• Aucun résultat trouvé

Culture populaire, culture de masse ou culture de mass-médias ? Autour de cinq thèses moins une d’Antonio Gramsci

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Culture populaire, culture de masse ou culture de mass-médias ? Autour de cinq thèses moins une d’Antonio Gramsci"

Copied!
12
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Pascal Durand. &XOWXUHSRSXODLUHFXOWXUHGHPDVVHRXFXOWXUHGHPDVVPpGLDV "$XWRXUGHFLQTWKqVHVPRLQVXQHG $QWRQLR*UDPVFL ,Q4XDGHUQL13ULQWHPSVSS. &LWHUFHGRFXPHQW&LWHWKLVGRFXPHQW 'XUDQG3DVFDO&XOWXUHSRSXODLUHFXOWXUHGHPDVVHRXFXOWXUHGHPDVVPpGLDV"$XWRXUGHFLQTWKqVHVPRLQVXQHG $QWRQLR *UDPVFL,Q4XDGHUQL13ULQWHPSVSS doi : 10.3406/quad.2005.1662 http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/quad_0987-1381_2005_num_57_1_1662.

(2) 'RVVLHU. FXOWXUHSRSXODLUH FXOWXUHGHPDVVH RXFXOWXUHGH PDVVP«GLDV" $XWRXUGH FLQT WKªVHV PRLQVXQH G $QWRQLR *UDPVFL. 3DVFDO 'XUDQG 8QLYHUVLW«GH/LªJH. 48$'(51,1D  35,17(036. 0F/XKDQDX[DQWLSRGHVVRXVWDQWG DVSHFWV G XQ*UDPVFLDYDLWELHQUDLVRQGHOHVRXOLJQHU QRWUHHQYLURQQHPHQWQRXVHVWGHYHQXLQYLVLEOH &RPPHOHVSRLVVRQVGRQWODVHXOHFKRVHTX LOV QHFRQQD°WURQWMDPDLVGLVDLWLOF HVWO HDXQRXV VRPPHVLPPHUJ«VGDQV XQEDLQP«GLDWLTXHHW FXOWXUHOTXLQH VHPDQLIHVWHSOXVJXªUH¢QRXV TXH VRXV O HVSªFH GH ODPRQVWUXRVLW« ODLVVDQW GDQVO RPEUHHWGDQVO LPSHQV«FHTXLHQFRQVWLWXH ODVXEVWDQFHRUGLQDLUH5LHQGHPRLQVYLVLEOHTXH OHEDQDO5LHQGHSOXVHIILFDFHSRXUO REOLW«UHU TXH ODV«GDWLYH «WUDQJHW«GHVSK«QRPªQHVGH IRLUH5HDOLW\VKRZVm-DFNDVV}m6WDUDF }RX 'RQDOG7UXPS ELHQW¶W G«PDUTX« VXU 7) G«WRXUQHQWQRWUHDWWHQWLRQGHODIRUPHV\PEROLTXH IRQGDPHQWDOHGRQWFHVSK«QRPªQHVQHVRQWTXH GHV«PHUJHQFHV RXWUDQFLªUHVELHQIDLWHV SRXU DOO«JHUGHWRXWVRXS©RQO RUGUHSOXVFRPPXQHW SOXVFRPPXQ«PHQWDGPLVGHVFKRVHVTXLQRXV VRQWGRQQ«HVMRXUQHOOHPHQW¢ FRQVRPPHU\ FRPSULVQRXVP¬PHVQRVDWWHQWHVQRVU¬YHVQRV G«VLUV QRV SXOVLRQV 6RQWFH VHXOHPHQWGHV FKRVHVG DLOOHXUV"&HVRQWGHV«PLVVLRQV GHV LPDJHVGHVWH[WHVGHVVORJDQVGRQFGHVREMHWV GHWRXWHVRUWHPLVHQWUDILFGDQVODVSKªUHVRFLDOH 0DLVFH VRQWDXVVLGHVU\WKPHV GHSURGXFWLRQ GHFLUFXODWLRQHW G REVROHVFHQFH GHVYHFWHXUV G DSSDUWHQDQFHWULEDOHRXSODQ«WDLUHGHVVXSSRUWV ¢SURMHFWLRQLGHQWLILFDWLRQ(WFHVRQWHQFRUHGHV REMHWV GHGLVFRXUV HQWHQGRQV SDU O¢TXH FHV SURGXLWVFXOWXUHOVGHPDVVHVRQWLQV«SDUDEOHVGH WRXWXQHQVHPEOHGHSURSRVLWLRQVHWGHSULVHVGH SRVLWLRQTXL OHXUIRQW HVFRUWHHQVHQV GLYHUV F«O«EUDWLRQDFFU«GLWDWLRQRXGLVFU«GLW HW DYHF OHVTXHOVQRXV VRPPHVFRQWUDLQWVGHOHVSHQVHU RX G «YLWHU GH OHV SHQVHU 'LVFRXUV GHV SURJUDPPDWHXUV HW GHVGLUHFWHXUV GHFKD°QHV DOWHUQDQW VHORQ OHV LQWHUORFXWHXUV F\QLVPH &8/785(3238/$,5( m.

(3) PHUFDQWLOHHWG«PDJRJLHGHO $XGLPDW'LVFRXUV DXVVL GHV LQWHOOHFWXHOV EDODQ©DQW DX JU« GHV PRGHV HW VHORQ OHXUGHJU« GHSUR[LPLW« DYHF O LQVWLWXWLRQ P«GLDWLTXH HQWUHSRVWXUH K\SHU FULWLTXHHWUHODWLYLVPHDSDLVDQW. IUDJPHQWDLUHVTXLSRXUWDQWOXLIL[HQWVDSODFHHW OXLFRQIªUHQWVDSRUW«H. $OWHUQDWLYHPHQWSURJUHVVLYH HW U«JUHVVLYH OD SHQV«HGH*UDPVFLSURFªGHSDUU«S«WLWLRQVPDLV DXVVLUHWRXFKHV 7DQW¶WHOOHUHSUHQGWDQW¶W HOOH /HVU«IOH[LRQVU«FXUUHQWHVLQODVVDEOHPHQWUHSULVHV G«SODFH 7DQW¶W HOOH UHIRUPXOH SUHVTXH ¢ HW UHWRXFK«HV TXH*UDPVFL U«VHUYH GDQV VHV O LGHQWLTXHWDQW¶WHOOHLQIO«FKLWSOXVUDGLFDOHPHQW &DKLHUVGHSULVRQ¢ODmOLWW«UDWXUHGHIHXLOOHWRQ} TX LOQ \SDUD°WWHOOHU«IOH[LRQG«M¢HVVD\«HHQGHV HW¢ODFXOWXUHSRSXODLUHUHSU«VHQWHQW¢FHVGLYHUV WHUPHVDSSURFKDQWV& HVWTX HOOHHVWLQV«SDUDEOH «JDUGVXQDSSRUWGRQWO LPSRUWDQFHQ DSDV«W« G XQF¶W« GH VHV FRQGLWLRQV GH IRUPDWLRQ HW VXIILVDPPHQWVRXOLJQ«H$UWLFXO«HVO XQH¢O DXWUH G H[SUHVVLRQ F HVW HQSULVRQTXHFHVFDKLHUV FULWLTXHUDGLFDOHHWDSSU«KHQVLRQFRPSUHKHQVLYH V «FULYHQW UDSSHORQVOH GDQV XQ PL[WH GH HQ FRQVWLWXHQW OD PDUTXH ODSOXV RULJLQDOH HW UHP«PRUDWLRQHWGHPDF«UDWLRQPHQWDOHDXKDVDUG O H[SUHVVLRQ G XQH ORJLTXH G DUJXPHQWDWLRQ GHVOHFWXUHVDXWDQWTXHGHVVRXYHQLUVGHOHFWXUH ILQHPHQWGLDOHFWLTXH&HVSDJHVFHVSDUDJUDSKHV 0DLVF HVWDXVVLG XQDXWUHF¶W«TX HOOHQHFHVVH FHVQRWDWLRQV DOOXVLYHV TXHOTXHIRLV Q RQWSDV SDV G K«VLWHUTXDQW¢ O REMHWTX HOOHVHGRQQH PDQTX« FHUWHV GH FDSWHU O DWWHQWLRQ GHV ORUVTX HOOHSRUWHVXUODOLWW«UDWXUHSRSXODLUHSDUFH FRPPHQWDWHXUVGHO XYUHHWFHOOHGHVVS«FLDOLVWHV TXHFHWREMHWQHVHSU¬WHSDV¢XQHDSSU«KHQVLRQ GH ODOLWW«UDWXUH SRSXODLUH 0DLVF HVW OHSOXV XQLYRTXH HWTX LO HQWUH GDQV OHVSURSUL«W«V TXH VRXYHQWDX[G«SHQVGHFHWWHDUWLFXODWLRQP¬PH *UDPVFLOXLUHFRQQD°WWUªVSU«FLV«PHQWGHPHWWUH TXLVHYRLWHQUªJOHJ«Q«UDOH HVFDPRW«HWRXU¢ HQVXVSHQV OHVFDW«JRULHV G DSSU«FLDWLRQ HW GH WRXU DX SURILW GH O XQGH VHV S¶OHV WDQW¶W MXJHPHQWIRUJ«HVWDQWSDUODFXOWXUHERXUJHRLVH G«QRQFLDWLRQVDQVSKUDVHGHO RSLXPOLWW«UDLUHGX TXHSDUODFXOWXUHU«YROXWLRQQDLUHTXLGH0DU[¢ IHXLOOHWRQGXJUDQGU¬YH«YHLOO«GDQVOHTXHOOD /XNDFV DIUDSS«GH GLVFU«GLWFHWWHSURGXFWLRQ OLWW«UDWXUHFRPPHUFLDOHEHUFHVHVOHFWHXUVWDQW¶W FXOWXUHOOH SRXU OH PDUFK«  mOLWW«UDWXUH F«O«EUDWLRQ GHV YHUWXVG«PRFUDWLTXHV HW GHV LQGXVWULHOOH} G XQF¶W« VHORQ O H[SUHVVLRQGH IDQWDVPHV FRPSHQVDWRLUHV GRQW FHOOHFL VH 6DLQWH%HXYH HQ  IDFWHXU G LQFXOFDWLRQ PRQWUHUDLWSRUWHXVH/HXUGLVSDUDWHH[SUHVVLRQ LG«RORJLTXHGHPLVHDXSDVHW GHU«VLJQDWLRQ¢ GHO LQVLVWDQFH DYHF ODTXHOOH *UDPVFL DSU¬W« O RUGUHH[LVWDQWGHO DXWUH¢VXLYUHSDUH[HPSOH DWWHQWLRQ DX[IDLWV GH FXOWXUH GHPDVVH Q DLGH OHVSDJHVIDPHXVHVGH/D6DLQWH)DPLOOHSRUWDQW JXªUHVHPEOHWLO ¢FRQVWUXLUH DYHFHOOHV XQH VXU/HV0\VWªUHVGH3DULVG (XJªQH6XHHWWHOOH WK«RULHFRK«UHQWHGHFHWWHFXOWXUHGDQVOHVHIIHWV mEDQTXH GHVSDXYUHV}IRQG«HSDU OH SULQFH TX HOOHH[HUFHOHVUHVVRUWVTXLVRQWOHVVLHQVHW 5RGROSKHGH*HUROVWHLQ' XQHSDUW DSRWK«RVH OHVUHVVRXUFHVLQDSHU©XHVGRQWHOOHHVWSHXW¬WUH YXOJDLUHGHO KRPPHG HQEDV DXSURILW GH OD JURVVH/DWHQWDWLRQHVWJUDQGHGHSU«OHYHULFLRX PDFKLQHFRPPHUFLDOHGHO «GLWLRQHWGHODJUDQGH O¢WHOOHIRUPXOHGH ODPRQWHUHQ«SLQJOHHQ OD SUHVVH G DXWUHSDUW DVVRPSWLRQ VXEOLPH GX UHWLUDQW GX U«VHDX GHV DXWUHV QRWDWLRQV VDXYHXUXQLYHUVHOELHQXWLOHSRXU PDLQWHQLU OH } &8/785( 3238/$,5(. 48$'(51, 1r  35,17(036.

