• Aucun résultat trouvé

L' étymologie ou la « Caverne aux Mots » d'Ali Baba : de l'intérêt de l'étymologie pour les enfants ayant un retard de langage

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "L' étymologie ou la « Caverne aux Mots » d'Ali Baba : de l'intérêt de l'étymologie pour les enfants ayant un retard de langage"

Copied!
236
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)L’ étymologie ou la “ Caverne aux Mots ” d’Ali Baba : de l’intérêt de l’étymologie pour les enfants ayant un retard de langage Delphine Incorvaia. To cite this version: Delphine Incorvaia. L’ étymologie ou la “ Caverne aux Mots ” d’Ali Baba : de l’intérêt de l’étymologie pour les enfants ayant un retard de langage. Médecine humaine et pathologie. 2010. �dumas-01523233�. HAL Id: dumas-01523233 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01523233 Submitted on 16 May 2017. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) 81,9(56,7('(1,&(623+,$$17,32/,6 )$&8/7('(0('(&,1( (&2/(' 257+23+21,(  . 0pPRLUHSUpVHQWpSRXUO REWHQWLRQGX&HUWLILFDWGHFDSDFLWp G 2UWKRSKRQLVWH  .  L'Etymologie ou la « Caverne aux Mots » d'Ali Baba de l'intérêt de l'étymologie pour les enfants ayant un retard de langage. 'HOSKLQH,QFRUYDLD 1pHOHVHSWHPEUHj7RXORXVH. .  'LUHFWHXU0DGHPRLVHOOH*HQHYLqYH0DLOODQOLQJXLVWH &RGLUHFWHXU0RQVLHXU*LOEHUW=DQJKHOOLQLRUWKRSKRQLVWH  1,&(.

(3) Je remercie Mademoiselle Maillan pour sa gentillesse, sa disponibilité et la pertinence de ses remarques et suggestions. Monsieur Zanghellini pour sa disponibilité et pour ses précieux conseils d'orthophoniste éclairé qui m'a ouvert sa bibliothèque. Madame Lisi ainsi que tous les enfants qui m'ont permis de réaliser ce mémoire, merci pour cette magnifique et enrichissante expérience qu'ils m'ont donné l'occasion de vivre.. Mes maîtres de stage pour tout ce qu'elles m'ont transmis. Madame Jean, Madame Lisi, Madame Raffray, apprendre à leurs côtés aura été un véritable plaisir.. Mes remerciements s'adressent également aux trois orthophonistes qui ont participé au jury de ce mémoire. Monsieur Bellone, Madame Jaubert, Madame Pujalte, merci pour l'intérêt qu'ils ont porté à mon travail..

(4) 6RPPDLUH  . ,QWURGXFWLRQ   3$57,(7+(25,48(  ,/ pW\PRORJLHHWO pYROXWLRQGHVODQJXHV  ,,/DPRUSKRORJLH  ,,,'XODWLQDXIUDQoDLV  ,9,QIOXHQFHGHODODQJXHJUHFTXHVXUOHODWLQ  9/HVPRWVG DLOOHXUV  9,/HIUDQoDLVGDQVOHVDXWUHVODQJXHV  &RQFOXVLRQ   3$57,(35$7,48(  ,3UpVHQWDWLRQGXSURWRFROH  ,,3UpVHQWDWLRQGXIDVFLFXOH  ,,,3UpVHQWDWLRQGXTXHVWLRQQDLUH  ,93UpVHQWDWLRQGHVUpVXOWDWV  9'LVFXVVLRQ  &RQFOXVLRQ  %LEOLRJUDSKLH  7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV  $QQH[HV.     .

(5)            . « Le plaisir de connaître le pourquoi et le comment est appelé curiosité. » THOMAS HOBBES.                    .

(6)

(7) ,QWURGXFWLRQ   $SOXVLHXUVUHSULVHVTXDQGRQQRXVDGHPDQGpTXHOpWDLWOHVXMHWGHQRWUH0pPRLUH G 2UWKRSKRQLHOHVTXHVWLRQVRQWIXVp  0DLVHQTXRLO pW\PRORJLHSHXWHOOHGRQFVHUYLUjGHVHQIDQWVD\DQWXQUHWDUGGH ODQJDJHGRQFGpMjSHUGXVGDQVOH©V\VWqPHGHVPRWVª"  1HVHUDLWFHSDVHQFRUHOHV©HPEURXLOOHUªOHXUFRPSOLTXHUODWkFKHGpMjVLDUGXH DLQVLTXH FHOOHGHV RUWKRSKRQLVWHV

(8) TXHGHOHVIDLUHVHSHQFKHUVXUO RULJLQHGHV PRWV OHXUV WULEXODWLRQV GLYHUVHV HW PXOWLSOHV OHXUV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV SDUIRLV LQVRXSoRQQDEOHV"   1H VHUDLWFH SDV SOXV MXGLFLHX[ GH ODLVVHU FH WUDYDLO FRPSOH[H DX[ HQIDQWV ELHQ ©GRXpVª SRXU OH ODQJDJH DX[TXHOV RQ IDLW DSSUHQGUH VDQV KpVLWDWLRQ OH ODWLQ OH JUHFO DOOHPDQG"  1HVHUDLWLOSDVSOXVUDLVRQQDEOHGHQRXV©FDQWRQQHUªjXQDSSUHQWLVVDJH©SDVj SDVª GHV PRWV GHV VWUXFWXUHV V\QWD[LTXHV GHV FRQMXJDLVRQV DSSUHQWLVVDJH FHUWHV ODERULHX[PDLVTXLDXUDLWOHPpULWHG rWUHVLPSOHHWELHQFRQFUHW"   8QH LPDJH VXUJLW j SURSRV GHV HQIDQWV D\DQW XQ UHWDUG GH ODQJDJH  OHXU ODQJDJH VHPEOH FRQVWLWXp G XQH VXFFHVVLRQ GH PRWV FRPPH ©SRVpV OHV XQV j F{Wp GHV DXWUHVª ILJpV WHOOHV OHV VpULHV GH SRWV DOLJQpV SDU RUGUH FURLVVDQW RX GpFURLVVDQW GDQVOHVFXLVLQHVG DQWDQDQQRQoDQWODFRQLTXHPHQWOHXUFRQWHQXIDULQHVXFUHFDIp VHO FHOD DILQ G pYLWHU WRXWH HUUHXU IDWDOH j XQH ERQQH DOFKLPLH FXOLQDLUH

(9)  8Q WUDYDLO pW\PRORJLTXH SRXUUDLWLO ©IDLUH YROHU HQ pFODWVª FHV TXHOTXHV FRQWHQXV VWDWLTXHV HW OLPLWpV SRXU ©HVVDLPHUª WRXWH XQH SURIXVLRQ GH VpULHV GH SRWV DX[ FRQWHQXV YDULpV HQ FRXOHXUV QXDQFHV TXDQWLWpV DVSHFWV RGHXUV SDUIXPV RULJLQHV TXL VH FRPELQDQW GRQQHUDLHQW XQH LQILQLWp GH SODWV ELHQ FRQQXV RX LQFRQQXVVXUQRWUH©SODQqWHWHUUHªUHFHWWHVSRXYDQWVHPRGLILHUjYRORQWpVXLYDQW  .

(10) O HQYLHOHVEHVRLQVOHRXOHVGHVWLQDWDLUHVDYHFOHSODLVLU©HQSOXVªGHOHVGpJXVWHU VRLWWRXWVHXOVRLWHQERQQHFRPSDJQLH   3DULRQV TXH OH WUDYDLO pW\PRORJLTXH FRQWULEXHUDLW j VXVFLWHU O HQYLH G HQWURXYULU O HQWUpH GH OD ©&DYHUQH G $OL %DED GHV PRWVª / pW\PRORJLH SDU H[SpULHQFH SHUVRQQHOOHHWSDUJR€WQRXVSRXVVHjWHQWHUGDQVFH0pPRLUHOHSDULVXLYDQW   pWXGLHU j SDUWLU G H[HPSOHV ©SLRFKpVª DX FRXUV GH UppGXFDWLRQV RUWKRSKRQLTXHV TXHOWUDYDLOpW\PRORJLTXHSHXWrWUHIDLWDYHFOHVHQIDQWVD\DQWXQUHWDUGGHODQJDJH  DQDO\VHUVLXQWHOWUDYDLODPqQHGHVpYROXWLRQVHWVLRXLOHVTXHOOHV" . . . 'DQVODVWUXFWXUDWLRQGHODSHQVpH.  . 'DQVOHODQJDJHGHVHQIDQWV.  .  'DQV O pYHLO G XQH FXULRVLWp SRXU OHV PRWV G XQH HQYLH GH FKHUFKHU SDU VRL. . PrPHjGpFRXYULUOHVHQVGHVPRWV.  .  &HWWH HQYLH GH VDYRLU VL RQ SDUYLHQW j OD VXVFLWHU FKH] OHV HQIDQWV

(11)  HW OD. . GpPDUFKH GH UpIOH[LRQ HW GH UHFKHUFKH TXL HQ UpVXOWHUDLW SRXUUDLHQWHOOHV. . GHYHQLUKDELWXHOOHVSRXUDSSUHQGUHHQJpQpUDO".  .  (QILQ Q \ DXUDLWLO SDV XQH GLPHQVLRQ GH SODLVLU GDQV OH IDLW GH IDLUH. . SDUWDJHU TXHOTXH FKRVH TXH O RQ DLPH " &HOD SHXWLO rWUH RSpUDQW GDQV XQ. . WUDYDLOGHUppGXFDWLRQ".        .

(12) $XFRXUVGHFHPpPRLUHQRXVpWXGLHURQV  HQTXRLFRQVLVWHO pW\PRORJLH GHVpOpPHQWVGHO pYROXWLRQHWGHODPRUSKRORJLHGHODODQJXHIUDQoDLVH  HV DSSRUWV GHV GLIIpUHQWHV ODQJXHV DX IUDQoDLV HW GX IUDQoDLV DX[ GLIIpUHQWHV ODQJXHV   1RXVDOORQVSXLVHUGDQVO pW\PRORJLHFHTXLVHPEOHOHSOXVVLJQLILFDWLIOHSOXVXWLOH HWOHSOXVDERUGDEOHSRXUGHVHQIDQWVD\DQWXQUHWDUGGHODQJDJH  1RXVGpFULURQV©O RXWLOGHWUDYDLOªFUpp  1RXV REVHUYHURQV FH TXL VH SDVVH DYHF GHX[ SRSXODWLRQV GLIIpUHQWHV  XQH SRSXODWLRQVXLYLHFKDTXHVHPDLQHHQRUWKRSKRQLHSRXUXQUHWDUGGHODQJDJHHWXQH SRSXODWLRQWpPRLQYXHSRQFWXHOOHPHQW  1RXV DQDO\VHURQV OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GHV HQIDQWV OHXUV UpIOH[LRQV OHXU GHJUp GH FXULRVLWp SRXU OHV PRWV HW QRXV FKHUFKHURQV j HQ GpJDJHU GHV FRQFOXVLRQV FRQFHUQDQWO LQWpUrWSULVSDUFHVHQIDQWVjFHWUDYDLOVRQpYHQWXHOOHXWLOLWpHWHQILQ OHVDPpOLRUDWLRQVjDSSRUWHUjQRWUH©RXWLOª.  .

