( (✉❝❤ ❛( ❋❧✐❝❦0✸✱ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✹ ❛♥❞ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✺ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥.0✐❜✉.❡ .♦ .❤❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥.✐❛❧ ❣0♦✇.❤ ♦❢ (♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛.❛ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡✳ ■♥ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✱ ❢♦0 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❛ (.❛.✐(.✐❝ ♦❢ ❤♦✉0( ✈✐❞❡♦( ✉♣❧♦❛❞❡❞ ♣❡0 ♠✐♥✉.❡( ✐( 0❡♣♦0.❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉0❡ ✶✳✶✳ ❚❤✐( ✜❣✉0❡ (✉❣❣❡(.( .❤❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥.✐❛❧ ✐♥❝0❡❛(✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦( ✉♣❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡0 .❤❡ ♣❛(. ✺ ②❡❛0(✳ ■♥ .❤❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡ ♦❢ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♦♥❧② ✻ ❤♦✉0( ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦( ✇❡0❡ ✉♣❧♦❛❞❡❞ ♣❡0 ♠✐♥✉.❡✱ ❜✉. ❛❢.❡0 ✺ ②❡❛0(✱ ✼✷ ❤♦✉0( ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦( ♣❡0 ♠✐♥✉.❡( ✇❡0❡ ✉♣❧♦❛❞❡❞ ✐♥ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✷✳ ◆♦✇ ♦✈❡0 ✽✵✵ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ✉♥✐K✉❡ ✉(❡0( ✈✐(✐. ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡0 ✹ ❜✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❤♦✉0( ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❛0❡ ✇❛.❝❤❡❞ ❡❛❝❤ ♠♦♥.❤✳ ❆ (✐♠✐❧❛0 .0❡♥❞( ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❋❧✐❝❦0✳ ❆( (❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉0❡ ✶✳✷✱ .❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡0 ♦❢ ♣❤♦.♦( ✐♥ ❋❧✐❝❦0 ✐♥❝0❡❛(❡( ❢0♦♠ ✷ ❜✐❧❧✐♦♥ .♦ ✼ ❜✐❧❧✐♦♥ ✐♥ .❤❡ ♣❛(. ✺ ②❡❛0(✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✐❣ ❞❛.❛ ❡0❛ ♣0♦✈✐❞❡( ✉(❡0( ❢❛❝✐❧✐.✐❡( .♦ (❤❛0❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡(( ❞❛.❛✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐.( ❛❞✈❡♥. ❞❡♠❛♥❞( ❡✛❡❝.✐✈❡ ❞❛.❛ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥. ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ .❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡(✳ ❍♦✇ .♦ (❡❛0❝❤ .❤❡ .❛0❣❡. ❡✣❝✐❡♥.❧② ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝.✐✈❡❧②✱ ❤♦✇ .♦ ❧❡✈❡0❛❣❡ .❤❡ ❜✐❣ ❞❛.❛ .♦ (♦❧✈❡ .❤❡ ❧❛0❣❡ (❝❛❧❡ ♣0♦❜❧❡♠( ✐♥ ✐♥❞✉(.0② ❛♥❞ 0❡(❡❛0❝❤ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐.✐❡(✱ ❛0❡ (.✐❧❧ ♦♣❡♥ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡(✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛( ♦❢ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦0❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛.❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ .0❛❝❡❞ ❜❛❝❦ ✐♥ .❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ♠✉❧.✐♠❡❞✐❛ ✐♥❢♦0♠❛.✐♦♥ 0❡✲ .0✐❡✈❛❧✭▼■❘✮ ♠❛♥② ②❡❛0( ❛❣♦✳ ■♥ ▼■❘✱ .❤❡0❡ ❛0❡ ❞✐✛❡0❡♥. .②♣❡( ♦❢ (.0❛.❡❣✐❡( .♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛.❛✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣. ❜❛(❡❞ ♠❡.❤♦❞(✱ ❛❧(♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛( ✏❞❡(❝0✐♣.✐♦♥✲❜❛(❡❞✑ ♦0 ✏.❡①.✲❜❛(❡❞✑ ♠❡✲ ❞✐❛ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣✴0❡.0✐❡✈❛❧ ♠❡.❤♦❞(✱ 0❡❢❡0 .♦ 0❡.0✐❡✈❛❧ ❢0♦♠ .