(4) OHFWHXUSURO«WDLUHHWOHmU FK¶PHXUKRQQ¬WH}GDQV O DWWHQWHGHOHQGHPDLQVTXLQHYLHQGURQWSDV 0RQ SURSRV GDQV OHV FLQTSDUDJUDSKHV TXL VXLYHQW HVW GH WHQWHU GH WLUHUSDUWL GDQV OHXU J«Q«UDOLW« GHVSULQFLSDOHVWKªVHV HVVD\«HVSDU $QWRQLR*UDPVFL¢FHVXMHWVDQVOHXULPSRVHUXQH FRK«UHQFHTX HOOHVQ RQWSDVRX¢ODTXHOOHHOOHV VHVRQWG«URE«HV&HVHURQWGRQFFLQTWKªVHV PRLQVXQHGRQWO DEVHQFHPHSDUD°WVLJQLILFDWLYH GDQVOHV&DKLHUVHWTXHMHIRUPXOHUDLFRPPHXQH VRUWHGH IDQW¶PHGHODWK«RULHJUDPVFLHQQHGHV UDSSRUWVHQWUHPDVVP«GLDVHWFXOWXUHGHPDVVH /HV YRLFL«QRQF«HV HW G«YHORSS«HV VDQVDXWUH RUGUHTXHFHOXLG XQHH[SRVLWLRQSDUDWDFWLTXHTXL PHSDUD°W¬WUHO XQGHVKRPPDJHV¢DGUHVVHU¢OD G«PDUFKH GXSKLORVRSKH LQFDUF«U« (VSULW GH VFLVVLRQFRQWUHHVSULWGHV\VWªPHF HVWODVHXOH UªJOHHQHIIHW TXHVHVRLWIL[«HOHSULVRQQLHUGH 7XULHW)RUPLD  2QDXUDLWWRUWUHPDUTXH*UDPVFLGHWHQLUOD OLWW«UDWXUH ODSOXV FRPPHUFLDOHSRXU TXDQWLW« Q«JOLJHDEOHVRXVSU«WH[WHTX HOOHHVWGXF¶W«GH VD FRQVRPPDWLRQ XQ RSLXP GX SHXSOH XQH mGURJXH} HW TX HOOHU«VXOWH GX F¶W« GH VD SURGXFWLRQGH3DSS8FDWLRQP«FDQLTXHGHUHFHWWHV LQGXVWULHOOHV/DPDFKLQHULHGHO LQWULJXHO LQW«U¬W GHV«O«PHQWVTX HOOHDJUªJHSURFªGHQWVDQVGRXWH G XQGRVDJHWRXW H[W«ULHXUG HIIHWV«SURXY«VO¢ R»ODWUDPHQDUUDWLYHHWVHVUHVVRUWVUHOªYHUDLHQW GDQVODOLWW«UDWXUHQRQFRPPHUFLDOHG XQHVRUWH GH SURGXFWLRQ VSRQWDQ«H GH VD FRPSRVDQWH DUWLVWLTXHLOQ HQGHPHXUHSDVPRLQVGLWLOTXH mOHVXFFªVG XQOLYUHGHOLWW«UDWXUHFRPPHUFLDOH LQGLTXH HWF HVWVRXYHQWOHVHXOLQGLFDWHXUTXL H[LVWH

(5) TXHOOHHVWOD SKLORVRSKLHGHO «SRTXH F HVW¢GLUHTXHOOH PDVVHGHVHQWLPHQWV >HWGH 48$'(51, 1r  35,17(036. FRQFHSWLRQVGXPRQGH@SU«GRPLQHGDQVODIRXOH VLOHQFLHXVH} ,OIDXWVHJDUGHUGHFURLUHTX LO GRQQHDLQVLGDQVOHSDQQHDXFRQQXFRQVLVWDQW¢ FRQIRQGUHOLWW«UDWXUHSRXUOHSHXSOHHWOLWW«UDWXUH GXSHXSOHFXOWXUHGHPDVVHHWFXOWXUHSRSXODLUH &HTXL VHWURXYH LQIXV«GH ODVRUWHHQIDLW GH mSKLORVRSKLHGHO «SRTXH}GDQVOHVSURGXFWLRQV SRXUOHPDUFK«FHQ HVWSDVXQHFRQVFLHQFHGH VRL SURSUH DX SHXSOH QRQ SOXV TX XQH UHSU«VHQWDWLRQ GXPRQGH GLIIXVH F HVW ELHQ SOXW¶W¢O HQWHQGUHO H[SUHVVLRQG XQUDSSRUWDX PRQGH I½WLO EURXLOO«SDUODYLWUH G«SROLH TXH O LG«RORJLHLQVWDOOH HQWUH O RUGUHGHVFRQGLWLRQV VRFLDOHVHWO RUGUHIDQWDVPDWLTXHGHODSHUFHSWLRQ GH FHV FRQGLWLRQV SDU FHX[ TXL V \WURXYHQW DVVXMHWWLV 3DVGH URPDQmSOXV RSLDF«} REVHUYHWLO TXH/H&RPWH GH0RQWH&ULVWR G $OH[DQGUH'XPDV(WSRXUWDQWWRXWLPSU«JQ« TX LOVRLWGHP\VWLILFDWLRQFHURPDQQ HQSRUWH SDVPRLQVW«PRLJQDJHG DVSLUDWLRQVOLE«UDWULFHV HWSURFXUH¢VRQOHFWHXUOHPRGªOHG XQHMXVWLFH U«SDUDWULFH RQ\UHYLHQGUDDXi

(6) 0LHX[HQFRUH F HVW¢XQG«SODFHPHQWGXUHJDUGTXH *UDPVFL LQYLWHOHURPDQSRSXODLUHU«SRQGDQW¢GHVQRUPHV SDUWLFXOLªUHVGHSURGXFWLRQHWGHOHFWXUHLODSSHOOH ¢XQPRGHSDUWLFXOLHUG DQDO\VHTXLOHUH©RLYH G DERUGHWO «YDOXHHQVXLWHQRQFRPPHXQSURGXLW GH 3DUW QL VLPSOHPHQWFRPPHXQSURGXLW GH O LQGXVWULHGXGLYHUWLVVHPHQW PDLVFRPPHXQ SURGXLWGHFXOWXUH FRPSWDEOHGHVYDOHXUV GHV QRUPHVGHVUHSU«VHQWDWLRQVGHVIDQWDVPDJRULHV P¬PHGRQWFHWWHFXOWXUHHVWSRUWHXVH 'HFHWWH FXOWXUHOHURPDQSRSXODLUHHVWXQSURGXLWG«ULY« SOXVTX XQHH[SUHVVLRQRFFDVLRQQHOOH¢FHWLWUH LOHVWXQGRFXPHQWGDQVOHTXHOODWUDPHQDUUDWLYH MXVTXH GDQV VHV FRXSVGH WK«¤WUH OHV SOXV DSSX\«V«SRXVHFDOPHPHQWmODSKLORVRSKLHGH O «SRTXH}TX HOOHUHSURGXLWSDUFHTXHFHOOHFL &8/785(3238/$,5( m.