(13)                 .  PARTIE THEORIQUE.  .

(14) ,/ pW\PRORJLHHWO pYROXWLRQGHVODQJXHV  . $

(15) 4X HVWFHTXHO pW\PRORJLH"  /HPRWpW\PRORJLHHVWXQPRWGXJUHFDQFLHQHWXPRORJLDTXH&LFpURQDWUDGXLWHQ ODWLQSDUYHULORTXLXPHWTXLVLJQLILHOLWWpUDOHPHQW©IDoRQGHSDUOHUYpULWDEOHªF HVW jGLUH©VHQVYpULWDEOHG XQPRWª  / pW\PRORJLHLPSOLTXHGHX[SRVWXODWVOLQJXLVWLTXHV/HSUHPLHUHVWTXHOHVODQJXHV pYROXHQWTXHOHVPRWVFKDQJHQWGHIRUPHHWGHVHQVDXFRXUVGHVVLqFOHV&HODOD VFLHQFH PRGHUQH ELHQ ORLQ GH OH FRQWUHGLUH O D DPSOHPHQW YpULILp HW SUpFLVp /H VHFRQGTXHFHWWHpYROXWLRQHVWXQHGpWpULRUDWLRQHWTXHOHVHQVOHSOXVDQFLHQHVWOH YUDLVHQVGXPRW  /DUHPRQWpHYHUVOHVRULJLQHVVRUWHG DUFKpRORJLHOLQJXLVWLTXHHVWIDVFLQDQWHSRXU O HVSULWHWO RQHVWWUqVORLQG DYRLUH[SORLWpHQWLqUHPHQWO DSSRUWTXHSRXUUDLWIRXUQLU OD OLQJXLVWLTXH KLVWRULTXH HW SOXV SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW OD OH[LFRORJLH j O KLVWRLUH GH O pYROXWLRQGHO KXPDQLWp   . %

(16) eYROXWLRQPRUSKRORJLTXH . . /DPRUSKRORJLHG XQPRWF HVWODIRUPHTX LOSHXWSUHQGUHVHORQVDIRQFWLRQRXVRQ U{OHGDQVODSKUDVH6DQVHQWUHUGDQVOHVGpWDLOVRQSHXWGLUHTX XQPRWHVWFRPSRVp G XQHSDUWLHIL[H OHUDGLFDO

(17)  HW G XQHSDUWLHYDULDEOH ODGpVLQHQFH

(18) &HWWHGHUQLqUH HVW SODFpH DSUqV OH UDGLFDO 3RXU OHV VXEVWDQWLIV OD GpVLQHQFH LQGLTXH OH JHQUH PDVFXOLQIpPLQLQ

(19)  RX OH QRPEUH VLQJXOLHUSOXULHO

(20)  3RXU OHV ODQJXHV TXL VH GpFOLQHQW FRPPHOHODWLQHWO DQFLHQIUDQoDLV

(21) ODGpVLQHQFHSUpFLVHOHFDV LO\DYDLW FLQT FDV HQ ODWLQ HW GHX[ FDV HQ DQFLHQ IUDQoDLV

(22)  3RXU OHV YHUEHV OD GpVLQHQFH SUpFLVHOHWHPSVOHPRGHHWODSHUVRQQH  .

(23) &

(24) eYROXWLRQV\QWD[LTXH  & HVW O pYROXWLRQ JUDPPDWLFDOH &HWWH pYROXWLRQ FRQVLVWH HQ OD GLVSDULWLRQ GHV GpFOLQDLVRQV FHTXLREOLJHOHVPRWVjDGRSWHUXQHSRVLWLRQIL[HGDQVODFRQVWUXFWLRQ GH OD SKUDVH

(25)  HQ O DSSDULWLRQ GH QRXYHOOHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV JUDPPDWLFDOHV HQ O DSSDULWLRQGHQRXYHDX[PRWVRXWLOV SURQRPVSUpSRVLWLRQVHWF

(26) HQO DEDQGRQGH FHUWDLQHVIRUPHVFRQMXJXpHVHWF/ pYROXWLRQV\QWD[LTXHHVWWUqVOHQWHHWLOHVWUDUH TX XQLQGLYLGXV HQUHQGHFRPSWHHQO HVSDFHG XQHYLH   . '

(27) eYROXWLRQVpPDQWLTXH  /HV PRWV FKDQJHQW GH VHQV &HUWDLQV VHQV GLVSDUDLVVHQW G DXWUHV DSSDUDLVVHQW 3DUIRLV OH PRW V HQULFKLW G XQ VHQV QRXYHDX WRXW HQ FRQVHUYDQW OH VHQV DQFLHQ  SDUIRLVDXVVLOHVHQVDQFLHQGLVSDUDvWDXSURILWG XQVHQVQRXYHDX$YHFO DSSDULWLRQ GHVQRXYHOOHVFRQQDLVVDQFHVOHVPrPHVPRWVVRQWXWLOLVpVGDQVGHVGLVFLSOLQHVWUqV GLIIpUHQWHVGDQVOHVTXHOOHVLOVRQWpJDOHPHQWGHVVHQVGLIIpUHQWVSDUIRLVWUqVSUpFLV 8Q ERQ H[HPSOH G pYROXWLRQ GX VHQV G XQ PRW DX FRXUV GHV VLqFOHV HVW FHOXL GX YHUEH *8(5,5$XMRXUG KXL JXpULU VLJQLILH GpOLYUHU TXHOTX XQ G XQH PDODGLH RX rWUHVRLPrPHGpOLYUpG XQHPDODGLH

(28) /HVHQVGHFHPRWQHSRVHDXFXQSUREOqPH 3RXUWDQW VL RQ OLW XQ RXYUDJH GX ;,,H VLqFOH RQ HVW WUqV VXUSULV GH OH UHQFRQWUHU GDQVOHVHQVGHSURWpJHUJDUDQWLUFHTXLQ DULHQjYRLUDYHFODVDQWp&HODUpVXOWH GXIDLWTX jO pSRTXHFHYHUEHHQWUDGDQVODVSKqUHGHODPpGHFLQHUHPSODoDQWSDUOD PrPHRFFDVLRQOHYHUEHVDQHU GXODWLQVDQDUH

(29) OHTXHODGLVSDUXODLVVDQWFHSHQGDQW TXHOTXHVUHMHWRQVWHOVOHVPRWVVDLQVDQWp  8Q DXWUH EHO H[HPSOH G pYROXWLRQ HVW FHOXL GX PRW /,%(57,1 'DQV VRQ SHWLW RXYUDJH (PLOH /LWWUp j O DUWLFOH /LEHUWLQ pFULW ©GDQV OH VHL]LqPH VLqFOH SUHPLHU PRPHQW R OLEHUWLQ IDLW VRQ DSSDULWLRQ SDUPL QRXV FH PRW GpVLJQH XQLTXHPHQW FHOXLTXLV DIIUDQFKLWGHVFUR\DQFHVHWGHVSUDWLTXHVGHODUHOLJLRQFKUpWLHQQH «

(30)     /,775((3DWKRORJLHVYHUEDOHVRX/pVLRQVGHFHUWDLQVPRWVGDQVOHFRXUVGHO XVDJHeGLWLRQ0DQLFLXV.  .

(31) &H VHQV D GXUp WRXW OH GL[VHSWLqPH VLqFOH  DXMRXUG KXL LO HVW DEROL  HW LO IDXW VH JDUGHUTXDQGRQOLWOHVDXWHXUVGXWHPSVGH/RXLV;,9G \SUHQGUHFHYRFDEOHGDQV O DFFHSWLRQPRGHUQHª  4XHOTXHIRLV DXVVL O pYROXWLRQ GX VHQV VH PDUTXH SDU OH FKDQJHPHQW GX JHQUH GX PRW$LQVLXQQRXYHDXQpVHGLWXQQRXUULVVRQPDLVO DQFLHQQHODQJXHDYDLWDXVVLOD QRXUULVVRQ TXL VLJQLILDLW OD QRXUULWXUH /H QRPEUH GH PRWV IUDQoDLV DFWXHOV GLVSRVDQWGHVGHX[JHQUHV±HWGqVORUVGHGHX[VLJQLILFDWLRQV±Q HVWSDVUDUHSDU H[HPSOHXQPDQFKHXQHPDQFKHXQPRXVVHXQHPRXVVHXQSRrOHXQHSRrOHXQ YRLOHXQH YRLOH /HV PRWV D\DQW SHUGXV WRXW OLHQ DYHF OHXU VHQV RULJLQHO VRQW QRPEUHX[ 8Q GHUQLHU H[HPSOH G pYROXWLRQ VpPDQWLTXH  OH PRW YLDQGH GpVLJQDLW MXVTX j OD PRLWLpGX;9,,HVLqFOHWRXWDOLPHQWTXLVHUWjHQWUHWHQLUODYLH$LQVL0DGDPHGH 6pYLJQpSRXYDLWSDUIDLWHPHQWGpVLJQHUFRPPHYLDQGHVXQHVDODGHGHFRQFRPEUHHW GHFHUQHDX[«  9R\RQVPDLQWHQDQWFRPPHQWV DJHQFHQWHQIUDQoDLVFHVpW\PRQVSRXUGRQQHUQRWUH ODQJXH   . ,,/DPRUSKRORJLH  $

(32) /HPRUSKqPH  /H PRUSKqPH HVW O XQLWp PLQLPDOH G DQDO\VH JUDPPDWLFDOH ,O LPSOLTXH XQH FRQQDLVVDQFHGXPRWHWUpFLSURTXHPHQW 3DUH[HPSOHOHPRWLQDFFHSWDEOHHVWFRPSRVpGHWURLVPRUSKqPHVLQDFFHSW DEOHGRQWFKDFXQDXQHGLVWULEXWLRQHWXQHIRUPHSKRQRORJLTXHVSpFLILTXH  3UHQRQVXQDXWUHH[HPSOHSHWLWHHVWFRPSRVpGHGHX[PRUSKqPHVGLWVPRUSKqPHV REOLJDWRLUHVSHWLWH  .

