Aménagement des éco–quartiers et de la biodiversité

HAL Id: pastel-00910820

https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00910820

Submitted on 28 Nov 2013

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Aménagement des éco–quartiers et de la biodiversité

Alexandre Henry

To cite this version:

Alexandre Henry. Aménagement des éco–quartiers et de la biodiversité. Architecture, aménagement de l’espace. AgroParisTech, 2012. Français. �NNT : 2012AGPT0091�. �pastel-00910820�

!"#$$%&&'$(!)*$++++$ $ AgroParisTech $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

présentée et soutenue publiquement par

Alexandre HENRY

le 18 décembre 2012

Aménagement des Eco-quartiers

et de la Biodiversité

$

Doctorat ParisTech

T H È S E

pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par

L’Institut des Sciences et Industries

du Vivant et de l’Environnement

(AgroParisTech)

Spécialité : Sciences du Vivant

Directrice de thèse : Nathalie FRASCARIA-LACOSTE $

Jury :

M. Luc ABBADIE, Professeur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Rapporteur

M. Pierre PECH, Professeur, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Rapporteur

Mme Nathalie MACHON, Professeur, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Examinateur

M. Maxime TROCMÉ, Docteur, Responsable Environnement et Scientifique, VINCI Examinateur

M. Olivier LÉPINOY, Ingénieur, Architecte-Urbaniste, VINCI Immobilier Examinateur

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Discussion

The green roof dilemma e Discussion of Francis and Lorimer (2011)

Alexandre Henry*, Nathalie Frascaria-Lacoste

AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 22 November 2011 Received in revised form 29 February 2012 Accepted 16 March 2012 Available online 5 April 2012

Keywords: Green roof Urban ecosystem Urban biodiversity Reconciliation ecology

Adaptive collaborative management

a b s t r a c t

Urban ecosystems are the most complex mosaics of vegetative land cover that can be found. In a recent

paper,Francis and Lorimer (2011)evaluated the reconciliation potential of living roofs and walls. For

these authors, these two techniques for habitat improvement have strong potential for urban reconcil-iation ecology. However they have some ecological and societal limitations such as the physical extreme environmental characteristics, the monetary investment and the cultural perceptions of urban nature. We are interested in their results and support their conclusions. However, for a considerable time, green roofs have been designed to provide urban greenery for buildings and the green roof market has only focused on extensive roof at a restricted scale within cities. Thus, we have strong doubts about the relevance of their use as possible integrated elements of the network. Furthermore, without dynamic progress in research and the implementation of well-thought-out policies, what will be the real capital

gain from green roofs with respect to land-use complementation in cities? If we agree withFrancis and

Lorimer (2011)considering that urban reconciliation ecology between nature and citizens is a current major challenge, then “adaptive collaborative management” is a fundamental requirement.

!2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Urban ecosystems are the most complex mosaics of vegetative

land cover that can be found (Colding, 2007). Recently,Goddard

et al. (2009)have shown that, to maximise the potential of urban environments, private gardens should not be managed simply in isolation but as connected units. We agree strongly with the idea that gardens can form interconnected patches that can be managed

within an urban network of green infrastructure. AsColding (2007)

argued in his paper, key consideration in all production landscapes is heterogeneity in the type and intensities of land-use. In light of

these considerations, ecological land-use complementation

(Colding, 2007), that is, the clustering together of a whole range of different patches of vegetative cover, should be applied in cities to increase available habitat and promote ecological processes. At present, it remains to be established whether green roofs, which are becoming increasingly common in cities, constitute an impor-tant element in such urban networks.

In a recent review in the Journal of Environmental Management

(vol. 92, pp. 1429e1437),Francis and Lorimer (2011)evaluated the

reconciliation potential of living roofs and walls. For these authors, these two techniques for habitat improvement have strong potential for urban reconciliation ecology. However, they have some ecological and societal limitations such as the physical extreme environmental characteristics (size, substrate depth,

accessibility for species), the monetary investment and the cultural perceptions of urban nature. We are interested in their results and support their conclusions. However, for a number of years, green roofs have been designed to provide urban greenery for buildings and the green roof market has only focused on extensive roof at a restricted scale within cities. Thus, we have strong doubts about the relevance of their use as possible integrated elements of the network.

A green roof is a flat or sloping rooftop designed to support vegetation (Goddard et al., 2009). In addition to their ecological characteristics, green roofs are sophisticated systems that are designed to provide a fully functioning roof: They are made up of several membranes (waterproofing, root-barrier, drainage and filter membranes) onto which a substrate layer is placed to allow vege-tation to grow (Dvorak and Volder, 2010). Green roofs support plant communities that are tolerant to the extreme weather conditions encountered on rooftops. There are three types of green roof: extensive (thin substrate layer), semi-intensive, and intensive (thick substrate layer). The thicker the substrate layer is, the more diversified the vegetation can be. However, extensive systems are by far the most common owing to their ease of implementation and relatively low cost (Gedge and Kadas, 2005).