(7) O DSURGXLWH/ XYUHOLWW«UDLUHH[SOLTXHUD5RODQG %DUWKHV HVWPDWK«VLV DXWDQW TXHPLP«VLV HW V«PLRVLV VDYRLU VXU OH PRQGH DXWDQW TXH UHSU«VHQWDWLRQGXPRQGHHWV\VWªPHRUGRQQ«GH VLJQHVDXWRQRPHV FDUGLUDWLOmODVFLHQFHHVW JURVVLªUHODYLHHVWVXEWLOHHWF HVWSRXUFRUULJHU FHWWHGLVWDQFHTXHODOLWW«UDWXUHQRXVLPSRUWH}

(8)  *UDPVFL WLHQGUDLW TXDQW ¢ OXL TXH O XYUH FRPPHUFLDOH HVW HOOH PDWK«VLV DYDQW G ¬WUH PLP«VLVHWV«PLRVLVHOOHHVWXQVDYRLUWRXUQ«HQ ILFWLRQHW HQHOOH VH OLVHQW¢ OLYUH RXYHUWQRQ VHXOHPHQWOHV FRQGLWLRQVGDQV OHVTXHOOHVHOOHD «W«SURGXLWHFRQGLWLRQVLQGXVWULHOOHV«GLWRULDOHV HW P«GLDWLTXHV SDUH[HPSOHPDLV HQFRUH OH V\VWªPHGHVUHSU«VHQWDWLRQVVRFLDOHV¢TXRLHOOH FRUUHVSRQG 'LVRQVOH DXWUHPHQW O XYUH HQYHORSSHODIRUPHV\PEROLTXHGRQWHOOHSURFªGH (WUHSUHQRQVO H[HPSOHHQWUHWRXVSULYLO«JL«SDU $QWRQLR *UDPVFL/H &RPWH GH0RQWH&ULVWR SXLVTX LOV DJLWGHOXLQHGRLWSDV¬WUHVLPSOHPHQW OXFRPPHXQHILFWLRQG HVFRUWHIDLWH¢ODIRLV DX V\VWªPHGHODGRPLQDWLRQ TXLQHODLVVHUDLW¢FHX[ TXL HQVRQW OHVYLFWLPHV TXH OHUHFRXUV G XQH MXVWLFHSURYLGHQWLHOOHLQFDUQ«HGDQVXQLQGLYLGX VDOYDWHXU

(9)  HW DXU¬YH H[DOW«GH U«SDUDWLRQGRQW mVHVR½OHQW}OHVOHFWHXUVTXLVHSDVVLRQQHQWSRXU OHVDYHQWXUHV G (GPRQG'DQWªV P«WDPRUSKRV« HQFRPWHGH0RQWH&ULVWROHURPDQSHXWHQFRUH ¬WUHOXQRQVHXOHPHQWFRPPHXQHFKDUJHFRQWUH OHVFRUUXSWLRQVGHOD0RQDUFKLHGH-XLOOHWPDLV DXVVLFRPPHXQHDOO«JRULH FULWLTXHGXSRXYRLU VRXVVHVWURLV HVSªFHV«FRQRPLTXHSROLWLTXHHW MXULGLTXH'DQJODUV0RUFHUI9LOOHIRUWHWDLQVL TXHMHO DLPRQWU«DLOOHXUVFRPPHXQHDOO«JRULH FULWLTXHGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQYHUVDQWOHVS¶OHV GHVWURLVP«WDSKRUHVGRQWV HVWVRXWHQXHO XWRSLH VDLQWVLPRQLHQQH GH O DVVRFLDWLRQ XQLYHUVHOOH P«WDSKRUH GXVDQJ¢ODTXHOOH U«SRQGGDQV OH } &8/785( 3238/$,5(. URPDQ ODILJXUH GXVDQJ YLFL« HW GXYDPSLUH P«WDSKRUHGHODURWDWLRQGHVFDSLWDX[¢ODTXHOOH U«SRQG XQH DOOLDQFH FRQWUDGLFWRLUH GH WK«VDXULVDWLRQHWGH GLODSLGDWLRQ VRPSWXDLUH P«WDSKRUH GH O LQIRUPDWLRQHQ FLUFXODWLRQ ¢ ODTXHOOHU«SRQGHQWWRXWHVVRUWHVGHVWUDW«JLHVGH U«WHQWLRQ HW G LQWR[LFDWLRQ OD VFªQH GX W«O«JUDSKHVHVLWXDQW¢O LQWHUVHFWLRQGHFHVWURLV D[HV P«WDSKRULTXHV

(10)  $LQVL F HVWFRQWUH &KHYDOLHU/HURX[HW(QIDQWLQFRQIRQGXVGDQVXQH P¬PHLOOXVLRQGHSKLODQWKURSLHVRFLDOHTXH'XPDV «FULWDXWDQWTXHFRQWUHOHU«JLPHGH/RXLV3KLOLSSH HWVHVFDGUHVY«UHX['XP¬PHFRXSF HVWDXVVL IDLUH GHFHVSURSKªWHVGHODVRFL«W«LQGXVWULHOOH GH OHXUV GLVFRXUV SU«GLFDWLRQV SURMHWV SURJUDPPHVXQPDW«ULDXURPDQHVTXHUHWRXUQHU OHXUV P«WDSKRUHV LG«RORJLTXHV F HVWHQFRUH W«PRLJQHUDYHF FHOOHVFLGH ODSKLORVRSKLHTXL JRXYHUQH O «SRTXH 5HYHQRQV ¢OD WKªVH JUDPVFLHQQHSRXUODUHIRUPXOHUDXWUHPHQWHQFRUH O XYUHFRPPHUFLDOHQ HVWSDVOLWW«UDLUH DXVHQV DUWLVWLTXH

(11) HOOHHVWOLWW«UDULVDWLRQIU«Q«WLTXHGH O HVSULW GH O «SRTXHHW VRQ VXFFªVFRXURQQH PRLQVVHVTXDOLW«VLQWULQVªTXHVTXHO H[DFWLWXGH GHVDFRQIRUPLW«¢FHWHVSULW& HVWSDUO¢HQVRPPH TX HOOH HVW ELHQ LQGLFDWULFH HQ HIIHW G XQH mSKLORVRSKLH} GRPLQDQWH HW FHSHQGDQW VLOHQFLHXVHHWF HVWSDUO¢GHP¬PHTX HOOHV RIIUH DXSKLORVRSKHFRPPHXQHVRQGHH[SORUDWRLUHDX FXUGHO LQFRQVFLHQWVRFLDO  *UDPVFL VH GLVWLQJXH ¢ O «YLGHQFH GHV WK«RULFLHQVFULWLTXHVWURSHPSUHVV«V ¢ODID©RQ HPEO«PDWLTXHG XQ$GRUQRHWG XQ+RUNKHLPHU ¢ GLVTXDOLILHU OD SURGXFWLRQFXOWXUHOOH SRXUOH PDUFK«DXQRPGHVYHUWXV«PDQFLSDWULFHVGRQW OHV SURGXFWLRQV G DYDQWJDUGH VHUDLHQW SRUWHXVHV 5«DJLVVDQW ¢ XQ DUWLFOH G $QGU« 48$'(51, 1r 35,17(036 .