(33) . %

(34) /DVRXGXUHGHVPRUSKqPHV  3RXUFRQVWUXLUHXQPRWLOIDXWWRXMRXUVDXPLQLPXPGHX[PRUSKqPHV(QIUDQoDLV OHV PRUSKqPHV XWLOLVpV SRXU OD FUpDWLRQ G XQ PRW VRQW WRXMRXUV VRXGpV HQ XQ VHXO PRW &HWWH VRXGXUH HVW JpQpUDOHPHQW UpDOLVpH DX PR\HQ G XQH YR\HOOH GLWH GH OLDLVRQ3DUH[HPSOHOHPRUSKqPHJDVWU HVWRPDF

(35) SHXWrWUHjO RULJLQHGHJDVWULWH PRWFUppVDQVYR\HOOHGHOLDLVRQ

(36) RXGHJDVWUoVFRSLH PRWFUppDYHFXQHYR\HOOHGH OLDLVRQ

(37)  &HWWH MRQFWLRQ YRFDOLTXH HQWUH OHV GHX[ pOpPHQWV G XQ PRW SHUPHW JpQpUDOHPHQW GH SUpFLVHU VL VRQ RULJLQH HVW JUHFTXH RX ODWLQH (Q HIIHW JpQpUDOHPHQWSRXUOHVPRWVG RULJLQHODWLQHODMRQFWLRQYRFDOLTXHHVWODOHWWUH©Lª SDUH[HPSOHDJUiFROHDJUL FKDPSHWFROH TXLFXOWLYH

(38) DORUVTXHF HVWOH©Rª SRXUOHVPRWVG RULJLQHJUHFTXH SDUH[HPSOHHWKQoORJLH

(39)    . &

(40) /HPRW  8Q PRW HVW XQ V\QWDJPH DXWRQRPH IRUPp GH PRQqPHV QRQ VpSDUDEOHV 2Q pWHQG WRXWHIRLVFHWWHGpVLJQDWLRQDX[PRQqPHVDXWRQRPHVFRPPHKLHUYLWHDLQVLTX DX[ PRQqPHV QRQ DXWRQRPHV IRQFWLRQQHOV FRPPH SRXU DYHF RX QRQ IRQFWLRQQHOV FRPPH OH OLYUH URXJH GRQW O LQGLYLGXDOLWp SKRQRORJLTXH HVW JpQpUDOHPHQW ELHQ PDUTXpH HQFRUH TXH OHXU VpSDUDELOLWp QH VRLW SDV WRXMRXUV DFTXLVH  OHV WURLV pOpPHQWV GH OH OLYUH URXJH VRQW VpSDUDEOHV FRPPH OH PRQWUH OH SHWLW OLYUH QRLU HW URXJHPDLV SRXU OHDYHFOH QHVRQWTX DVVH]H[FHSWLRQQHOOHPHQWGLVVRFLpVSDUXQ pOpPHQWLQWHUFDODLUH SRXUWRXWOH

(41) HWOHFKHYDXFKHPHQWHWO DPDOJDPH GXSRXUGH  OH HW DX SRXU j  OH

(42)  WpPRLJQHQW GH O LQWLPLWp GHV V\QWDJPHV IRUPpV SDU OHV SUpSRVLWLRQVHWOHVDUWLFOHV   .   .

(43) '

(44) /HVPRWVWURQTXpV  ,O IDXW pYLWHU GH FRQIRQGUH OHV PRWV WURQTXpV DYHF OHV PRUSKqPHV PrPH VL SKRQpWLTXHPHQW LOV VRQW LGHQWLTXHV $LQVL OH PRUSKqPH PDWU TXL GpVLJQH OD ©PqUHªHWHVWjO RULJLQHGHPpWURSROLWHPpWURSROH

(45) HWOHPRWWURQTXpPpWUR SRXU PpWURSROLWDLQ

(46) VRQWLGHQWLTXHVWDQWGXSRLQWGHYXHSKRQpWLTXHTXHJUDSKLTXHPDLV O XQ SHUPHW GH IRUPHU G DXWUHV PRWV F HVW XQ PRUSKqPH JpQpUDWLI

(47)  HW O DXWUH Q HVW TX XQ PRW WURQTXp XWLOLVp JpQpUDOHPHQW GDQV OH ODQJDJH SDUOp VRXYHQW DEVHQW GHV GLFWLRQQDLUHVHWGRQWODIRUPHJUDSKLTXHQ HVWSDVWRXMRXUVIL[pH   . '

(48) /HODQJDJHVDYDQWXQLYHUVHOOHJUpFRODWLQ. . 3RXU FRPSUHQGUH FHUWDLQV PRWV HW DXVVL SRXU H[SOLTXHU FHUWDLQHV SDUWLFXODULWpV RUWKRJUDSKLTXHVGHODODQJXHIUDQoDLVHLOHVWLQGLVSHQVDEOHGHUHPRQWHUDX[VRXUFHV GH OD ODQJXH HW SDUIRLV PrPH j OD ODQJXH GX 0R\HQ $JH ,O HVW LQWpUHVVDQW GH VRXOLJQHUTX jSDUWLUGX ;,9HVLqFOHOHVWUDGXFWHXUV GHV WH[WHVODWLQVRQW HQULFKLOD ODQJXHIUDQoDLVHGHPLOOLHUVGHPRWVHQSURYHQDQFHGXODWLQ PRWVODWLQVTXLDYDLHQW VRXYHQW XQH RULJLQH JUHFTXH

(49)   LOV RQW ©UHODWLQLVpª OH IUDQoDLV 4XHOTXHV VLqFOHV SOXV WDUG FH VRQW pJDOHPHQW GHV VDYDQWV TXL RQW IUDQFLVp GHV FHQWDLQHV GH PRWV JUHFVHWRQWODUJHPHQWSXLVpGDQVOHVPRUSKqPHVJUHFVSRXUFRPSRVHUODODQJXHGHV VFLHQFHVQDLVVDQWHV DXVVLELHQODPpGHFLQHTXHOD]RRORJLHODSK\VLTXHODFKLPLH O DVWURQRPLHHWF

(50) &HTXLVHSDVVDLWHQ)UDQFHDYHFODUpDSSURSULDWLRQGXODWLQHW GX JUHF SRXU OHV VFLHQFHV VH SURGXLVDLW GH OD PrPH PDQLqUH GDQV OHV DXWUHV SD\V HXURSpHQV$LQVL VDQV VH WURPSHU RQ SHXW DIILUPHU TXH V LO H[LVWH XQ YRFDEXODLUH VSpFLILTXHSRXUFKDFXQHGHVGLVFLSOLQHVVFLHQWLILTXHVLOQ H[LVWHTX XQHVHXOHODQJXH FRPPXQHSRXUWRXWHVFHVGLVFLSOLQHVF HVWOHODQJDJHVDYDQWJUpFRODWLQ(QRXWUH FH ODQJDJH HVW WUqV SURFKH GDQV WRXWHV OHV ODQJXHV HXURSpHQQHV$LQVL TXHOOH TXH VRLWOHXUODQJXHXVXHOOHOHVVDYDQWVHWOHVVSpFLDOLVWHVQ RQWJXqUHGHSUREOqPHSRXU VHFRPSUHQGUHORUVTX LOVGLVFXWHQWGHOHXUVSpFLDOLWp%LHQTXHFHODVRLWPRLQVYUDL DXMRXUG KXLTX LO\DTXHOTXHVDQQpHV VRQJH]TX LO\DTXHOTXHVGL]DLQHVG DQQpHVOH PpGHFLQ IUDQoDLV OH PpGHFLQ DPpULFDLQ HW OH PpGHFLQ UXVVH SDU H[HPSOH Q XWLOLVDLHQW TX XQH VHXOH ODQJXH OH ODWLQ SRXU GpFULUH WRXV OHV pOpPHQWV  .

(51) DQDWRPLTXHV GX FRUSV KXPDLQ

(52)  FHOD UHVWH HQFRUH YUDL GDQV GH OD WHUPLQRORJLH VDYDQWHHWGHQRPEUHXVHVQRPHQFODWXUHVVSpFLDOLVpHV  . (

(53) /DSURGXFWLYLWp  1RXV GLVRQV SDU H[HPSOH TX XQ PRUSKqPH HVW SURGXFWLI GDQV OH GRPDLQH GH OD ]RRORJLH RX GH OD WpUDWRORJLH 3RXU FHUWDLQV PRUSKqPHV QRXV GLURQV pJDOHPHQW TX LOVVRQWHQFRUHWUqVSURGXFWLIVDXMRXUG KXL4X HQWHQGRQSDUSURGXFWLYLWp"& HVW WRXW VLPSOHPHQW OD YLYDFLWp GDQV OD SURGXFWLRQ GH PRWV QRXYHDX[ TXL VRQW XQDQLPHPHQWDGRSWpV3RXUTX XQPRUSKqPHVRLWSURGXFWLISOXVLHXUVpOpPHQWVVRQW QpFHVVDLUHV HW WRXW G DERUG LO IDXW TX LO V DSSOLTXH j XQ YDVWH FKDPS GH FRQFHSWV QRXYHDX[$LQVLOHPRUSKqPH ©WpOpª HVW DXMRXUG KXL O XQGHVSOXV SURGXFWLIVFDU OHV WHFKQLTXHV DXGLRYLVXHOOHV HW GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ j GLVWDQFH HQYDKLVVHQW QRWUH TXRWLGLHQ 3RXU GHV UDLVRQV WHFKQLTXHV FH Q pWDLW SDV OH FDV DX ;,;H VLqFOH9RLFL GRQFXQPRUSKqPHGRQWRQGLUDTX LOHVW WUqVSURGXFWLIDX[;;H HW ;;,HVLqFOHV ' DXWUHVPRUSKqPHVVHVRQWUpYpOpVSURGXFWLIVGDQVOHVVLqFOHVDQWpULHXUV&HUWDLQV GHV PRWV FUppV VRQW UHVWpV GDQV OD ODQJXH IUDQoDLVH G DXWUHV RQW WRXW VLPSOHPHQW GLVSDUX ,O IDXW ELHQ QRWHU TXH F HVW OH EHVRLQ TXL FUpH OH PRW HW QRQ OH FRQWUDLUH $LQVL ORUVTXH OD GHPDQGH HQ PRWV QRXYHDX[ HVW WUqV LPSRUWDQWH OHV VDYDQWV Q KpVLWHQWSDVjXWLOLVHUGHVPRUSKqPHVSURYHQDQWDXVVLELHQGXODWLQTXHGXJUHF & HVW OD UDLVRQ SRXU ODTXHOOH FHUWDLQV PRWV V\QRQ\PHV VRQW FRPSRVpV j SDUWLU GH PRUSKqPHV WUqV GLIIpUHQWV 1RWRQV pJDOHPHQW PDLV QRXV UHYLHQGURQV VXU FHWWH TXHVWLRQ

(54) TXHOHVPRUSKqPHVSHXYHQWLQWHUYHQLUVRLWSRXUODFUpDWLRQVRLWFRPPH pOpPHQWVXSSOpPHQWDLUHGXPRW6LOHPRUSKqPHHVWSODFpHQGpEXWGHPRWFHVHUD XQSUpIL[HV LOHVWSODFpHQILQGHPRWFHVHUDXQVXIIL[H/HVPRUSKqPHVSODFpVHQ GpEXWGHPRWVVRQWJpQpUDOHPHQWDVVH]SHXSURGXFWLIVHQUHYDQFKHFHX[SODFpVHQ ILQ GH PRW VRQW H[WUrPHPHQW SURGXFWLIV HW SHXYHQW PrPH rWUH j O RULJLQH GH FHQWDLQHV GH PRWV QRXYHDX[ DLQVL ORUVTX RQ DSSUHQG OH IUDQoDLV FRPPH ODQJXH pWUDQJqUH ± RX PrPH HQ WDQW TXH ODQJXH PDWHUQHOOH ± LO HVW WUqV XWLOH G DSSUHQGUH WRXVOHVSUpIL[HVHWVXIIL[HVXWLOLVpVPrPHFHX[TXLQHSURYLHQQHQWQLGXJUHFQLGX ODWLQ

(55)    .