The current enthusiasm for green roofs can be explained by the desire to offset the negative effects of human activities in the cities (Getter and Bradley Rowe, 2006), which include the reduction of the area of available soil due to the construction of new

* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ33 (0) 1 69 15 77 20; fax: þ33 (0) 1 69 15 46 97. E-mail address:alexandre.henry@u-psud.fr(A. Henry).

Contents lists available atSciVerse ScienceDirect

Journal of Environmental Management

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / j e n v m a n

0301-4797/$ e see front matter ! 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.040

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infrastructure. Rooftops can represent up to 32% of the built area of a city (Gedge and Kadas, 2005). Previously, green roofs were built for aesthetic and leisure purposes. Nowadays, they are used for practical purposes, especially for managing rainfall and reducing energy consumption (Goddard et al., 2009).

Many studies have demonstrated that green roofs can retain rainfall, but the quantity retained depends on many variables, such as substrate depth, type of vegetation and duration and intensity of precipitation. This variation prevents generalizations being made

about the efficiency of green roofs in this respect (Carter and

Fowler, 2008). This is also the case in terms of the effects of green roofs on the energy consumption of buildings. The effects of such roofs on energy consumption are influenced by the type of vege-tation used, climate, and the type of building, and cannot be generalized (Czemiel Berndtsson et al., 2009). This variation leads to difficulties in standardizing the technical characteristics of green roofs, which also causes problems in determining the benefits of the services that they provide. Even with regard to biodiversity, there is much heterogeneity in term of results. Depending on the characteristics of the geographical location, local native vegetation may not tolerate the environmental conditions on a green roof, which may affect the number of species that can become estab-lished on it (Fioretti et al., 2010). Although demand for green roofs and related products is expected to increase, it is extremely important to overcome the current limitations of these products and extend their future possibilities by research programs and the implementation of appropriate policies.

In conclusion, we agree withFrancis and Lorimer (2011)to say

that both heterogeneous designs and a landscape-scale approach may serve to maximise the potential of green roofs to promote biodiversity. However, the green roof industry is currently focused only on technologies that expand the market for new restorative building designs. Therefore, how can the integration of urban green spaces be optimised given this limited objective, which is focused on individual buildings? Could the use of extensive roofs, which are the most popular type, promote the formation of a network of interconnected patches? Furthermore, without dynamic progress

in research and the implementation of well-thought-out policies, what will be the real capital gain from green roofs with respect to land-use complementation in cities? Finally, if we agree with Francis and Lorimer (2011) that urban reconciliation ecology between nature and citizens is now a major challenge, then “adaptive collaborative management” (Stewart et al., 2004) will be a fundamental requirement to make this possible. Such collabora-tion, involving partnerships between citizens, ecologists, industry, urban designers and architects will enable appropriate consider-ation of new urban ecosystems and their potential use within urban networks.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the ParisTech Chair in

“Eco-design of buildings and infrastructure”

(www.chaire-eco-conception.org), which funds the doctoral research of Alexandre Henry.

References

Carter, T., Fowler, L., 2008. Establishing green roof infrastructure through environ-mental policy instruments. Environenviron-mental Management 42, 151e164. Colding, J., 2007. ‘Ecological land-use complementation’ for building resilience in

urban ecosystems. Landscape and Urban Planning 81, 46e55.

Czemiel Berndtsson, J., Bengtsson, L., Jinno, K., 2009. Runoff water quality from intensive and extensive vegetated roofs. Ecological Engineering 35, 369e380. Dvorak, B., Volder, A., 2010. Green roof vegetation for North American ecoregions:

a literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning 96, 197e213.

Fioretti, R., Palla, A., Lanza, L., Principi, P., 2010. Green roof energy and water related performance in the Mediterranean climate. Building and Environnent 45, 1890e1904.

Francis, R.A., Lorimer, J., 2011. Urban reconciliation ecology: the potential of living roofs and walls. Journal of Environmental Management 92, 1429e1437. Gedge, D., Kadas, G., 2005. Green roofs and biodiversity. Biologist 52, 161e169. Getter, K.L., Bradley Rowe, D., 2006. The role of green roofs in sustainable

devel-opment. HortScience 41, 1276e1286.

Goddard, M.A., Dougill, A.D., Benton, T.G., 2009. Scaling up for gardens: biodiversity conservation in urban environments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25, 90e98. Stewart, R.E., Walters, L.C., Balint, P.J., Desai, A., 2004. Managing Wicked Environ-mental Regional Problems. In: Report to Jack Blackwell Regional Forester. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region.

A. Henry, N. Frascaria-Lacoste / Journal of Environmental Management 104 (2012) 91e92 92

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