(12) 0RXIIOHWSDUXGDQV/H0HUFXUHGH)UDQFHGXHU I«YULHUGDQVOHTXHOFHOXLFLVRXWHQDLWTXHOH URPDQIHXLOOHWRQVHUDLWmQ«GXEHVRLQG LOOXVLRQ TX «SURXYDLHQW HWSHXW¬WUH«SURXYHQWHQFRUH FHX[ TXL YLYHQW XQH H[LVWHQFH LQILQLPHQW PHVTXLQHGHID©RQ¢URPSUHODWULVWHPRQRWRQLH ¢ODTXHOOHLOVVHYRLHQWFRQGDPQ«V}LOREVHUYH DLQVLWUªVMXVWHPHQWTXHFHWWHP¬PHUHPDUTXH SHXW¬WUH IDLWHmSRXUWRXVOHVURPDQV}HWTX LO FRQYLHQW SOXW¶W G mUDQDO\VHUTXHOOH LOOXVLRQ SDUWLFXOLªUH OH URPDQIHXLOOHWRQSURFXUH DX SHXSOH HW FRPPHQWFHWWHLOOXVLRQFKDQJHDYHF OHVS«ULRGHVKLVWRULFRSROLWLTXHV}/DUHPDUTXH HVWG LPSRUWDQFHOHVW«U«RW\SHOHFOLFK«OHOLHX FRPPXQURPDQHVTXHVRXDXWUHV VRQWFKRVHOD PLHX[SDUWDJ«HGXPRQGHLQWHOOHFWXHOHWOLWW«UDLUH HWO RQSRXUUDLWVRXWHQLUHQFHVHQVTXHV LOQ \D GHVW«U«RW\SHTXHSRXUDXWUXLTX LOV DJLVVHGX GLVFRXUV OLWW«UDLUH RX GHV UHSU«VHQWDWLRQV RUGLQDLUHV LO Q \HQD GH P¬PH TX DXVXMHW G DXWUXL/H VW«U«RW\SH HVWWRXMRXUV OHIDLW GH O DXWUH QRXV QH SHUFHYRQV SDV QRV SURSUHV SU«MXJ«V GH FODVVHPHQW

(13)  HW SRUWHWRXMRXUV VXU O DXWUHTXHFHWDXWUHVRLWXQJURXSHVRFLDORXXQH FODVVHGHSUDWLTXHV(QWHQGRQV GDQV OHFDV GX URPDQ TXH OHVSURGXFWHXUV OHWWU«V V DYHXJOHQW VXUOHVIRUPDWLRQVILJ«HVGRQWLOVIRQWHX[P¬PHV XVDJH HQ VWLJPDWLVDQWFHOOHVGHVSURGXFWHXUV FRPPHUFLDX[(QWHQGRQVDXVVLTX LOQ \DSDVGH URPDQTXLWLHQQHQLGHSRªPHQLG HVVDLQLGH SLªFHGH WK«¤WUHVDQV PDUTXHV H[SULPDQWOD VRXPLVVLRQGHWHOOHXYUH¢ODORLGXJHQUHGRQW HOOHUHOªYHHWTX ¢FHWLWUHOHURPDQH[S«ULPHQWDOOH SOXVGLVWLQJX«Q HVWSDVPRLQVFRGLIL«¢VDID©RQ TXH OH URPDQIHXLOOHWRQ OH SOXV LQGXVWULHO (QWHQGRQVVXUWRXWDYHF*UDPVFLTXHO DQDO\VH GHV SURGXFWLRQV GH OD OLWW«UDWXUH FRPPHUFLDOH GHPDQGHTXHVRLWPLVHQ«YLGHQFHQRQO HPSULVH 48$'(51, 1r  35,17(036. JOREDOHGHVFOLFK«VTXLV H[HUFHVXUHOOHVPDLVOD QDWXUHHWODIRUPHSDUWLFXOLªUHVGHFHVFOLFK«VHQ UHODWLRQDYHFOHXUSRVLWLRQGDQVOHV\VWªPH GH SURGXFWLRQJ«Q«UDOHHWGXIDLWTX HOOHVVRQWVHORQ OXLHQSULVHVXUODmSKLORVRSKLHGHO «SRTXH}HQ UHODWLRQDYHFODmS«ULRGHKLVWRULFRSROLWLTXH}¢ ODTXHOOHHOOHVSDUWLFLSHQW3RXUSHUPDQHQWHTX HOOH VRLW O LOOXVLRQVRUW GX PRXOH GH FRQWH[WHV FKDQJHDQWVTXLOXLGRQQHQWIRUPHHWODOHVWHQWGH VLJQLILFDWLRQVVS«FLILTXHV4X HOOHUHVWHRULHQW«H GDQV OHP¬PHEXW J«Q«UDORQVDLWOHTXHO OD GLUHFWLRQGHO LG«RORJLHHPSUXQWHVHVGLUHFWLYHV HWVHVP«WDSKRUHVFRQGXFWULFHV

(14) ¢GHVUHJLVWUHV WK«PDWLTXHV VXFFHVVLIVKLHUOD1DWXUH HW OD 0RUDOHDXMRXUG KXLO ‹FRQRPLH HW OH6SRUWGH FRPS«WLWLRQ GHPDLQTXLVDLW"OD&RQVWUXFWLRQ GHOD3ODQªWHPRQ«WDLUHHWOD*XHUUHGHV&XOWXUHV 'HX[UHPDUTXHVV LPSRVHQWHQFRUH¢FHWHQGURLW /DSUHPLªUHFRQVLVWH¢VRXOLJQHUDYHF*UDPVFL TXHOHFRQIRUPLVPHQ HVWSDVFKRVHQRXYHOOHQL VS«FLILTXH DX[ VWUXFWXUHVGH GRPLQDWLRQ GH OD VRFL«W« FDSLWDOLVWH /DQRXYHDXW« VHORQ OXL U«VLGHUDLW GDQV OH FKRFDX;;HVLªFOH GHGHX[ mFRQIRUPLVPHV}PHWWDQWHQFULVHODVRFL«W«FLYLOH HQRSSRVDQW G XQF¶W« ODG«ULYH FRQVHUYDWULFH YRLUHU«DFWLRQQDLUHGHO RUGUH«WDEOLHWGHO DXWUH OHVH[WUDYDJDQFHVXWRSLTXHVG XQmQRXYHORUGUH HQ JHVWDWLRQ } m/HV YLHX[ GLULJHDQWV LQWHOOHFWXHOV HWPRUDX[ GH OD VRFL«W«VHQWHQW TX LOVSHUGHQWSLHG LOVVHUHQGHQWFRPSWHTXH OHXUV VHUPRQVVRQWMXVWHPHQWGHYHQXV GHV VHUPRQV GHVFKRVHV«WUDQJªUHV¢ODU«DOLW« XQHSXUHIRUPHVDQVFRQWHQXXQVSHFWUHG R» OHXUG«VHVSRLUHWOHXUVWHQGDQFHVU«DFWLRQQDLUHV HW FRQVHUYDWULFHV SXLVTXH ODIRUPH GH FLYLOLVDWLRQ GHFXOWXUHHWGHPRUDOHTX LOVRQW UHSU«VHQW«HVHG«FRPSRVHLOVFULHQW¢ODPRUWGH WRXWH FLYLOLVDWLRQ GH WRXWHFXOWXUH GH WRXWH &8/785(3238/$,5( .

(15) PRUDOLW«HW LOVGHPDQGHQW¢O ‹WDWGHVPHVXUHV U«SUHVVLYHVRX LOVVHFRQVWLWXHQW HQJURXSH GH U«VLVWDQFHV«SDU«GXSURFHVVXVKLVWRULTXHU«HO HQSURORQJHDQWDLQVLODFULVHSXLVTXHOHG«FOLQ G XQH PDQLªUHGH YLYUH HW GHSHQVHU QHSHXW VXUYHQLU VDQV FULVH ' DXWUH SDUW OHV UHSU«VHQWDQWVGXQRXYHORUGUHHQJHVWDWLRQSDU KDLQHUDWLRQDOLVWHSRXUO DQFLHQGLIIXVHQWGHV XWRSLHVHWGHVSODQVH[WUDYDJDQWV}/DVHFRQGH UHPDUTXHLQWURGXLUDDXSRLQWVXLYDQWHQUDSSHODQW TXHODWHFKQRORJLHVRFLDOHGHFRQWU¶OHQHVHOLPLWH «YLGHPPHQWSDVFKH]*UDPVFLDX[SURGXFWLRQV GHPDVVHQLDX[P«GLDVGHJUDQGHGLIIXVLRQWRXW XQ mIRUPLGDEOHHQVHPEOH GH WUDQFK«HVHW GH IRUWLILFDWLRQV}\ FRQWULEXHGDQVOHTXHOO ‹JOLVH MRXHVDSDUWLH FRQVLG«UDEOH

(16) O ‹FROH ELHQV½U

(17)  OHV FOXEV HW OHV VRFL«W«VGH SHQV«H PDLV DXVVL O DUFKLWHFWXUH GHV YLOOHV OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GHV «GLILFHVHW OHXUHVWK«WLTXHOHVQRPVGHUXHVGH SODFHVOHXUGLVWULEXWLRQHWOHXUWUDF«GDQVO HVSDFH OHSOXVSK\VLTXHGHODVSKªUHSXEOLTXH /HVSURGXLWVGHO LQGXVWULHGXGLYHUWLVVHPHQW FRQWULEXHQW ¢ ODP\VWLILFDWLRQGHV PDVVHV OD FKRVHHVWHQWHQGXH(OOHQ HQGHPDQGHSDVPRLQV ¢ ¬WUH GLDOHFWLV«H $YHFVD P\WKRORJLH GX VXUKRPPHMXVWLFLHUOHURPDQIHXLOOHWRQURPDQWLTXH IRXUQLW¢*UDPVFLTXLUDSSHOOHDXSDVVDJHTXH *DULEDOGL OXLP¬PH D FRPSRV« GHV URPDQV SRSXODLUHVOHVUHVVRXUFHVQ«FHVVDLUHV ¢FHWWH GLDOHFWLVDWLRQ' XQF¶W«F HVWYUDLmOHURPDQ IHXLOOHWRQUHPSODFH HWIDYRULVHHQP¬PHWHPSV

(18)  OHU¬YHGHO KRPPHGXSHXSOHF HVWXQHY«ULWDEOH U¬YHULHOHV\HX[RXYHUWV}0DLVGHO DXWUHGDQV FHmU¬YH«YHLOO«}LQWHUYLHQWFHTXHO DXWHXUGHV &DKLHUVGHSULVRQGLDJQRVWLTXHVRXVO DSSHOODWLRQ GHmFRPSOH[HG LQI«ULRULW« VRFLDOH