(56) )

(57) /HVUDFLQHV  /H PRW ©PRUSKqPHª HVW XQ WHUPH JpQpULTXH 3RXU rWUH SOXV SUpFLV RQ SDUOH pJDOHPHQWGHUDFLQHVGHUDGLFDX[HWG DIIL[HV VXIIL[HVHWSUpIL[HV

(58) 'DQVFHUWDLQHV ODQJXHVLOH[LVWHpJDOHPHQWGHVLQIL[HVOHVTXHOVVHSODFHQWjO LQWpULHXUGHODUDFLQH RX GX UDGLFDO PDLV FH Q HVW SDV OH FDV HQ IUDQoDLV TXL j SURSUHPHQW SDUOHU QH SRVVqGH SDV G LQIL[H 4XHOTXHV FRQVLGpUDWLRQV JpQpUDOHV VRQW XWLOHV SRXU ELHQ FRPSUHQGUH FRPPHQW VH IRUPHQW OHV PRWV /RUVTX RQ VHJPHQWH XQ PRW HQ VHV GLIIpUHQWHV SDUWLHV RQ LVROH GRQF GLYHUV PRUSKqPHV 3DUPL FHX[FL XQ VHXO HVW SRUWHXUG LGHQWLWp HQG DXWUHVPRWVXQVHXOGHVPRUSKqPHVVLJQLILHTXHOTXHFKRVH

(59)  F HVWODUDFLQH(QFRPSOpWDQWFHWWHUDFLQHDYHFGLYHUVDXWUHVPRUSKqPHVRQFUpH XQHIDPLOOHPRUSKRORJLTXH  $LQVLOHPRUSKqPHJDVWU R

(60) SHXWGRQQHU . JDVWULWH. . JDVWUHQWpURSDWKLH. . JDVWURVFRSLH. . pSLJDVWUHHWF.  2QYLHQWDLQVLGHFUpHUXQHIDPLOOHPRUSKRORJLTXHDXWRXUGXPRUSKqPHVLJQLILDQW HVWRPDF F HVWjGLUH DXWRXU GH OD UDFLQH JDVWU R

(61)  ODTXHOOH VLJQLILH HVWRPDF 2Q UHPDUTXHUDTXHFHWWHUDFLQH JDVWU

(62) HVWPRQRV\OODELTXH HQHIIHWLOQHIDXWSDVWHQLU FRPSWHGHODYR\HOOHGHOLDLVRQODTXHOOHQHIDLWSDVSDUWLHGHODUDFLQHPDLVHVWXQ DMRXW

(63) /HIDLWG rWUHPRQRV\OODELTXHHVWFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHVUDFLQHV/RUVTX XQPRW TXHOFRQTXH HVW OXL DXVVL j O RULJLQH G XQH IDPLOOH GH PRWV SDU DGMRQFWLRQ G XQ PRUSKqPH FRPPHSDUH[HPSOHDOFRROTXLGRQQHDOFRROHX[DOFRROLTXH

(64) RQSDUOH G XQUDGLFDOHWQRQG XQHUDFLQH&HUWDLQHVUDFLQHVVRQWjO RULJLQHGHYDVWHVIDPLOOHV GHPRWVG DXWUHVVRQWOLPLWpHVjGHX[RXWURLVPRWV YRLUHGDQVFHUWDLQVFDVjXQ VHXOPRW

(65) &HUWDLQVPRWVFRQQDLVVHQWXQUHODWLIVXFFqVGXUDQWGHQRPEUHXVHVDQQpHV SXLV GLVSDUDLVVHQW ,OV VRQW DORUV UHPSODFpV SDU XQ V\QRQ\PH FUpp j SDUWLU G XQH DXWUHUDFLQHRXSDUIRLVF HVWO DMRXWTXLHVWPRGLILp .   .

(66) *

(67) /HVSUpIL[HVHWOHVVXIIL[HV  x. /HVSUpIL[HVVRQWOHVPRUSKqPHVTXLVRQWDMRXWpVDXGpEXWG XQPRWVLPSOHRX. GpMj FRQVWLWXp G XQ UDGLFDO HW G XQ VXIIL[H 2Q FRPSUHQG GqV ORUV TXH OHV SUpIL[HV VRQWH[WUrPHPHQWSURGXFWHXUVHWTX LOVSHXYHQWrWUHjO RULJLQHGHFHUWDLQVPRWV  x. /HVVXIIL[HVVRQWOHVPRUSKqPHVTXLVRQWDMRXWpVjODILQG XQHUDFLQH,OVVRQW. pJDOHPHQWWUqVSURGXFWLIVHWjO RULJLQHGHFHUWDLQVPRWV  6DQV OH VDYRLU QRXV XWLOLVRQV WUqV VRXYHQW OHV SUpIL[HV HW VXIIL[HV SRXU FUpHU GHV QRXYHDX[PRWV$LQVLOHSUpIL[H©GpªHVWWUqVUpJXOLqUHPHQWXVLWpGDQVGpQRXHU GpGUDPDWLVHU HW GDQV TXDQWLWp GH PRWV UpSHUWRULpV GDQV OD ODQJXH IUDQoDLVH ,QWXLWLYHPHQWQRXVSHUFHYRQVTXHOH©Gpª SDUIRLVpFULW©GpVª

(68) VLJQLILHVXSSULPHU XQ Q°XG XQ GUDPH HWF

(69) $LQVL VSRQWDQpPHQW QRXV GLURQV GH TXHOTX XQ TXL Q D SOXVO XVDJHGHVRQRUGLQDWHXUTX LOHVW©GpVLQIRUPDWLVpªRXGHTXHOTX XQTXLYLHQW GHGLYRUFHUTX LOHVW©GpPDULpª&HGHUQLHUPRWDSDUDLOOHXUVUHQFRQWUpXQJUDQG VXFFqVGDQVVDIRUPH©GpPDULDJHª   . ,,,'XODWLQDXIUDQoDLV . $

(70) 9LQJWVLqFOHVG KLVWRLUH  $

(71) 4X HVWFHTXHOHODWLQ" . /H ODWLQ IXW G DERUG OD ODQJXH G XQH SHWLWH SRSXODWLRQ LQVWDOOpH GDQV OD UpJLRQ GH 5RPHGHSXLVVHPEOHWLOOH;HVLqFOHDYDQW-&/HVKDVDUGVGHO +LVWRLUHRQWIDLW TXH FH PRGHVWH LGLRPH HVW GHYHQX ODQJXH XQLYHUVHOOH HW TXH VRXV VHV IRUPHV QRXYHOOHVLOHVWHQFRUHSDUOpGDQVWRXWHVOHVSDUWLHVGXPRQGHSDUGHVFHQWDLQHVGH PLOOLRQVG LQGLYLGXV /D ODQJXH ODWLQH Q HVW SDV QpH HQ ,WDOLH  HOOH HVW YHQXH GX FHQWUH HW GH O HVW GH O (XURSH FRPPH WRXWHV OHV ODQJXHV LQGRHXURSpHQQHV  OH JUHF OHV ODQJXHV  .

(72) FHOWLTXHVJHUPDQLTXHVVODYHVDLQVLTXHFHUWDLQHVODQJXHVLUDQLHQQHVHWLQGLHQQHV 7RXWHV FHV ODQJXHV HQ HIIHW VRQW LVVXHV G XQH PrPH RULJLQH  O LQGRHXURSpHQ FRPPXQ j WRXWHV OHV SRSXODWLRQV TXL RQW HVVDLPp GDQV GH QRPEUHXVHV UpJLRQV GH O (XURSHDLQVLTX HQ,UDQHWDXQRUGGHO ,QGH   $

(73)  /H ODWLQ FODVVLTXH OH ODWLQ YXOJDLUH HW O pPHUJHQFH GHV ODQJXHV URPDQHV  /HODWLQTX RQOLWFKH]OHVDXWHXUVGHO $QWLTXLWpHWTX RQDSSUHQGHQFRUHjO pFROHHVW FHOXL TXH SDUODLHQW OHV FLWR\HQV URPDLQV DX ,HU VLqFOH DYDQW -& $ FHWWH pSRTXH pFULYDLHQWO RUDWHXUHWSKLORVRSKH&LFpURQO KLVWRULHQ6DOOXVWHOHFRQTXpUDQW&pVDU TXL UHODWD VHV FDPSDJQHV /H SUHVWLJH GH FHV pFULYDLQV IXW LPPHQVH  RQ OHV FRQVLGpUDFRPPHGHVPRGqOHVjVXLYUHGXSOXVSUqVSRVVLEOH$LQVLIXWPLVHQSODFH XQHVRUWHGHODWLQLGpDOTXLSHQGDQWGHVVLqFOHVGHPHXUDODODQJXHGHO pFROHFHOOH GXWH[WHpFULWHW PrPH FHOOHGXGLVFRXUVSDUOpTXDQGOHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVH[LJHDLHQW O HPSORLG XQODQJDJHVRXWHQX 0DLV ULHQ QH SHXW HPSrFKHU XQH ODQJXH GH FKDQJHU  GDQV OH ODWLQ SDUOp GHV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQVLQWHUYHQDLHQW$XERXWGHFLQTjVL[VLqFOHVXQIRVVpV pWDLWFUHXVp HQWUH OH ODWLQ OLWWpUDLUH HW OH ODWLQ GH WRXV OHV MRXUV 'DQV FH ODWLQOj SKRQpWLTXH YRFDEXODLUH HW JUDPPDLUH DYDLHQW FRQVLGpUDEOHPHQW FKDQJp GHSXLV O pSRTXH GH &LFpURQ  $ODILQGX9HVLqFOHGHQRWUHqUHLOQ \DSOXVG (PSLUHURPDLQG 2FFLGHQW/ XQLWp HVW URPSXH HQWUH OHV GLYHUVHV UpJLRQV GH *DXOH G ,WDOLH HW G (VSDJQH /HV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV VRQW FRXSpHV DYHF OHV ORLQWDLQV FRORQV URPDLQV GX 'DQXEH TXL SDUOHURQWSOXVWDUGOHURXPDLQ /HVSDUWLFXODULVPHVVHGpYHORSSHQWUDSLGHPHQW(Q PrPH WHPSV OHV %DUEDUHV DX SRXYRLU QH VH VRXFLHQW JXqUH GH PDLQWHQLU O LQVWUXFWLRQ /HV pFROHV GLVSDUDLVVHQW %LHQW{W SOXV SHUVRQQH QH FRQQDvW OH ODWLQ FODVVLTXH j O H[FHSWLRQ G XQH SRLJQpH GH JHQV G pJOLVH FDU OHV WH[WHV VDFUpV VRQW pFULWVHQODWLQOLWWpUDLUH (QGHKRUVGHVvORWVGHFXOWXUHVDYDQWHTXHVRQWOHVPRQDVWqUHVRXOHVpYrFKpVTXH SDUOHWRQGX9,HDX,;HVLqFOHGDQVOHVDQFLHQQHVSURYLQFHVURPDLQHVGHO (XURSH  .