❡①.✲❜❛(❡❞ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❞❛.❛✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣. ❜❛(❡❞ ♠❡.❤♦❞( ❛0❡ ❡❛(② .♦ ❞❡(✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❧♦②✱ .❤❡② ❛0❡ ♥♦✇ ♣♦♣✉❧❛0❧② ✉(❡❞ ✐♥ .0❛❞✐.✐♦♥❛❧ ✇❡❜ ❜❛(❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ (❡❛0❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡(✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡0✱ .❤❡ .❡①.✉❛❧ (✉00♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ .❡①.✉❛❧ ♠❡.❛❞❛.❛ ✐( ❛❧✇❛②( ♠✐((✐♥❣✱ ♦0 ♥♦. 0❡❧❛.❡❞ .♦ .❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦♥.❡♥.✳ ❚♦ ♦✈❡0❝♦♠❡ .❤✐( ❞0❛✇❜❛❝❦✱ ❝♦♥.❡♥.✲ ❜❛(❡❞ .❡❝❤♥✐K✉❡( ❛0❡ ♣0♦♣♦(❡❞ .♦ (❡❛0❝❤ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❜② ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ .❤❡ ❛❝.✉❛❧ ❝♦♥.❡♥.( ♦❢ .❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❛ 0❛.❤❡0 .❤❛♥ .❤❡ ♠❡.❛❞❛.❛✳ ❚❤❡② ❡♠♣❧♦② ❝♦♠♣✉.❡0 ✈✐(✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❧❡❛0♥✐♥❣ .❡❝❤✲ ✶❤!!♣✿✴✴✐♥'!❛❣*✳❛♠✴ ✷❤!!♣✿✴✴❝♦❧♦*✳❝♦♠✴ ✸❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❧✐❝❦*✳❝♦♠✴ ✹❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳②♦✉!✉❜❡✳❝♦♠✳❛♠✴ ✺❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✳❝♦♠✴✶✽ ✶✳ ■♥$%♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ♥✐$✉❡' (♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡♥( /❡♣/❡'❡♥(❡❞ ❜② ✈✐'✉❛❧ ❢❡❛(✉/❡' ✐♥ (❤❡ ❢♦/♠❛( ♦❢ ❝♦❧♦/'✱ '❤❛♣❡'✱ (❡①(✉/❡'✱ ♦/ ❛♥② ♦(❤❡/ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛(✐♦♥ (❤❛( ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡/✐✈❡❞ ❢/♦♠ (❤❡ ❞❛(❛ ✐('❡❧❢✳ ❈♦♥(❡♥(✲❜❛'❡❞ ♠❡(❤♦❞' ❛/❡ ♥❡❝❡''❛/② ✇❤❡♥ (❡①( ❛♥♥♦(❛(✐♦♥' ❛/❡ ♥♦♥❡①✐'(❡♥( ♦/ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡(❡✳ ❋✉/(❤❡/♠♦/❡✱ (❤❡② ❝❛♥ ♣♦(❡♥(✐❛❧❧② ✐♠♣/♦✈❡ /❡(/✐❡✈❛❧ ❛❝❝✉/❛❝② ❡✈❡♥ ✇❤❡♥ (❡①( ❛♥♥♦(❛(✐♦♥' ❛/❡ ♣/❡'❡♥( ❜② ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❛❞❞✐(✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥'✐❣❤( ✐♥(♦ (❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛✳ ■♥ /❡❝❡♥( ②❡❛/'✱ ❝♦♥(❡♥( ❜❛'❡❞ ♠❡(❤♦❞' ♠❛❞❡ ❣/❡❛( ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥( ❜♦(❤ ✐♥ /❡'❡❛/❝❤✻ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❛/❡❛ ❬❉❛((❛ ❡( ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❈♦♥(❡♥(✲❜❛'❡❞ /❡(/✐❡✈❛❧ ♦❢(❡♥ ❢❛✐❧' ❞✉❡ (♦ (❤❡ '♦ ❝❛❧❧ ✏'❡♠❛♥(✐❝ ❣❛♣✑✱ (❤❡ ❣❛♣ ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ ❧♦✇ ❧❡✈❡❧ ✈✐'✉❛❧ ❢❡❛(✉/❡' (❤❛( ❛/❡ ❡①(/❛❝(❡❞ ❢/♦♠ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛ ❛♥❞ (❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣(' (❤❛( ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡/'(♦♦❞ ❜② ❤✉♠❛♥'✳ ❚❤❡ /❡'❡❛/❝❤ ♦♥ ❜/✐❞❣✐♥❣ (❤❡ '❡♠❛♥(✐❝ ❣❛♣ ✐' '(✐❧❧ ❛ ❤♦( (♦♣✐❝ ✐♥ /❡'❡❛/❝❤✳ ❈♦♠♣❛/❡❞ ✇✐(❤ (/❛❞✐(✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛✱ (❤❡/❡ ❛/❡ '♦♠❡ ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛/❛❝(❡/' ♦♥ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛✳ ❆( ✜/'(✱ (❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡/ ♦❢ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛/❡ (②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❛( ❧❛/❣❡ '❝❛❧❡✱ ✇✐(❤ (❤♦✉'❛♥❞' ♦❢ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥' ♣❤♦(♦'✴❜❧♦❣'✴✈✐❞❡♦'✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞❧②✱ ✉♥❧✐❦❡ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛ ✐♥ (/❛❞✐(✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛(✐♦♥'✱ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛/❡ ❣❡♥❡/❛❧❧② ❛''♦❝✐❛(❡❞ ✇✐(❤ ♠✉❧(✐✲♠♦❞❛❧✐(② ❢❡❛(✉/❡'✱ '✉❝❤ ❛' (❡①(✉❛❧ ❞❡'❝/✐♣(✐♦♥✱ (❛❣'✱ (✐♠❡✱ ❧♦❝❛(✐♦♥✱ ✈✐'✉❛❧ ❝♦♥(❡♥(✳ ❚❤✐/❞❧②✱ '✐♥❝❡ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛ ❛/❡ ❛❧✇❛②' (❛❦❡♥ ❜② ❞✐✛❡/❡♥( ✉'❡/' ✐♥ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✈❛/②✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐(✐♦♥✱ (❤❡/❡ ✐' ♠♦/❡ ♥♦✐'❡ ✐♥ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛ ❝♦♠♣❛/❡❞ ✇✐(❤ (❤❡ (/❛❞✐(✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛✳ ❚❤❡ /❛♣✐❞ ❣/♦✇(❤ ♦❢ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛(❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞' ♠♦/❡ '❝❛❧❛❜❧❡✱ ❡✛❡❝(✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ /♦❜✉'( (❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡' (♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡① (❤❡♠✳ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 h o u rs o f u p lo a d in g p e r m in u te ❋✐❣✉/❡ ✶✳✶✿ ❍♦✉/' ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦' ✉♣❧♦❛❞❡❞ ♣❡/ ♠✐♥✉(❡ ♦✈❡/ (❤❡ ♣❛'( ✺ ②❡❛/' ✐♥ ❨♦✉(✉❜❡ ❊✈❡♥( /❡❢❡/' (♦ (❤❡ ❤❛♣♣❡♥✐♥❣ ❛( ❛ '♣❡❝✐✜❝ (✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ /❡❛❧✲✇♦/❧❞ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛✳ ■♥ ❤✐'(♦/②✱ ❡✈❡♥( ✐' ♦♥❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ♠♦'( ✐♠♣♦/(❛♥( ❝✉❡' (♦ /❡❝❛❧❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✬' ♣❛'( ♠❡♠♦/②❬❚✉❧✈✐♥❣✱ ✶✾✽✹❪✳ ❚❤❡ /❡♠✐♥❞❡/ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥( ♠❛❦❡' ✐( ❡①(/❡♠❡❧② ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ ✐♥ ♦/❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❧✐❢❡✳ ❇❡❢♦/❡ (❤❡ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛(✐♦♥ (❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❡/❛✱ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ (♦ '❝❤❡❞✉❧❡ ✇❤❛( (♦ ❞♦✱ ♦/ /❡❝♦/❞ ✇❤❛( ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❡♥('✳ ❲✐(❤ (❤❡ /❛♣✐❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥( ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛(✐♦♥ (❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❡✈❡♥( ✐' ✻❤!!♣✿✴✴✐♠❛❣❡✳❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❝♦♠
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❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✳✷✿ ❇✐❧❧✐♦♥/ ♦❢ ♣❤♦3♦/ ✐♥ ❋❧✐❝❦& ♦✈❡& 3❤❡ ♣❛/3 ✺ ②❡❛&/
/3✐❧❧ 3❤❡ ♥❛3✉&❛❧ ✇❛② ❢♦& ♣❡♦♣❧❡ 3♦ ♦&❣❛♥✐③❡✱ ❜&♦✇/❡ ❛♥❞ ✈✐/✉❛❧✐③❡ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝3✐♦♥/✱ ♥♦3 ♦♥❧② ❢♦& ❛ /✐♥❣❧❡ ✉/❡&✬/ ♣❡&/♦♥❛❧ ♣❤♦3♦ ❛❧❜✉♠✱ ❜✉3 ❛❧/♦ ❢♦& ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❝3✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐3❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ &❡/♦✉&❝❡/✳ ❋♦& ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❧✐❦❡ 3♦ /3♦&❡ 3❤❡✐& ❞❛✐❧② ♣❤♦3♦/ ❝❛3❡❣♦&✐③❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❡♥3/✱ /♦ 3❤❛3 3❤❡ ♣❤♦3♦/ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ &❡3&✐❡✈❡❞ ❡❛/✐❧②✳ ❲✐3❤ 3❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥3 ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵✱ ❧♦3/ ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥3✲ ❜❛/❡❞ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛3✐♦♥ /❤❛&✐♥❣ /✐3❡/ ❛&❡ ❜✉✐❧3 ♦♥❧✐♥❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✉/❡& ✐♥3❡&❛❝3✐♦♥ /❝❡♥❛&✐♦/✳ ❆ ✇✐❞❡ ✈❛&✐❡3② ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥3/ ❛&❡ /❝❤❡❞✉❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡/❝&✐❜❡❞ ❜② /❡✈❡&❛❧ /♦❝✐❛❧ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ /❡&✈✐❝❡/✳ ◆♦✇❛❞❛②/✱ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ 3♦ /❤❛&❡ &✐❝❤ ❞❛3❛ 3♦ ✉/❡&✲❝♦♥3&✐❜✉3❡❞ ❞❛3❛ 3❛❦❡♥ ❞✉&✐♥❣ ❛ ✈❛&✐❡3② ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥3/ ✐♥ 3❤❡ ♣❤②/✐❝❛❧ ✇♦&❧❞✱ /✉❝❤ ❛/ ❝♦♥❝❡&3/✱ ❢❡/3✐✈❛❧/✱ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥❝❡/ ❛♥❞ ♠♦&❡✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ 3❤❡ ❞❛3❛✱ ❧♦3/ ♦❢ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛3✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥3 ♠♦❞❛❧✐3✐❡/✱ /✉❝❤ ❛/ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❡✈❡♥3 ❢❡❛3✉&❡/ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ 3✐3❧❡✱ 3✐♠❡✱ ❧♦❝❛3✐♦♥✮ ♣♦/3❡❞ ♦♥ ❡✈❡♥3 &❡♣♦/✐3♦&✐❡/ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ▲❛/3✳❢♠ ❡✈❡♥3/✱ ❯♣❝♦♠✐♥❣✱ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ❡✈❡♥3/✮✱ ❞✐/❝✉//✐♦♥/ ❛♥❞ &❡❛❝3✐♦♥/ &❡❧❛3❡❞ 3♦ ❡✈❡♥3/ /❤❛&❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥3 /♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡3✇♦&❦ /✐3❡/ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❚✇✐33❡&✱ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✱ ❇❧♦❣❣❡&✮✱ ♦& ♣❤♦3♦/✱ ❛✉❞✐♦✱ ✈✐❞❡♦/ 3❛❦❡♥ ❞✉&✐♥❣ 3❤❡ ❡✈❡♥3/ ♦♥ ♠❡❞✐❛ /❤❛&❡ /✐3❡/✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❋❧✐❝❦&✱ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡✱ ❉❛✐❧②▼♦3✐♦♥✮✳
❚❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛&✐3② ♦❢ /♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛♥❞ /♦❝✐❛❧ ❡✈❡♥3/ ❞❛3❛ ♠❛❦❡/ ✐3 ✐♠♣❡&❛3✐✈❡ 3♦ ❡①♣❧♦✐3 3❤❡ ❡✈❡♥3 /❡♠❛♥3✐❝/ ❢&♦♠ /♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛3❛✳ ❚❤❡ /3✉❞② ♦❢ 3❤✐/ ♣&♦❜❧❡♠ ❝❛♥ ❞❡&✐✈❡ ♠❛♥② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛3✐♦♥/ ❧✐/3❡❞ ✭❜✉3 ♥♦3 ❧✐♠✐3❡❞✮ ❛/ ❢♦❧❧♦✇/✿
• ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❛%❛ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥% ▲♦3/ ♦❢ ❞❛3❛ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉♣❧♦❛❞❡❞ 3♦ /♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ /❤❛&✐♥❣ ✇❡❜/✐3❡/ ❡✈❡&② ❞❛② ❜② ❞✐✛❡&❡♥3 ✉/❡&/✳ ■❢ 3❤❡ ❡✈❡♥3 /❡♠❛♥3✐❝/ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♥❢❡&&❡❞ ❢&♦♠ 3❤❡/❡ ❞❛3❛✱ 3❤❡ ❞❛3❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡①❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❡♥3✱ ❛/ 3❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❞✐❞ 3♦ /3♦&❛❣❡ 3❤❡✐& ♣❡&/♦♥❛❧ ♣❤♦3♦/✳
• (♦❝✐❛❧ %,❡♥❞( ♠♦♥✐%♦, ❆/ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛3✐♦♥ /♣&❡❛❞/ ✐♥ /♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ /✐3❡/ Q✉✐❝❦❧②✱ /♦❝✐❛❧ 3&❡♥❞/ ♠♦♥✐3♦&/ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✐♥❝&❡❛/✐♥❣❧② ✐♠♣♦&3❛♥3 ✐♥ ♣♦❧✐3✐❝❛❧✱ ❜✉/✐♥❡// ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡&❝✐❛❧ /②/3❡♠/✳