(19) }FRPSOH[H TXLmG«WHUPLQHGHORQJXHVU¬YHULHVVXUO LG«HGH } &8/785( 3238/$,5(. YHQJHDQFH GHSXQLWLRQ GHV FRXSDEOHVGHV PDOKHXUVVXSSRUW«VHWF} ,FLHQFRUH OHURPDQ GH 'XPDVYDXWFRPPH W\SH G XQHWHQGDQFH J«Q«UDOH DLQVL m/H &RPWHGH 0RQWH&ULVWR FRQWLHQWWRXVOHV«O«PHQWVSURSUHV¢EHUFHUFHV U¬YHULHVHWGRQFSRXUDGPLQLVWUHUXQQDUFRWLTXH TXLHQGRUPHODVHQVDWLRQGXPDOHWF}6'DQV FHVmHWF}TXLODLVVHQWRXYHUWHODU«IOH[LRQRQ QHYHUUD SHXW¬WUH TX XQHIRUPH GH QRWDWLRQ VW«QRJUDSKLTXH ,O Q HVW SDV LQWHUGLW G \YRLU «JDOHPHQWXQHPDUTXHGHO LURQLHGLDOHFWLTXHTXH *UDPVFLQHFHVVHG DSSRUWHUGDQVVHV&DKLHUV¢ O LQWHUSU«WDWLRQTX LOVXJJªUHGHFHV URPDQVHW SOXVODUJHPHQW GH ODFXOWXUHGHPDVVH VDLVLH ¢ O «WDWQDLVVDQWHQWUHHW &DUSOXVG XQ WUDLW PRQWUHGDQVVHVU«IOH[LRQVTXHFHmU¬YH «YHLOO«}GHV FODVVHV SRSXODLUHVQH VH FRQIRQG SDV ¢ VHV \HX[ DYHF O K\SQRVH FROOHFWLYH TX LPSRVHUDLHQWDX[PDVVHV QD±YHV OHVSDVVHV PDJQ«WLTXHV GX FRQWU¶OH VRFLDO $GRUQR HW +RUNKHLPHULGHQWLILHURQWGDQVOHFLQ«PDLQGXVWULHO OHVURPDQVFRPPHUFLDX[ODPXVLTXHGHVDORQOD PXVLTXH VDYDQWHHQUHJLVWU«HRXHQFRUH OHMD]] OHV V\PSW¶PHV G XQHLQYROXWLRQGH OD5DLVRQ G XQREVFXUFLVVHPHQWJ«Q«UDOGHVFRQVFLHQFHV SRUW«HVVLPXOWDQ«PHQW¢IDLUH UHWRXU¢O XQLYHUV HQFKDQW«GXP\WKH MXVTXHGDQVVDWHPSRUDOLW« UHFXUVLYH

(20)  HW ¢VH VRXPHWWUH ¢O LPSODFDEOH UDWLRQDOLW«G XQGUHVVDJH LG«RORJLTXH *UDPVFL DSHU©RLWSOXVMXVWHPHQWVHPEOHWLOTXHOHURPDQ IHXLOOHWRQGHSUHPLªUHJ«Q«UDWLRQGXPRLQVHVW XQJHQUHLG«RORJLTXHPHQWWLUDLOO«HQWHQVLRQ HQWUHU«JUHVVLRQHWSURJUªVHQWUH IDQWDVPHQ«R DULVWRFUDWLTXH HW DVSLUDWLRQG«PRFUDWLTXHHW TX HQFHVHQVFHJHQUHHVWSHXW¬WUHELHQSRUWHXU GHVVLJQHVGHODFULVHTXLDG«M¢PLVDX[SULVHV VRXV OD 0RQDUFKLH GH -XLOOHW GHX[ mFRQIRUPLVPHV}DQWDJRQLVWHV FRQIRUPLVPH 48$'(51, 1r  35,17(036 .

(21) SHWLWERXUJHRLVG XQF¶W« GRQWFHVURPDQVVRQW OHV YHFWHXUV GDQV O RSLQLRQSRSXODLUH

(22)  HW FRQIRUPLVPHSRSXODLUHGHO DXWUH DYHFVHVXWRSLHV G HVFRUWH

(23) 'DQVO LGHQWLILFDWLRQGHVOHFWHXUVDX PRGªOHGXVXUKRPPHMXVWLFLHURX¢VHVSURW«J«V HQWUHVDQVGRXWHF HVWVDGLPHQVLRQLOOXVRLUHXQ IDLW GHmVQRELVPH} PDLV LO\DDXVVL DMRXWH *UDPVFLmXQIRQGVG DVSLUDWLRQVG«PRFUDWLTXHV TXLVH UHIOªWHQW GDQV OH URPDQIHXLOOHWRQ FODVVLTXH}/HU¬YHGHVPDVVHVHVWIDLW¢ODIRLV GHVRXYHQLUV «FUDQVHW GHSU«PRQLWLRQVIORXHV GH P\WKHV U«WURVSHFWLIV HW GH IHUYHXUV SURSK«WLTXHV 'DQWªV VRUWL GX WRPEHDXGH VD JH¶OHHQ«WDQWMHW«DXmFLPHWLªUHGXFK¤WHDXG ,I} VHUDVXU ODVFªQHGXURPDQGH'XPDVOH IDX[ UHYHQDQW G XQH FODVVH VRUWLH GH O +LVWRLUH O DULVWRFUDWLH

(24)  TXLH[LJHUDLW GH ODFODVVH KLVWRULTXHPHQW DXSRXYRLU TX HOOHDEMXUH VD UHOLJLRQGXSURILW HWVRQFUHGRGHODU«LILFDWLRQ J«Q«UDOLV«H F HVWOHVHQVGHODVFªQHILQDOHGX URPDQ ODSXQLWLRQGXEDQTXLHU'DQJODUV TXH FXULHXVHPHQW*UDPVFLQ DSDVH[DPLQ«H

(25) 0DLV HQP¬PHWHPSV'DQWªVUHVWHFHWHQIDQWGXSHWLW SHXSOHGH0DUVHLOOHGDQVOHTXHOOHOHFWHXUYLV« SDU OHURPDQ SURMHWWHFRQIXV«PHQW VRQLG«DO G DVFHQVLRQVRFLDOHHWGHMXVWHU«SDUDWLRQ4XH FHWWH SURMHFWLRQ U«VXOWH G XQH UXVH GH OD GRPLQDWLRQDLQVLTXH3RQWVRXOLJQ«(QJHOVHW 0DU[TXHOHVSHFWDFOHGHODJ«Q«URVLW«FKDULWDEOH GHV VXUKRPPHV GX IHXLOOHWRQ DLWUHSU«VHQW« FRPPH3DYDLWELHQYXDXVXMHWGHV0\VWªUHVGH 3DULVO XQGHVU«GDFWHXUVGXMRXUQDOSURO«WDULHQ / $WHOLHU XQH mQRXYHOOH P\VWLILFDWLRQ SKLODQWKURSLTXH} GHVWLQ«H GDYDQWDJH m¢ SURFXUHUGHVGLVWUDFWLRQV DX[RLVLIV TX ¢IDLUH REWHQLUTXHOTXH ELHQ¬WUH DX[PDOKHXUHX[} Q LQWHUGLWSDVGHUHS«UHUGDQVODWUDPHVHUU«HGX GLVFRXUVP\VWLILFDWHXUOHILO W«QXG XQHU«YROWH 48$'(51,1r 35,17(036. DVVXP«HDXPRLQVGDQVO RUGUHGHODILFWLRQQLGH VXSSRVHUTXHOHVLQVXUJ«VGH-XLQSRXUUDLHQW ELHQDYRLU IDLWOHXUV FODVVHVU«YROXWLRQQDLUHV DXWDQW FKH] 6XH )«YDO HW 'XPDV TXHFKH] 3URXGKRQRX/HURX[(WO RQSHXWIDLUH«JDOHPHQW O K\SRWKªVH GDQV OD IRXO«H TXH VLOH URPDQ IHXLOOHWRQV HVWRIIHUWDXSURILWGHO HQGRFWULQHPHQW VRFLDOFRPPHO XQGHVPR\HQVG XQHFRQWDJLRQ WRXWHLG«RORJLTXH GXU«HOSDUO LPDJLQDLUH LO SRXUUDLWELHQDYRLU«W«GDQVXQHFHUWDLQHPHVXUH GXIDLWGHVDSXEOLFDWLRQDXUH]GHFKDXVV«HGHV MRXUQDX[GDQVXQUDSSRUWGHFRQWLJX±W«DYHFOHV DUWLFOHVG DFWXDOLW« OHVG«EDWV G RSLQLRQRXOD UXEULTXH GHV IDLWV GLYHUV  XQ OLHX GH FRQFDW«QDWLRQHQWUHODILFWLRQOLE«UDWULFHHWODU«DOLW« RSSULPDQWH  3URFKH SDU O¢ G XQ :DOWHU %HQMDPLQTXL TXHOTXHVDQQ«HVSOXVWDUG DSHUFHYUDGDQV OHV WHFKQLTXHVGHUHSURGXFWLELOLW«P«FDQLTXH¢ODIRLV ODFDXVHG XQG«FOLQGHO DXUDHWODSRVVLELOLW«GH UHVWLWXHU DX[XYUHVPLVHVHQODUJHFLUFXODWLRQ XQHQRXYHOOHmDXUD}SURSUHPHQWSROLWLTXHFHOOH FL*UDPVFLWLHQWTXHOHVSURGXFWLRQVFXOWXUHOOHV GHPDVVHQH GRLYHQWSDV ¬WUH SHQV«HV VRXV OH VHXOVLJQH GH ODSULYDWLRQRXGHODG«JUDGDWLRQ YXOJDLUHGHVPRGªOHVOHWWU«V(QHOOHVVRQWORJ«HV GHV «QHUJLHV GH UXSWXUHWRXWHV SRWHQWLHOOHV / LQW«U¬W TXH OH SKLORVRSKH SRUWH ¢ FHV SURGXFWLRQVQ HVWSDV SXUHPHQWHVWK«WLTXH QL FXOWXUHO &HW LQW«U¬W HVWSROLWLTXH DXWDQW TXH VWUDW«JLTXH 3ROLWLTXHPHQW FHV XYUHV LQG«SHQGDPPHQWGHOHXUFRQWHQXDPELJXYDOHQW SDUOHSXEOLFTX HOOHV DWWHLJQHQW OHSXEOLFGH PDVVHTXLVHFRQIRQGGDQVXQHODUJHPHVXUHDYHF OD mFODVVHLQQRYDWULFH}SDUWLH FRQIXV«PHQW¢ O DVVDXWGHVIRUWLILFDWLRQVGHODFODVVHGRPLQDQWH /HUHQYHUVHPHQWGHVVWUXFWXUHVGHODGRPLQDWLRQ &8/785( 3238/$,5( m.