(74) RFFLGHQWDOH " 2Q \ SDUOH XQ ODWLQ YXOJDLUH FRXSp GH VHV UDFLQHV pFODWp HQ GLYHUV GLDOHFWHV&HODWLQLQVWDEOHDUHoXOHQRPGHURPDQ/HURPDQGLVSDUDvWTXDQGO LQWHU FRPSUpKHQVLRQQ HVWSOXVSRVVLEOHHQWUHOHVORFXWHXUVGHSOXVLHXUVGHVHVGLDOHFWHV /HVGLDOHFWHVVRQWGqVORUVUHJURXSpV HQSOXVLHXUVODQJXHVGLWHVODQJXHVURPDQHV 6XUOHWHUULWRLUHGHFHTXLVHUDOD)UDQFHOHVGLDOHFWHVURPDQVVHVRQWUHJURXSpVHQ GHX[ODQJXHVODODQJXHG RwODX1RUGHWODODQJXHG RFDX6XG8QGHFHVGLDOHFWHV G RwOSDUOpGDQVODUpJLRQRV HVWLQVWDOOpOHSRXYRLUUR\DOSUpYDXGUDSHXjSHXVXU OHVDXWUHVDSUqVGHQRPEUHXVHVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVHWTXHOTXHVHPSUXQWVDX[GLDOHFWHV YRLVLQVLOGHYLHQGUDOHIUDQoDLV   $

(75) / DQFLHQIUDQoDLV  2QDSSHOOHDQFLHQIUDQoDLVODODQJXHG RwOGDQVVRQpYROXWLRQGX;HDX;9HVLqFOH WHOOHTXHQRXVODFRQQDLVVRQVJUkFHDX[WH[WHVpFULWVTXLQRXVVRQWSDUYHQXV& HVW GX ODWLQ YXOJDLUH D\DQW VXEL GH SURIRQGHV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV SKRQpWLTXHV / DSSRUW JHUPDQLTXH GHV FRQTXpUDQWV IUDQFV ± UHVWpV WUqV PLQRULWDLUHV DX VHLQ GH OD SRSXODWLRQ JDOORURPDLQH ± \ HVW PRGHVWH  TXDVLQXO GDQV OD JUDPPDLUH LQVLJQLILDQWGDQVODSKRQpWLTXHVHQVLEOHGDQVOHYRFDEXODLUH   $

(76) /DUpDFWLRQVDYDQWH  /HPRXYHPHQWGHUpJUHVVLRQFXOWXUHOOHDSULVILQHQ2FFLGHQWYHUVODILQGX9,,,H VLqFOH /D WHQGDQFH DORUV VH UHQYHUVH PDLV OHV SURJUqV VRQW OHQWV GLVSHUVpV HW HQWUHFRXSpV GH UHFKXWHV MXVTX DX9,,,H VLqFOH R O RQ DVVLVWH j XQ YpULWDEOH HVVRU FXOWXUHO /H QRPEUH GHV VDYDQWV F HVWjGLUH GH FHX[ TXL FRQQDLVVHQW OH ODWLQ FODVVLTXH VH PXOWLSOLH /H YRFDEXODLUH IUDQoDLV FRPPHQFH j V HQULFKLU JUkFH DX[ WUDQVPLVVLRQVVDYDQWHV/HSKpQRPqQHDWWHLQWWRXWHVRQDPSOHXUDX[;,9H;9HHW ;9,H VLqFOHV /HV VDYDQWV HQWUHSUHQQHQW DORUV XQH YpULWDEOH UHODWLQLVDWLRQ GH OD ODQJXHIUDQoDLVH(QWUDQVFULYDQWHQIUDQoDLVGHVPLOOLHUVGHPRWVODWLQVLOVGRXEOHQW   2QDSSHOOHODQJXHVURPDQHVOHVODQJXHVLVVXHVGXODWLQ/HVSULQFLSDOHVVRQWO HVSDJQROOHIUDQoDLV O LWDOLHQOHSRUWXJDLVOHURXPDLQ  /HVGHX[ODQJXHVVRQWGpVLJQpHVSDUOHXUIDoRQGHGLUHRXLRwODX1RUGHWRFDX6XG.  .

(77) OHYROXPHGXYRFDEXODLUHIUDQoDLV' DXWUHSDUWODUHGpFRXYHUWHGXJUHFHQULFKLWOH IUDQoDLVGHQRPEUHX[PRWVSULVjFHWWHODQJXH/DUHODWLQLVDWLRQWRXFKDpJDOHPHQW O RUWKRJUDSKH / DQFLHQ IUDQoDLV HXW G DERUG XQH RUWKRJUDSKH SKRQpWLTXH  XQ VHXO VRQ SRXU FKDTXH OHWWUH HW SDV GH OHWWUHV LQXWLOHV $ OD UHQDLVVDQFH OHV VDYDQWV V HIIRUFqUHQWGHGpJXLVHUOHVPRWVIUDQoDLVHQPRWVODWLQV$LQVLDXWRQQHFRQIRUPH jODSURQRQFLDWLRQIXWFKDQJpHQ$87201(DILQTX LOUHVVHPEOkWDXPRGqOHODWLQ DXWXPQXV'HPrPHRQDIIXEODOHPRW'2,*7pFULWDXSDUDYDQWGRLGHVOHWWUHVJ HWWGXODWLQGLJLWXV3DUIRLVOHVVDYDQWVILUHQWUHVVHPEOHUXQPRWjXQSqUHTXLQ pWDLW SDV OH VLHQ  LOV WUDQVIRUPqUHQW 6$92,5 HQ VoDYRLU SDUFH TX HQ ODWLQ FODVVLTXH VDYRLU VH GLW VFLUH  PDOKHXUHXVHPHQW 6$92,5 QH YLHQW SDV GH VFLUH PDLV GH VDSHUHTXLVLJQLILHHQODWLQFODVVLTXHDYRLUGXJR€WrWUHLQWHOOLJHQW   $

(78) /HIUDQoDLVPRGHUQH  $SUqV OH ;9,H VLqFOH F HVW GDQV VRQ YRFDEXODLUH FRQVWDPPHQW HQULFKL GH PRWV VDYDQWVTXHOHIUDQoDLVVXELWVHVFKDQJHPHQWVOHVSOXVFRQVLGpUDEOHV*UDPPDLUHHW SKRQpWLTXH YRLHQW OHXU pYROXWLRQ UDOHQWLU /H SKpQRPqQH OH SOXV PDUTXDQW HVW O H[WHQVLRQSURJUHVVLYHjWRXWOHWHUULWRLUHGHOD )UDQFHGHVSDUWLFXODULWpV GXSDUOHU SDULVLHQ SURFHVVXV HQFRUH LQDFKHYp PDLV TXL FRQWLQXH G DOOHU ERQ WUDLQ  FKDTXH YLHLOODUGTXLHVWPRUWHQSURYLQFHDIDLWPDUTXHUXQSRLQWDXIUDQoDLVGH3DULV  $

(79) /DWUDQVPLVVLRQSRSXODLUHOHVORLVGHO pYROXWLRQ  A-6-1) L'alphabet latin / DOSKDEHWODWLQHVWjO RULJLQHXQDOSKDEHWSKRQpWLTXHSHUPHWWDQWGHQRWHUGHIDoRQ UDWLRQQHOOH OHV VRQV GH OD ODQJXH ODWLQH 2Q SHXW GRQF HQ OLVDQW XQ PRW pFULW HQ RUWKRJUDSKH ODWLQH FODVVLTXH VDYRLU FRPPHQW LO VH SURQRQoDLW HQWUH OH ,,H VLqFOH DYDQW-&HWOH,,HVLqFOHDSUqV-&/HV/DWLQVRQWFRQVWLWXpOHXUDOSKDEHWjSDUWLU GHO DOSKDEHW JUHFIRUWHPHQW UHPDQLp ,O FRPSUHQGOHWWUHVOHVPrPHV TXHFHOOH GHO DOSKDEHWIUDQoDLVPRLQVOHMOHXHWOHZ /DYDOHXUGHFHUWDLQVVLJQHVGHFHWDOSKDEHWQ DSDVYDULp/HVVLJQHVGRQWODYDOHXU  .

(80) DFKDQJpVRQWOHVVXLYDQWV  FVHSURQRQFHWRXMRXUV>N@DLQVLFHQWXPĺ&(17VHSURQRQoDLW>NHQWXP@  JVHSURQRQFHWRXMRXUV>J@FRPPHGDQV*$5(  KVHSURQRQFHWRXMRXUV>K@ FRPPHGDQVO DOOHPDQG+DXV

(81) PDLVFHWWHFRQVRQQHD GHERQQHKHXUHFHVVpG rWUHpPLVH  VVHSURQRQoDLWWRXMRXUV>V@HWMDPDLV>]@ODGHX[LqPHV\OODEHGHURVDĺ526( VHSURQRQoDLWFRPPHQRWUHSRVVHVVLI©VDª   Y VH SURQRQoDLW WDQW{W FRPPH OD YR\HOOH >X@ WDQW{W FRPPH OD FRQVRQQH >Z@ FRPPHGDQV:$77

(82) /HV /DWLQVpFULYDLHQWGRQF9(1,5( ĺ9(1,5

(83) HW9196 ĺ81

(84) O KDELWXGHIXWSULVHSDUODVXLWHG HPSOR\HU9SRXUODFRQVRQQH YHQLUH

(85)  HW8SRXUODYR\HOOH XQXV

(86)    A-6-2) Traitement des voyelles 8QWUDLWGLVWLQFWLIH[WUrPHPHQWLPSRUWDQWSRXUOHV/DWLQVGHO pSRTXHFODVVLTXHpWDLW ODGXUpHG pPLVVLRQGHVYR\HOOHV/HVVLJQHVDHLRYUHSUpVHQWDLHQWHQIDLWQRQ SDVFLQTVRQVYRFDOLTXHVPDLVGL[XQDEUHIHWXQDORQJXQHEUHIHWXQHORQJ HWF,OpWDLWLPSRVVLEOHjXQ/DWLQGHFRQIRQGUHVǂOXPĺ62/HWVǀOXPĺ6(8/ ' DXWUHSDUWODSOXSDUW GHVPRWVODWLQVFRPSRUWDLHQWXQDFFHQW WRQLTXHTXL SRUWDLW VRLWVXUO DYDQWGHUQLqUHYR\HOOHVRLWVXUODSUpFpGHQWH  /DORQJXHXU RXTXDQWLWp

(87) G XQHYR\HOOHODWLQHHWVDSODFHSDUUDSSRUWjO DFFHQWGX PRWVRQWGpFLVLYHVSRXUVRQpYROXWLRQIXWXUHHWVRQDERXWLVVHPHQWHQIUDQoDLV 8QH UqJOH GRPLQH OHV DXWUHV  OHV YR\HOOHV DFFHQWXpHV GX ODWLQ VH FRQVHUYHQW WRXMRXUVHQIUDQoDLV I€WFHHQFKDQJHDQW GHWLPEUH

(88)  OHVYR\HOOHVQRQDFFHQWXpHV VRQW IUDJLOHV HW GLVSDUDLVVHQW IDFLOHPHQW  DLQVL GDQV PiQLVWeULXP VHXOV VH VRQW FRQVHUYpVOHSUHPLHULGHYHQX(HWOHHGHYHQX,(PHVWLHUĺ0(7,(5  .

(89)   A-6-3) Disparition /HV YR\HOOHV ODWLQHV VLWXpHV HQ V\OODEH ILQDOH RQW GLVSDUX HQ IUDQoDLV  PXUXV ĺ 085KRPRĺ+200(VHSWHPĺ6(37PDOXPĺ0$/ 7RXWHIRLV OD YR\HOOH ODWLQH a V HVW PDLQWHQXH EHDXFRXS SOXV ORQJWHPSV TXH OHV DXWUHV HQ pYROXDQW YHUV OH VRQ >ԥ@ GLW ©H PXHWª 3UpVHQWp GDQV OD JUDSKLH FHWWH YR\HOOHQ HVWRUGLQDLUHPHQWSOXVSURQRQFpHFHSHQGDQWVRQPDLQWLHQSURORQJpDHX SRXUUpVXOWDWGHFRQVHUYHUODSURQRQFLDWLRQGHVFRQVRQQHVTXLODSUpFpGDLHQW$LQVL SRUWD D GRQQp 3257( WDQGLV TXH SRUWXV D GRQQp 3257 R OH W Q HVW SOXV SURQRQFp

(90)   /HVYR\HOOHVGHVDYDQWGHUQLqUHVV\OODEHVSRVWpULHXUHVjO DFFHQWRQWGLVSDUXWDEXOD ĺ7$%/(YHQGHUHĺ9(1'5(  /HV YR\HOOHV QRQ LQLWLDOHV SUpFpGDQW O DFFHQW RQW GLVSDUX  VDFUDPHQWXP ĺ 6(50(17 &HSHQGDQW GHYDQW FHUWDLQV JURXSHV GH FRQVRQQHV HOOHV VH VRQW PDLQWHQXHVYROXQWDVYROXQWDWHPĺ92/217(  &HUWDLQHV YR\HOOHV LQLWLDOHV QRQ DFFHQWXpHV RQW pJDOHPHQW GLVSDUX  GLUHFWXV ĺ '52,7.  .

(91) A-6-4) Changement de timbre  * Voyelles initiales non accentuées :  (OOHVWHQGHQWjVHPDLQWHQLUPDLVFHUWDLQHVFKDQJHQWGHWLPEUH PLQXWXVSHWLWĺ 0(18  PHUFDWXV ĺ 0$5&+(  FDEDOOXV ĺ &+(9$/  FRURQD ĺ &285211(  * Voyelles accentuées : 8QH YR\HOOH HVW GLWH OLEUH TXDQG HOOH WHUPLQH OD V\OODEH (OOH HVW GLWH HQWUDYpH ORUVTXHF HVWXQHFRQVRQQHTXLWHUPLQHODV\OODEH  DOLEUHDERXWLWDX[VRQV>H@>ԥ@>İ@SUDWXPĺ35(PDUHĺ0(5SDWHU SDWUHPĺ3(5(  HEUHIOLEUHDERXWLWDXVRQ>M@SHWUXVĺ3,(55(  HORQJOLEUHDERXWLWDXVRQ>Z@PHĺ02,WUHĺ752,6  LEUHIOLEUHDERXWLWDXVRQ>Z@SLOXVĺ32,/  LHQWUDYpF HVWjGLUHVXLYLGHGHX[FRQVRQQHVDERXWLWjODYR\HOOH>İ@ OLWWHUDĺ/(775(  ROLEUHDERXWLWDX[VRQV>ԥ@>°@PRYHWĺ LO

(92) 0(87YRWXPĺ92(8  XHQWUDYpDERXWLWDXVRQ>\@RXELHQ>X@EXOODĺ%28/( .  .

(93) * Nasalisation : /DSUpVHQFHDSUqVXQHYR\HOOHODWLQHQRQILQDOHGHVFRQVRQQHVPRXQDVRXYHQW HQWUDvQpODQDVDOLVDWLRQGHODYR\HOOH   D H HW L QRQ DFFHQWXpV VXLYLV G XQH QDVDOH RQW DERXWL DX VRQ >%@ PDQWHOOXP ĺ 0$17($8JHQWLOLVIDPLOLDOĺ*(17,/LQVLJQDLQVLJQHĺ(16(,*1(   D OLEUH H OLEUH HW L  QDVDOH RQW DERXWL DX VRQ >&@  SDQLV ĺ 3$,1  SOHQXV ĺ 3/(,1YLQXPĺ9,1  RHWXQDVDOHRQWDERXWLJpQpUDOHPHQWDXVRQ>,@ERQXVĺ%21UXPSHUHĺ 52035(7RXWHIRLVXOLEUHQDVDOHDERXWLWDXVRQ>'@XQXVĺ81$XMRXUG KXL EHDXFRXSGHORFXWHXUVIUDQoDLVQHGLVWLQJXHQWSOXVFHWWHYR\HOOHGHFHOOHGH9,1   * Influence du son [y] : 7RXWH YR\HOOH ODWLQH TXL VH WURXYDLW DX YRLVLQDJH G XQ L G XQ H VXLYL G XQH DXWUH YR\HOOH RX HQFRUH GH FHUWDLQHV FRQVRQQHV TXL FRPPH F HW J SRXYDLHQW pYROXHU YHUVOHVRQ>\@pWDLWDSSHOpHjVXELUGHVPRGLILFDWLRQVSDUWLFXOLqUHV  DDGRQQpGLYHUVVRQV>İ@>H@>M@>L@WUDFWDWLOWRXFKHĺ75$,7(ODFODFWHP ĺ /$,7  ULSDULD ULYHUDLQH ĺ 5,9,(5(  SULPDULXV GX SUHPLHU UDQJ ĺ 35(0,(5MDFHWLOHVWFRXFKpĺ LO

(94) *Ì7  HDGRQQpOHVVRQV>Z@RX>L@YHFWXUDWUDQVSRUWĺ92,785(IHFLWĺ LO

(95) ),7 FHUDĺ&,5(   L D GRQQp OHV VRQV  >Z@ HW >İ@  OLFHUH rWUH SHUPLV ĺ /2,6,5  GLJQDW LO MXJH GLJQHĺ LO

(96) '$,*1(   R D GRQQp OHV VRQV >Z@ RX >9@  RWLRVXV GpVRHXYUp ĺ 2,6(8;  QRFHW ĺ LO

(97)   .

(98) 18,7RFWRĺ+8,7/HVVFULEHVPpGLpYDX[TXLQ DYDLHQWTX XQVHXOVLJQHSRXU QRWHU OH VRQ >\@ HW OH VRQ >Y@ pWDLHQW IRUW JrQpV SDU OHV GpEXWV GH PRWV HQ >9@  FRPPHQW OLUH OH PRW XLOH " 6 DJLVVDLWLO GX QRP GX OLTXLGH RX GH O DGMHFWLI YLO DX IpPLQLQ " ,OV SULUHQW OH SDUWL GH PHWWUH XQ K j O LQLWLDOH FKDTXH IRLV TXH OH PRW FRPPHQoDLWSDUOHVRQ >9@G ROHV JUDSKLHV+8,/(ĸROHD+8,6 ĸ RVWLXP SRUWH   X D GRQQp GHV VRQV QRWpV >Z@ RX >9@  QX[ ĺ 12,;  IUXFWXV SURGXFWLRQ ĺ )58,7  * La diphtongue -au- : /D JUDSKLH ODWLQH DX QRWH XQH YpULWDEOH GLSKWRQJXH F HVWjGLUH TXH O RQ HQWHQGDLW GHX[ VRQV VXFFHVVLIV >D@  >X@  DX QRQ DFFHQWXp DERXWLW DX VRQ >R@  DXULFXOD ĺ 25(,//(DXDFFHQWXpDERXWLWDX[VRQV>R@HW>X@ODXGDWĺ LO

(99) /28(   A-6-5) Traitement des consonnes  *Disparition : . &RQVRQQHV ILQDOHV  WRXWHV OHV FRQVRQQHV ILQDOHV ODWLQHV DXWUHV TXH O HW U RQW. GLVSDUXHQIUDQoDLVVDXIGDQV3/86ĸSOXV7286ĸWRWRVSOXULHOGHWRWXVWRXW HQWLHUHW6,;ĸVH[/ RUWKRJUDSKHTXLOHVPDLQWLHQWVRXYHQWQHUHSUpVHQWHSDVOD YpULWDEOH SURQFLDWLRQ GX IUDQoDLV  9,//(6 ĸ YLOODV SOXULHO GH YLOOD IHUPH  &+$17(17ĸFDQWDQW LOV

(100) FKDQWHQW /D SOXSDUW GHV FRQVRQQHV GHYHQXHV ILQDOHV j O pSRTXH URPDQH RQW pJDOHPHQW GLVSDUXPDULWXVĺPDULWĺ0$5,  . &RQVRQQHV LQWpULHXUHV  j OD VXLWH GH OD GLVSDULWLRQ G XQH YR\HOOH GHX[. FRQVRQQHV RQW SX VH WURXYHU HQ FRQWDFW  TXDQG OD SURQRQFLDWLRQ HQ pWDLW WURS GLIILFLOH XQH GH FHV FRQVRQQHV V HVW HIIDFpH  WHSLGXV HVW SDVVp SDU WLHSGX DYDQW G DERXWLU j 7,('(  GH PrPH PDQGXFDUH PkFKHU D GRQQp PDQGXJDUH SXLV  .

(101) PDQGJDUHG R0$1*(5 ' DXWUHV GLVSDULWLRQV RQW SX DYRLU OLHX HQ GHKRUV GH UpHOOHV GLIILFXOWpV GH SURQRQFLDWLRQ  FDGLVSDUXHQWUHGHX[YR\HOOHVVDXIVLODSUHPLqUHpWDLWDRXHORFDUHpWDEOLUĺ /28(5  GDGLVSDUXHQWUHGHX[YR\HOOHVVXGDUHĺ68(5  JDGLVSDUXHQWUHGHX[YR\HOOHVVDXITXDQGODSUHPLqUHpWDLWDRXHUXJDULGH VLOORQĺ58(  OHKDVSLUpDYDLWFRPPHQFpjGLVSDUDvWUHGqVO pSRTXHGH&LFpURQ/HKIUDQoDLVGLW DVSLUpDFHVVpGHO rWUHGHSXLVIRUWORQJWHPSVOHVPRWVTXLRQWJDUGpXQHWUDFHGHK DVSLUp OD+$&+(OH+$5(1*HWF

(102) VRQWG RULJLQHJHUPDQLTXHHWQRQODWLQH  QDGLVSDUXGHYDQWVHWFHODGqVOHGpEXWGHO qUHFKUpWLHQQHSHQVDUHĺ3(6(5 FRQVWDUHH[LVWHUĺ&2Ó7(5,ODpJDOHPHQWGLVSDUXDSUqVPVRPQXVVRPPHLO ĺ6200(   U D GLVSDUX GDQV OHV LQILQLWLIV HQ DUH HW GDQV OHV QRPV RX DGMHFWLIV HQ DULXV  SRUWDUHĺ3257(5SULPDULXVĺ35(0,(5 OHUQ HVWSDVSURQRQFp

(103)   VDGLVSDUXjO LQWpULHXUG XQPRWGHYDQWXQHFRQVRQQH VDXIGHYDQWUHWGHYDQWH VXLYL G XQH YR\HOOH DXWUH TXH D

(104)  PXVFD ĺ 028&+(  WHVWD FDUDIH ĺ 7Ç7(  O DOORQJHPHQW GH OD YR\HOOH SUpFpGHQWH DFFRPSDJQDQW O HIIDFHPHQW GX VRQ >V@ HW VRXYHQWQRWpSDUXQDFFHQWFLUFRQIOH[HQ HVWSOXVSHUFHSWLEOHGDQVOHSDUOHUFRXUDQW  WDGLVSDUXHQWUHGHX[YR\HOOHVSHFFDWRUSHFFDWRUHPĺ3(&+(85 . HQWUHYR\HOOHHWUPDWHUPDWUHPĺ0(5(.   * Disparition compensée :  .