(26) QH VH IHUD SDV VDQVU«YROXWLRQ FXOWXUHOOH ‚ OD FXOWXUHG «OLWHO XQHGHVWUDQFK«HVGHODFODVVHDX SRXYRLUGHYUD¬WUHRSSRV«HXQHFXOWXUHQDWLRQDOH SRSXODLUHGRQW OHVFRQWRXUV VH GHVVLQHQWQRQ SDVSHQVH*UDPVFLGDQVWHOOH«FROHHVWK«WLTXH OHWWU«HHQIRUPDWLRQPDLVGDQVOHYDVWHFRQWLQHQW GHVOLWW«UDWXUHV GHPDVVH &HVOLWW«UDWXUHV G XQ WHOSRLQWGHYXHWLHQGUDLHQW¢ODIRLVGXFKHYDOGH 7URLH HW GX PRXYHPHQW G HQFHUFOHPHQW VWUDW«JLTXHm& HVWVHXOHPHQWH[SRVHWLOGDQV OHTXLQ]LªPHGHVHVFDKLHUVSDUPLOHVOHFWHXUVGH OD OLWW«UDWXUH GH IHXLOOHWRQ TX RQ SHXW V«OHFWLRQQHUOHSXEOLFVXIILVDQWHWQ«FHVVDLUHSRXU FU«HU OD EDVH FXOWXUHOOH G XQH QRXYHOOH OLWW«UDWXUH} (QFRUHQ HVWFHSDVXQHTXHVWLRQ GH QRPEUHPDLV G HQUDFLQHPHQWKLVWRULTXH HW FXOWXUHORXHQFRUHGHUHIRQWHFRQTX«UDQWHG XQ SDWULPRLQH SURIRQG«PHQW«WDEOL ' XQF¶W« LQVLVWHWLO FHWWH QRXYHOOH OLWW«UDWXUH GHYUD mSORQJHUVHVUDFLQHVGDQVO KXPXVGHODFXOWXUH SRSXODLUHWHOOHTX HOOHHVW DYHF VHVJR½WV VHV WHQGDQFHV HWF DYHFVRQ PRQGH PRUDO HW LQWHOOHFWXHO P¬PHDUUL«U« HW FRQYHQWLRQQHO} GHO DXWUHHOOHGHYUDmWHQGUH¢«ODERUHUFHTXL H[LVWHG«M¢ GHID©RQSRO«PLTXHRX DXWUHPHQW SHXLPSRUWH}& HVWTXHVHORQOXLmOHSUREOªPH HVWOHVXLYDQWFRPPHQWFU«HUXQFRUSVG KRPPHV GH OHWWUHV TXLVRLHQW DUWLVWLTXHPHQW ¢ OD OLWW«UDWXUHGHIHXLOOHWRQFHTXH'RVWR±HYVNL«WDLW ¢6XHHW¢6RXOL«RXFHTXH&KHVWHUWRQGDQVOH URPDQSROLFLHUHVW¢&RQDQ'R\OHHW¢:DOODFH HWF ",OIDXW ¢FHWWHILQ DEDQGRQQHUEHDXFRXS GHSU«MXJ«V PDLV VXUWRXWSHQVHU TXHQRQ VHXOHPHQWRQ QHSHXWSDVDYRLUGH PRQRSROH PDLV TX RQ D FRQWUH VRL XQHIRUPLGDEOH RUJDQLVDWLRQG LQW«U¬WV«GLWRULDX[},OQHVXIILW SDVGLWLODLOOHXUVTXHOHOLYUHDLOOHDXSHXSOHSDU WRXWHV VRUWHV GH WHFKQLTXHV PDW«ULHOOHV GH   &8/785( 3238/$,5(. GLIIXVLRQ YHQWHV ¢ OD FUL«H IRLUHV OHFWXUHV SXEOLTXHV LOIDXWTXHFHOLYUH DOODQWDXSHXSOH m>GHYLHQQH@LQWLPHPHQWQDWLRQDOSRSXODLUH} TX LOVRLWHQTXHOTXHVRUWHID©RQQ«LQW«ULHXUHPHQW SDUXQHOLWW«UDWXUHDOODQWDXSHXSOHSDUFHTXHQ«H GHFHOXLFL6LPDVVLITX LOVRLWHWSDUFHTX LOHVW PDVVLI FH SXEOLFQ HVWSDV DFTXLV G DYDQFH FHSHQGDQW HW ODOLWW«UDWXUH SRSXODLUH¢LQYHQWHU GHYUDHQTXHOTXHVRUWHDXVVLELHQLQYHQWHUVRQ SXEOLF' XQHQVHPEOHV«ULHOGHOHFWHXUVV«SDU«V OHVXQVGHVDXWUHVDQRQ\PHV LPSHUVRQQHOVOHV XQV SRXU OHV DXWUHVF HVW¢GLUH DXIRQG SXUHPHQWLQGLYLGXHOVHOOHDXUD¢IDLUHXQHWRWDOLW« RUJDQLTXHGRW«HG XQHmFRQVFLHQFHGHVDSURSUH SHUVRQQDOLW«KLVWRULTXH}HWFDSDEOHGHV «ODUJLU mDX[FODVVHVTXLVRQWVHVDOOL«HVSRWHQWLHOOHV} / DQDO\VHGHV OLWW«UDWXUHVGHPDVVH UHMRLQWLFL G «YLGHQFHOHSURMHWU«YROXWLRQQDLUHJUDPVFLHQ HQ XQH ERXFOH ORJLTXH FRPSUHQGUH OH IRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHFHVOLWW«UDWXUHVOHXUDGK«UHQFH DXU¬YHDPELJXGHVPDVVHVDFWLYHU¢SDUWLUG HOOHV XQH OLWW«UDWXUH QRXYHOOH F HVW FRQWULEXHU HQ WK«RULHDXWDQWTX HQSUDWLTXH¢GUHVVHUXQHFXOWXUH PRQWDQWHFRQWUHXQHFXOWXUH«WDEOLHH[DPLQHUOH U¬YH GRQW VH EHUFH ¢ WUDYHUV HOOHV OH OHFWRUDW SRSXODLUH F HVWVH GRQQHU OHV PR\HQV G XQH mFRQQDLVVDQFH H[DFWHGXFDPS TXHO RQGRLW YLGHUGHVRQ«O«PHQWGHPDVVHKXPDLQH}F HVW ¢GLUHWUDYDLOOHU¢ODG«V«ULDOLVDWLRQGHFHOHFWRUDW DXPR\HQJ«Q«UDOLVDEOHSDUDLOOHXUVGHFHTXH *UDPVFL DSSHOOH RQ OHVDLWXQ mHVSULWGH VFLVVLRQ} $6 / DSSDUHLOFRQFHSWXHOVHUDLWFRPSOHWVLSDUXQH FXULHXVH U«WLFHQFH *UDPVFL QH Q«JOLJHDLWSDV G «WDEOLUOHOLHQTXLV LPSRVHHQWUHPDVVP«GLDV HWFXOWXUHGHPDVVH$QGU«7RVHOGDQVOHSU«VHQW QXP«UR PHWFODLUHPHQWHQ «YLGHQFH ODSHQV«H 48$'(51, 1r 35,17(036 .