(105) &HUWDLQHVFRQVRQQHVODWLQHVRQWFHVVpGHVHIDLUHHQWHQGUHPDLVRQWODLVVpGHVWUDFHV GHOHXUSUpVHQFH   F D GLVSDUX HQ FKDQJHDQW OH WLPEUH GH OD YR\HOOH SUpFpGHQWH GDQV XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUHGHFDV . . GHYDQWOHJURXSHVFQRQLQLWLDOYDVFHOOXPSHWLWYDVHĺ9$,66($8. . . GHYDQWHHWLHQV\OODEHILQDOHYR[YRFHPĺ92,;. . . GHYDQWUVDFUDPHQWXPĺ6(50(17. . . GHYDQWWIDFWXVĺ)$,7. . . GHYDQWOHVRQ>V@FR[DKDQFKHĺ&8,66(.   O D SDUIRLV GLVSDUX HQ PRGLILDQW OH WLPEUH GH OD YR\HOOH SUpFpGHQWH 'HYDQW XQH FRQVRQQH O D SULV OH VRQ >Z@ SXLV >X@OHTXHO V HVW FRPELQp DYHF OD YR\HOOH TXL OH SUpFpGDLWDOEDEODQFKHĺ$8%(/HSKpQRPqQHV HVWSURGXLWpJDOHPHQWORUVTXH ODGLVSDULWLRQG XQHYR\HOOHODWLQHDPLVOHQFRQWDFWDYHFXQHFRQVRQQHQRWDPPHQW DYHFOHVGHO DFFXVDWLISOXULHOFDEDOORVDYHFODFKXWHGXRILQDODGRQQpFDEDOV SXLVFKHYDXV  . 'DQVFHUWDLQVPRWVGHFHW\SHOHVLQJXOLHUV HVWPRGHOpVXUOHSOXULHO%($8. DQDORJLTXHGH%($8; ĸEHOORVSOXULHOGHEHOOXVFKDUPDQW

(106) DUHPSODFp%(/ )28DQDORJLTXHGH)286 ĸIROOHVSOXULHOGHIROOLVEDOORQ

(107) DUHPSODFpODIRUPH )2/ /RUVTXH O HVW YHQX DX FRQWDFW G XQ U VD GLVSDULWLRQ V HVW DFFRPSDJQpH GX GpJDJHPHQWG XQHFRQVRQQHGPROHUHDGRQQpPROUHG R028'5(  PHWQGHYDQWFRQVRQQHRXHQILQGHPRWVHVRQWHIIDFpVHQQDVDOLVDQWODYR\HOOH TXLSUpFpGDLW /RUVTXH OD FRQVRQQH pWDLW U LO \ HXW GpJDJHPHQW G XQ E RX G XQ G  FDPHUD ĺ FDPUDĺ&+$0%5(WHQHUWHQHUXPGpOLFDWĺWHQUXĺ7(1'5(    V LQLWLDO GHYDQW FRQVRQQH V HVW IDLW SUpFpGHU G XQ H SXLV V HVW HIIDFp  VFXWXP  .

(108) ERXFOLHUĺ(&8 4XDQGVYHQDLWDXFRQWDFWG XQUVDGLVSDULWLRQpWDLWSUpFpGpHGXGpJDJHPHQWG XQ WHVVHUHHVVHrWUHDGRQQpÇ75(   * Transformations : /HVDIIDLEOLVVHPHQWV  EHQWUHYR\HOOHVRXHQWUHYR\HOOHHWUHVWGHYHQXYIDEDĺ)(9( IHEULVĺ ),(95(  FSURQRQFp>N@GHYDQWLHWHHQV\OODEHQRQILQDOHHVWSDVVpDX[VRQV>V@RX>]@ FLYLWDVDFFXVDWLIFLYLWDWHPĺ&,7(SODFHUHĺ3/$,6,5   F GHYDQW D D DERXWL DX[ VRQV QRWpV >+@ >M@ >M@  FDUXV ĺ &+(5  PDQLFD ĺ 0$1&+(PDQGXFDUHPkFKHUĺ0$1*(5SDFDUHDSDLVHUĺ3$<(5  SHQWUHYR\HOOHVDDERXWLDXVRQ>Y@ULSDĺ5,9(  VHQWUHYR\HOOHVHVWSDVVpj>]@URVDĺ526(  WV HVWFRPELQpjXQLRXXQHVXLYLVGHYR\HOOHSRXUGRQQHU>V@DSUqVFRQVRQQHHW >]@DSUqVYR\HOOHFDQWLRFDQWLRQHPĺ&+$1621UDWLRUDWLRQHPĺ5$,621    .  .

(109) /HVSDODWDOLVDWLRQV  EGHYDQWXQJURXSHLRXHYR\HOOHDODLVVpSODFHDXVRQ>M@UDELDĺ5$*( UXEHXVURX[ĺ528*(  GGHYDQWXQJURXSHLRXHYR\HOOHDODLVVpSODFHDXVRQ>M@GLXUXVGLXUQHĺ -285KRUGHXPĺ25*(   O V HVW WUDQVIRUPp HQ >M@ GHYDQW L RX H VXLYLV G XQH YR\HOOH  ILOLD ĺ ),//(  . . . . GROLXPFKDJULQĺ'(8,/. . TXDQGLOYHQDLWjrWUHSUpFpGpGHFRXJRFXOXVHVW. . . . . GHYHQX RFOX G R 2(,/   YLJLODUH HVW SDVVp j YLJODUH. . . . . G R9(,//(5.   P V HVW FRPELQp j XQ L RX XQ H VXLYLV GH YR\HOOH SRXU GRQQHU OH VRQ >M@ HQ QDVDOLVDQWODYR\HOOHSUpFpGHQWHVLPLXVĺ6,1*(   Q V HVW FRPELQp j XQ L RX XQ H VXLYLV GH YR\HOOH SRXU GRQQHU OH VRQ >*@ VDQV QDVDOLVDWLRQGHODYR\HOOHSUpFpGHQWHYLQHDĺ9,*1(  SV HVWFRPELQpjLVXLYLGHYR\HOOHSRXUGRQQHUOHVRQ>+@VHSLDĺ6(,&+(   /HVDVVLPLODWLRQV  JSUpFpGpGHQHWVXLYLGHUDpYROXpYHUV>G@ILQJHUHIDoRQQHUDGRQQpILQJUH SXLV)(1'5(      . .   .

(110) $

(111) /DWUDQVPLVVLRQVDYDQWHVHVPRGDOLWpV  A-7-1) La recherche de l'abstraction /H YRFDEXODLUH LVVX GH OD WUDQVPLVVLRQ SRSXODLUH pWDLW XQ YRFDEXODLUH FRQFUHW XQ YRFDEXODLUHGHSD\VDQVHWGHVROGDWV$YHFODUHQDLVVDQFHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHOHEHVRLQGH GpVLJQHUGHVDEVWUDFWLRQVQ DFHVVpGHJUDQGLU  (QSDUWLFXOLHULOIDOODLWGHVQRPVEHDXFRXSGHQRPVFDUOHYHUEHV DSSXLHWRXMRXUV VXUOHFRQFUHWLOH[SULPHOHPRXYDQWLODSSHOOHXQVXMHW  $SUqVDYRLUIRXUQLOHVYHUEHVjODODQJXHSRSXODLUHOHODWLQDIRXUQLOHVQRPVDX[ VDYDQWV SDUIRLV VXU XQ PrPH UDGLFDO SDUIRLV VXU XQ UDGLFDO GLIIpUHQW ' R OHV LQQRPEUDEOHV FRXSOHV FRPPH 0$1*(5  0$1'8&$7,21  PDQGXFDUH  PDQGXFDWLR3,66(50,&7,21SLVVLDUHPLFWLRGHPLQJHUHXULQHU  $ YUDL GLUH GDQV ELHQ GHV FDV OH QRP H[LVWDLW GpMj HQ IUDQoDLV SRSXODLUH 0DLV LO SDUDLVVDLWLQVXIILVDPPHQWDEVWUDLWRQOHGRXEODGRQFG XQQRPODWLQHWO RQREWLQW XQH ILJXUH WULDQJXODLUH FRPPH 1$*(5  1$*(  1$7$7,21  35Ç&+(5  35Ç&+(  35(',&$7,21  68,95(  68,7(  6(48(1&( /HV QRPV 1$*( 35Ç&+( 68,7( GpULYpV GH 1$*(5 ĸQDYLJDUH QDYLJXHU

(112)  35Ç&+(5 ĸSUDHGLFDUH SURFODPHU

(113)  68,95( ĸVHTXHUH VHTXL

(114)  RQW pWp GRXEOpV SDU 1$7$7,21 ĸQDWDWLR

(115)  35(',&$7,21 ĸSUDHGLFDWLR

(116)  6(48(1&( ĸVHTXHQWLDVXLWH

(117)   /H IUDQoDLV SRSXODLUH QH VHQWDLW JXqUH OH EHVRLQ G DGMHFWLIV DEVWUDLWV /H IUDQoDLV VDYDQWGXWUpSDUHUFHWWHODFXQHjO DLGHGXYRFDEXODLUHODWLQG ROHVFRXSOHV&Ð7(  /$7(5$/ ODWLQ SRSXODLUH FRVWDWXP SDUWLH GX FRUSV R VRQW OHV F{WHV  ODWLQ FODVVLTXH ODWHUDOLV IRUPp VXU ODWXV ODWHULV F{Wp

(118)   )(8  ,*1( IRFXV IR\HU  LJQHXVIRUPpVXULJQLVIHX

(119)   .  .