(27) JUDPVFLHQQH GHV P«GLDV SHQV«H ¢ OD IRLV WK«RULTXHHWSUDWLTXHSDUFHTXHIRUP«HG DERUG VXUOHWHUUDLQGHODSUDWLTXH,OHVWG DXWDQWSOXV «WRQQDQWGHFRQVWDWHUTXH O DXWHXUGHV &DKLHUV GHSULVRQFDQWRQQHOHU¶OHGHVPDVVP«GLDVDX UHQIRUFHPHQW GX VXFFªV GH OD OLWW«UDWXUH GH IHXLOOHWRQVDQVYRLURXSOXVYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQW VDQVMXJHUXWLOHGHUDSSHOHUTXHFHWWHOLWW«UDWXUH GRLWVDIRUPH VRQU\WKPHHWVHVVWUXFWXUHVELHQ SOXVHQFRUHTXHVRQVXFFªV DXVXSSRUWGHFHV P«GLDVHWDXV\VWªPHGHGLIIXVLRQHWGHIRUPDWLRQ GH O RSLQLRQSXEOLTXH GDQVOHTXHOFHX[FL V LQVFULYHQWm1L]DQ«FULWLOQHVDLWSDVSRVHU ODTXHVWLRQGHODOLWW«UDWXUHSRSXODLUH F HVW¢ GLUH GXVXFFªV TXHUHQFRQWUHGDQV OHVPDVVHV QDWLRQDOHV OD OLWW«UDWXUH GHIHXLOOHWRQ URPDQV G DYHQWXUH URPDQV G«WHFWLYHV SRODUV HWF

(28)  VXFFªVTXL HVW UHQIRUF«SDUOH FLQ«PD HWOH MRXUQDO}&HQ HVWO¢VDQVGRXWHTX XQHQRWDWLRQ GHG«WDLOXQHLQDGYHUWDQFHSHXW¬WUH (OOHQ HQ VXUSUHQGSDVPRLQV)DLUHGHO LQVWDQFHP«GLDWLTXH XQ VLPSOH WUHPSOLQ GX VXFFªV Q HVWFHSDV IHQGLOOHUOHmEORF KLVWRULTXH}UHFRQGXLUHXQH YLVLRQGXDOLVWHGHVREMHWVGHFXOWXUHUHSUHQGUH¢ VRQFRPSWHO H[W«ULRULW«GHODIRUPHSDUUDSSRUWDX FRQWHQX"6HUDLWFHO¢HQPDWLªUHGHU«IOH[LRQVXU ODFXOWXUH GHPDVVH HW VHV IDFWHXUVG H[LVWHQFH DXWDQWTXHGHGLIIXVLRQTXHOTXHFKRVHFRPPHOH SRLQWDYHXJOHGHODWK«RULHJUDPVFLHQQH"6 LODYDLW G«VLJQ«HWLQWHUURJ«O LQK«UHQFHU«FLSURTXHGHV SURGXFWLRQVFXOWXUHOOHVGHPDVVHHWGHO DSSDUHLO GHVPDVVP«GLDV*UDPVFLH½WHQWRXWFDVLQVWDOO« ODSLªFHPDQTXDQWHGH VRQGLVSRVLWLI FHOOHO¢ P¬PHGRQWWRXWFHGLVSRVLWLILQGLTXDLWODSODFH. 48$'(51, 1r  35,17(036 . 127.  & HVWGHODP¬PHPDQLªUHGDQVXQUHJLVWUHPRLQV «ORLJQ«TX LOQ \SDUD°WTXHO DIIDLUHGXIDX[FKDUQLHU GH7LPLVRDUDODFRXYHUWXUHELDLV«HGHODSUHPLªUH*XHUUH GX*ROIH RXO XQDQLPLVPH «GLWRULDOLVWHVXUJL GHV G«FRPEUHV GX :RUOG 7UDGH &HQWHUFRQWULEXHQW ¢ G«WRXUQHUO DWWHQWLRQGHVPDQTXHPHQWVFRQQLYHQFHV RX FRQVHQVXVTXLIRUPHQW ODWUDPH LG«RORJLTXH TXRWLGLHQQHG XQFHUWDLQMRXUQDOLVPHGHPDUFK«DXWDQW G «FUDQV GH IXP«H DXWDQW GH mFULVHV} RXGH FRQMRQFWXUHV H[FHSWLRQQHOOHV FRPPRG«PHQW LQVWUXPHQWDOLV«HVSRXUIDLUHO LPSDVVHVXUOHVVWUXFWXUHV HWOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWmQRUPDO}GXFKDPSP«GLDWLTXH FRQWHPSRUDLQ  7HOOHHVWGXPRLQVODWKªVHIRUWHHWVROLGHPHQW«WD\«H GH 'RPLQLTXH 4XHVVDGD GDQV /D 6RFL«W« GH FRQVRPPDWLRQGHVRL3DULV‹GLWLRQV9HUWLFDOHV  6DLQWH%HXYHm/DOLWW«UDWXUHLQGXVWULHOOH}GDQV/D 5HYXHGHV'HX[0RQGHVHUVHSWHPEUH 5HSULV GDQV/D4XHUHOOHGX URPDQIHXLOOHWRQ /LWW«UDWXUH SUHVVHHWSROLWLTXH8QG«EDWSU«FXUVHXU 

(29)  7H[WHVU«XQLVHWSU«VHQW«VSDU/LVH'XPDV\*UHQREOH (//8* SS  )ULHGULFK(QJHOVHW.DUO0DU[/D6DLQWH)DPLOOHRX &ULWLTXHGHOD&ULWLTXHFULWLTXH ,6

(30) GDQV.0DU[ XYUHVWRPH  3KLORVRSKLH «G5XEHO 3DULV *DOOLPDUG m%LEOLRWKªTXHGH OD3O«LDGH}  SS   6XUFHFRPSOH[HGHmILJXUHV}VHUHSRUWHU¢3LHUUH 0DFKHUH\$TXRLSHQVHODOLWW«UDWXUH "([HUFLFHVGH SKLORVRSKLHOLWW«UDLUH3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH )UDQFHFROOm3UDWLTXHVWK«RULTXHV}FKDS  )U(QJHOVHW.0DU[RS FLWS  $QWRQLR*UDPVFL&DKLHUi&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ  WUDG $\PDUGHW %RXLOORW 3DULV *DOOLPDUG m%LEOLRWKªTXHGH3KLORVRSKLH}SS &8/785( 3238/$,5(. .

(31)  5RODQG %DUWKHV/H©RQ 3DULV 6HXLO  SS   9RLU¢FHVXMHW 3DVFDO'XUDQGm8WRSLHHWFRQWUH XWRSLH/DFRPPXQLFDWLRQDOO«JRULTXHGDQV/H&RPWH GH0RQWH&ULVWR} GDQV'XPDV XQH OHFWXUHGH O KLVWRLUH VRXV OD GLU GH 0$UURXV

(32)  3DULV 0DLVRQQHXYHHW/DURVHSS  / «WRQQDQWLFLHVWTXHO DXWHXUGHV&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ Q HQYLVDJHODILOLDWLRQVDLQWVLPRQLHQQHGHODOLWW«UDWXUH SRSXODLUH GH O «SRTXHURPDQWLTXHTX ¢WUDYHUV O H[HPSOHG (XJªQH6XH G LQVSLUDWLRQDXGHPHXUDQW SOXVIRXUL«ULVWHVHPEOHWLO

(33) VDQVHQUHOHYHUOHVPDUTXHV GDQV=H&RPWHGH0RQWH&ULVWRTXLFRQVWLWXHSRXUWDQW O XQHGHVHVU«I«UHQFHV REV«GDQWHV9RLU DLQVL OH &DKLHU i   m/HV SURSRVLWLRQV «FRQRPLFR VRFLDOHVG (XJªQH6XHVRQWOL«HV¢FHUWDLQHVWHQGDQFHV GXVDLQWVLPRQLVPHDX[TXHOOHVVHUDWWDFKHQWDXVVLOHV WK«RULHV VXUO ‹WDWRUJDQLTXH HW OHSRVLWLYLVPH SKLORVRSKLTXH /H VDLQWVLPRQLVPHD FRQQX XQH GLIIXVLRQSRSXODLUH«JDOHPHQWHQ,WDOLHGLUHFWHPHQW>@ HWLQGLUHFWHPHQW¢WUDYHUVOHVURPDQVSRSXODLUHVTXL UHFXHLOOHQWOHVRSLQLRQVSOXVRXPRLQVOL«HVDXVDLQW VLPRQLVPH ¢WUDYHUV/RXLV%ODQF HWF FRPPH OHV URPDQV G (XJªQH6XH} &DKLHUVGHSULVRQ  «G FLW«H S

(34)   &HWWH VRQGH HVW U«YHUVLEOH  V DJLVVDQW GX mVXUKRPPH}QLHW]VFK«HQ*UDPVFLVRXOLJQHDLQVLTX LO FRQYLHQW GH VH GHPDQGHUVL VDVRXUFH GRLW ¬WUH H[FOXVLYHPHQW VLWX«H GDQV OD KDXWH FXOWXUH SKLORVRSKLTXHRXVLHOOHQHVRXUGSDVG9RULJLQHVSOXV PRGHVWHV} m&KDTXHIRLV TX RQ WRPEHVXUXQ DGPLUDWHXUGH1LHW]VFKH«FULWLODX&DKLHULOHVW ERQGHUHFKHUFKHUVLVHVFRQFHSWLRQVVXUKXPDLQHV FRQWUHODPRUDOHFRQYHQWLRQQHOOH HWFVRQWG RULJLQH SXUHPHQWQLHW]VFK«HQQH F HVW¢GLUHVRQWOHSURGXLW G XQH«ODERUDWLRQGHODSHQV«H¢SODFHUGDQVODVSKªUH GHODKDXWHFXOWXUHRXVLHOOHVRQWGHVRULJLQHVSOXV PRGHVWHVVLHOOHVVRQWOL«HVSDUH[HPSOH¢ODOLWW«UDWXUH } &8/785( 3238/$,5(. GHIHXLOOHWRQ >0DLV1LHW]VFKHOXLP¬PHQ DWLO SDV «W« XQ SHXLQIOXHQF« SDUOHV URPDQVIHXLOOHWRQV IUDQ©DLV" ,OIDXW VH VRXYHQLUTXHFHWWH OLWW«UDWXUH DXMRXUG KXLG«JUDG«HHQXQHOLWW«UDWXUHGHFRQFLHUJHVHW GHEDVIRQGVD«W«WUªVGLIIXV«HSDUPLOHVLQWHOOHFWXHOV DXPRLQVMXVTX HQFRPPHDXMRXUG KXLOHURPDQ SROLFLHU@'HWRXWHID©RQLOVHPEOHTX RQSXLVVHGLUH TX XQHERQQHSDUWLHGH ODVRLGLVDQWVXUKXPDQLW« QLHW]VFK«HQQH WURXYHVRQ PRGªOHHW VRQ RULJLQH GRFWULQDOHWRXW VLPSOHPHQW GDQV /H&RPWHGH 0RQWH&ULVWRG $OH[DQGUH'XPDV} &DKLHU i  &DKLHUVGHSULVRQWUDG%RXLOORWHW*UDQHO3DULV *DOOLPDUG m%LEOLRWKªTXHGH3KLORVRSKLH}  S 

(35)   7KHRGRU: $GRUQRHW 0D[+RUNKHLPHU m/D SURGXFWLRQ LQGXVWULHOOHGHELHQVFXOWXUHOV 5DLVRQHW P\VWLILFDWLRQGHVPDVVHV}GDQV/D'LDOHFWLTXHGHOD UDLVRQ 

(36) WUDG.DXIKRO]3DULV*DOOLPDUGFROO m7HO}  &DKLHUi&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ «GFLW«H SS  & HVWG XQH FHUWDLQHPDQLªUHFHTX DIDLWYDORLU /XFLHQ6IH]HQPRQWUDQW DXILO GHVHVWUDYDX[ OHV HPSULVHVVXFFHVVLYHVH[HUF«HVVXUO RSLQLRQSROLWLTXH HWSOXVVS«FLDOHPHQWO DFWLRQSXEOLTXHSDUOHVXWRSLHV GHODmG«FLVLRQ}GHODmFRPPXQLFDWLRQ}SXLVGHOD mVDQW«SDUIDLWH }XWRSLHVGDQVOHVTXHOOHVVDQV GRXWH UHSU«VHQWDWLRQVFRPPXQHVHWGLVFRXUVWHFKQRORJLTXH VRQWUHVW«VLQV«SDUDEOHVFRPPHHVWUHVW« LQFKDQJ«OH VHQVGHOHXUPDUFKHFRPPXQHPDLVR»OHFRQWHQXGH FHWWH LQVWDQFH WHFKQLTXHHW SDU FRQV«TXHQW ODEDVH V\PEROLTXHGHFHVUHSU«VHQWDWLRQV VHVRQW TXDQW¢ HX[PRGLIL«V9RLUVXUFHSRLQW ODV\QWKªVHSURSRV«H DXG«EXWGH/D6DQW«SDUIDLWH&ULWLTXHG XQHQRXYHOOH XWRSLH3DULV6HXLOFROOm/ KLVWRLUHLPP«GLDWH} SS   &DKLHUi &DKLHUVGHSULVRQWUDG$\PDUG HW )XOFKLJQRQL3DULV *DOOLPDUG m%LEOLRWKªTXHGH 48$'(51, 1r  35,17(036 .

(37) 3KLORVRSKLH} S  (QFRUHFHWWH QRXYHDXW« GRLWHOOH¬WUH«YDOX«HHQUHJDUGGHO KLVWRLUHORQJXHGH WHOVFKRFV ODVRFL«W«GHO DQFLHQU«JLPHILQLVVDQWD«W« OH OLHX G XQH VHPEODEOH RSSRVLWLRQ HQWUH GHX[ FRQIRUPLVPHVDULVWRFUDWLTXHHWERXUJHRLVO XQHQ G«FOLQO DXWUHHQDVFHQVLRQ  9RLU &DKLHU i&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ  «G FLW«HSS  &DKLHU i&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ«GFLW«H S   &DKLHU i GDQV&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ  «G FLW«HS   &DKLHUi&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ «GFLW«H S  9RLUHQFRUHVXUFHSRLQWQRWUHDUWLFOHm8WRSLHHW FRQWUHXWRSLH}FLW«SOXVKDXW  -DFTXHV 'XERLVD VXJJ«U« HQVHU«FODPDQWGH *UDPVFL TXH mGHV 0\VWªUHV GH 3DULVMXVTX ¢ )DQW¶PDV >@ ODILJXUH GX VXUKRPPHMXVWLFLHU UHSU«VHQWHXQHV\PEROLVDWLRQW\SLTXHGHVH[LJHQFHVGHV FODVVHVGRPLQ«HV} / ,QVWLWXWLRQ GHODOLWW«UDWXUH %UX[HOOHV/DERUS 

(38)   &LW«SDU1R«5LFKWHU/D/HFWXUH VHVLQVWLWXWLRQV %LEOLRWKªTXHGHO 8QLYHUVLW«GX0DLQHHW‹GLWLRQV3OHLQ &KDQW S   5DSSHORQVLFLHQFRUHODUHPDUTXHGH*UDPVFLVHORQ ODTXHOOHOHVDLQWVLPRQLVPHSDUH[HPSOHV HVWU«SDQGX GDQV OHVFODVVHVSRSXODLUHV ¢WUDYHUV VRQUHF\FODJH IHXLOOHWRQHVTXH  :DOWHU%HQMDPLQm/ XYUHG DUW¢O ªUHGHVD UHSURGXFWLELOLW«P«FDQLTXH} 

(39) WUDG *DQGLOODF 3DULV 'HQR­O*RQWKLHU FROOm0«GLDWLRQV}  SS &HWWHWKªVHGH%HQMDPLQQ HVWSDVFHUWHV ODSOXVUH©XH / LQWHUSU«WDWLRQGH FHWH[WH SRUWH J«Q«UDOHPHQWO DFFHQWVXUOHKDORFU«SXVFXODLUHGRQW V HQWRXUH FKH]%HQMDPLQOH WKªPH GX mG«FOLQGH O DXUD}/DSODFHPDQTXHLFLSRXUIDLUHYDORLUWH[WH¢ O DSSXLTXHFHG«FOLQH[SUHVVLRQGHODV«FXODULVDWLRQ 48$'(51,1r 35,17(036 . GHODSURGXFWLRQDUWLVWLTXHHWGHVRQSDVVDJHG XQU«JLPH mFXOWXHO} ¢XQ U«JLPH mFXOWXUHO} DSSHOOHFKH] %HQMDPLQ¢O «PHUJHQFHG XQHQRXYHOOHmDXUD}F HVW ¢GLUH¢XQHUHIRQFWLRQQDOLVDWLRQSROLWLTXHGHO XYUH G DUW  &DKLHUi&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ«GFLW«H S   &DKLHUi &DKLHUVGHSULVRQ  WUDG 3HUPVHW/DURFKH3DULV*DOOLPDUGm%LEOLRWKªTXHGH 3KLORVRSKLH}S  &DKLHU i &DKLHUVGHSULVRQ «G FLW«H S  ,ELG SS  &DKLHUi&DKLHUVGHSULVRQ«GFLW«H S. &8/785(3238/$,5( .

(40)

Références

Documents relatifs

• Dans le film « Mister Jones », Richard Gere incarne un patient présentant les deux phases du trouble bipolaire.. • Dans le film « Ma vie en cinémascope », Pascale

Dans le cadre de la publication des actes de la journée d’étude “Culture du pouvoir, pouvoir de la culture” 1 qui s’est tenue le 4 mars 2021 2 , nous lançons un appel

L’Axe Arts, médias et diversité culturelle de l’Observatoire sur les impacts sociétaux de l’intelligence artificielle et du numérique (OBVIA), en partenariat avec la

14h-15h30 Session 7 : Performance sportive et innovations matérielles Modérateur : Gilles Ravier. Application mobile pour l’analyse biomécanique en sport : un labo dans

A l'heure où le sport s’ancre de plus en plus dans le quotidien et ses objets, ainsi qu’au sein de la culture populaire, ce colloque entend questionner les

firmament enserrant le monde de ses bras, amplifié de toutes les plénitudes de sa 'SOiitude.. un jour

L'école devrait apprendre davantage aux jeunes les pièges de la so- çiété - comment l'homme est exploité - comment l'homme est conditionné: tout ce que nous

Partout en Europe, le constat est le même depuis des années : les études scientifiques n’ont pas la cote auprès des jeunes générations et la science n’intéresse pas, voire