(120) A-7-2) La recherche du mot technique ,O H[LVWHG DXWUHV UDLVRQVG LPSRUWHUYRORQWDLUHPHQWGHVPRWVODWLQVHQIUDQoDLV /H ODQJDJHVFLHQWLILTXHWURXYHOjOHPR\HQGHV DVVXUHUTXHWHOFRQFHSWRXWHOREMHWVHUD GpVLJQp SDU XQ PRW WRXW QHXI TXL QH SRXUUD ULHQ VLJQLILHU G DXWUH $LQVL OHV ERWDQLVWHVSHXVDWLVIDLWVG ©LQIOpWULVVDEOHªXVpSDUO HPSORLPpWDSKRULTXHVRQWLOV DOOpVFKHUFKHU,00$5&(6&,%/(ĸLPPDUFHVFLELOLVTXLQHIOpWULWSDV+pODVFH PRW HVW GHYHQX j VRQ WRXU OD SURLH GHV PpWDSKRUHV (Q UHYDQFKH LOV RQW VX VH FRQVHUYHUO DGMHFWLI'(+,6&(17G DSUqVGHKLVFHUHVHIHQGUHV HQWURXYULU   A-7-3) La simplification de l'expression (WVLOHODWLQQHSRVVqGHSDVOHPRWGRQWRQDEHVRLQ"2QSHXWWRXMRXUVVHWRXUQHU YHUVOHJUHFPDLVOHODWLQOXLPrPHRIIUHHQFRUHGHVUHVVRXUFHV6LOHPRWQ H[LVWH SDV RQ SHXW O LQYHQWHU HQ XWLOLVDQW GHV SURFpGXUHV SDU OHVTXHOOHV OHV /DWLQV FRPSRVDLHQWRXGpULYDLHQWGHQRXYHDX[PRWVjSDUWLUGHPRWVH[LVWDQWVRQREWLHQW DLQVLGHVIRUPHVTXL UDVVHPEOHQW HQXQVHXO PRWFHTXL GHYDLWrWUHGLWSDUTXDWUH FLQT PRWV RX SOXV$X OLHX GH ©FHWWH DFWLYLWp HVW XQH GH FHOOHV TXL RQW OLHX HQWUH GLYHUV QDWLRQVª LO HVW SOXV VLPSOH GH GLUH ©FHWWH DFWLYLWp HVW ,17(51$7,21$/(ª ,O D VXIILW G LPDJLQHU XQ PRW ODWLQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOLV WRXW j IDLWSODXVLEOHFRPSRVpjSDUWLUG LQWHU HQWUH

(121) HWQDWLRQDWLRQLV QDWLRQ

(122) $ODSODFH GH ©SODQWH GRQW OHV IHXLOOHV VRQW JURXSpHV SDU TXDWUHª RQ GLUD ©SODQWH 48$'5,)2/,((ª DSUqV DYRLU LQYHQWp XQ DGMHFWLI TXDGULIROLDWXV IDLW DYHF O pOpPHQWTXDGUL TXDWUH

(123) HWOHQRPIROLXP IHXLOOH

(124)    A-7-4) Le goût des mots savants ©1RXVWUDQVIUHWRQVOD6HTXDQHDXGHOXFXOHHWFUpSXVFXOHQRXVGpDPEXORQVSDUOHV FRPSLWHV HW TXDGULYLHV GH O XUEH QRXV GHVSXPRQV OD YHUERFLQDWLRQ ODWLDOH HW FRPPHYHULVLPLOHVDPRUDERQGHVFDSWRQVODEpQpYROHQFHGHO RPQLMXJHRPQLIRUPH HW RPQLJqQH VH[H IpPLQLQ &HUWDLQHV GLHFXOHV QRXV LQYLVRQV OHV OXSDQDUV HW HQ  .

(125) HFVWDVHQpQpUpLTXHLQFXOFRQVQRVYHUHWUHVqVSHQLWLVVLPHVUHFHVVHVGHVSXGHQGHVGH FHV PHUHWULFXOHV DPLFDELOLVVLPHV  SXLV FDXSRQL]RQV qV WDEHUQHV PpULWRLUHV GH OD 3RPPH GH 3LQ GX &DVWHO GH OD 0DJGHOHLQH HW GH OD 0XOOH EHOOHV VSDWXOHV YHUYHFLQHV SHUIRUDPLQpHV GH SHWURVLOª  'DQV FHV SURSRV TX LO SUrWH j O pWXGLDQW OLPRXVLQ5DEHODLVULGLFXOLVHODIXUHXUODWLQLVDQWHTXLVpYLVVDLWFKH]OHVLQWHOOHFWXHOV GHVRQWHPSV±HWjODTXHOOHLOOXLDUULYHGHFpGHUOXLPrPHSOXVG XQHIRLV'DQVFH ODQJDJH ©VRUERQLFTXHª FKDTXH PRW GX IUDQoDLV SRSXODLUH pWDLW UHPSODFp SDU VD WUDGXFWLRQ ODWLQH IUDQFLVpH  75$9(56(5 SDU WUDQVIUHWHU 6(,1( SDU 6HTXDQH HWF 2Q FRQVWDWH TXH FHUWDLQV GH FHV PRWV SpGDQWV VH VRQW LPSODQWpV GDQV QRWUH YRFDEXODLUH  &5(386&8/( '($0%8/(5 &$37(5 /83$1$5 ,1&8/48(50(5,72,5(/DODQJXHDIDLWOHWULHQWUHO XWLOHHWO LQXWLOH&HX[ TXLDXMRXUG KXLHPSORLHQWV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQW2&&8/7(5IRUPHVDYDQWHWLUpHGH RFFXOWDUHFDFKHUDXOLHXGH&$&+(5IRUPHSRSXODLUHLVVXHGHFRDFWLFDUHVHUUHU HQIRXLUSHXYHQWVHUHFRQQDvWUHGDQVO pWXGLDQWGH5DEHODLV,OVFKHUFKHQWjVHSDUHU jSHXGHIUDLVGXSUHVWLJHGXVDYDQW2QQHFRQIRQGUDSDVOHXUGpPDUFKHDYHFFHOOH GXSRqWHOXLDXVVLjODUHFKHUFKHGHVIRUPHVVDYDQWHV&HUWHVOHGpVLUG pSDWHUQ HVW SDVDEVHQWFKH]$UWKXU5LPEDXGORUVTX LOSDUOHGDQV/HV0DLQVGH-HDQQH0DULH GH 3$1',&8/$7,216 GX YHUEH SDQGLFXODUL V DOORQJHU HQ EkLOODQW PDLV OD SRpVLHQ \SHUGULHQ  . . . . 2K4XHO5rYHOHVDVDLVLHV. . . . . 'DQVOHVSDQGLFXODWLRQV.  . %

(126) /HVSUpIL[HV  8QHODQJXHjSUpIL[HVHVWXQHEHOOHODQJXHVRQOH[LTXHHVWRUGRQQpOHVPRWVQ \ VRQW SDV pSDUSLOOpV HQ XQLWpV RX HQ SHWLWV JURXSHV PDLV UHJURXSpV HQ JUDQGHV HW SXLVVDQWHVIDPLOOHV/HODWLQDYDLWOHSULYLOqJHG rWUHXQHWHOOHODQJXHHWOHIUDQoDLVD FRQVHUYpFHSULYLOqJH /D ODQJXH IUDQoDLVH D HPSUXQWp GHX[ RX WURLV SUpIL[HV DX JHUPDQLTXH HW XQH YLQJWDLQHDXJUHFPDLVF HVWOHV\VWqPHGHVSUpSRVLWLRQVHWSUpIL[HVODWLQVTXLSRXU   5$%(/$,6)3DQWDJUXHOFKDSLWUH(GLWLRQ0LODQ.  .

(127) O HVVHQWLHOVFDQGHOHYRFDEXODLUHIUDQoDLVHW\SURGXLWFHVDVVRQDQFHVTXLV DMRXWDQW DX[ULPHVVXIIL[DOHVIRQWGHQRWUHODQJXHXQHKDUPRQLHSOHLQHG pFKRV 1RXVFODVVHURQVOHVSUpIL[HVHQIRQFWLRQGHOHXUIRUPHVDYDQWHRXSRSXODLUH2Q YHUUDGRQFVXFFHVVLYHPHQWWURLVW\SHVGHSUpIL[HVG RULJLQHODWLQHOHVSUpIL[HVGH IRUPHVDYDQWHOHVSUpIL[HVGHIRUPHSRSXODLUHHWOHVSUpIL[HVTXDQWLWDWLIV   %

(128) 3UpIL[HVGHIRUPHVDYDQWH  1RXV WRXFKRQV Oj HQ VRQ SRLQW OH SOXV FKDXG j O DOFKLPLH GH OD ODQJXH j FH SKpQRPqQH SDU OHTXHO HOOH V DIILUPH FRPPH VWUXFWXUH YLYDQWH  FHOXL GX UHQRXYHOOHPHQWFRQWLQXGXOH[LTXH3KpQRPqQHG DXWDQWSOXVIDVFLQDQWTX LOUpYqOH TXH OH ODWLQ Q HVW SDV XQH ODQJXH PRUWH /H SRXYRLU VLJQLILDQW HW IpFRQG GHV PRWV ODWLQV VH PDLQWLHQW TXLQ]H VLqFOHV DSUqV OD FKXWH GH 5RPH  ,1)5$ 352 68% 683(58/75$HWFQHVRQWSDVLVVXVGXODWLQFHVRQWGHVPRWVODWLQVDXVVLDFWLIV TX LOVO pWDLHQWYRLFLWUHQWHVLqFOHVRXSOXV  $17(ĸDQWHDYDQWGHYDQW 5pFXSpUDWLRQGHODSUpSRVLWLRQODWLQHDQWHDYDQWFHSUpIL[HSHXSURGXFWLIPDUTXH O DQWpULRULWpRXODSRVLWLRQHQDYDQWDQWpGLOXYLHQDQWpYHUVLRQDQWLGDWHUHWF  $0%,ĸDPELGHVGHX[F{WpV &H SUpIL[H VHUW j IRUPHU GHV PRWV SRUWDQW O LGpH GH GRXEOH QDWXUH  DPELVH[Xp DPELYDOHQWHWF  &,5&80ĸFLUFXPDXWRXU &H SUpIL[H FRPSRVH GHV DGMHFWLIV LQGLTXDQW WRXMRXUV GHV OLHX[ SpULSKpULTXHV  FLUFXPSRODLUHFLUFXPWHUUHVWUHHWF  &2ĸFRDYHFHQVHPEOH &H SUpIL[H FRPSRVH GHV QRPV DGMHFWLIV RX YHUEHV TXL GpFULYHQW GHV VLWXDWLRQV GH SDUWDJH HQWUH GHX[ RX SOXVLHXUV SHUVRQQHV  FRDXWHXU FRUHVSRQVDEOH FRKDELWHU FRJpUpHWF  .

(129) &21 &20GHYDQWXQHFRQVRQQHODELDOH

(130) ĸFRQDYHFHQVHPEOH &H SUpIL[H HVW SHX SURGXFWLI HW Q HVW HPSOR\p TXH GDQV OHV ODQJDJHV VDYDQWV ,O FRPSRVH GHV PRWV LQGLTXDQW GHV HQVHPEOHV RX GHV FRQYHUJHQFHV  FRQXUEDWLRQ FRPSpQpWUDWLRQHWF  (;ĸH[KRUVGH &HSUpIL[HVHUWjFRPSRVHUGHVQRPVGHSHUVRQQHVGpILQLHVSDUOHXUpWDWDQWpULHXU H[JpQpUDOH[PDULH[SDWULHUH[SURSULHUHWF  (;75$ĸH[WUDjO H[WpULHXUGH &H IXW MXVTX DX ;; qPH VLqFOH XQ SUpIL[H SHX SURGXFWLI  LO HVW GpVRUPDLV WUqV GLVSRQLEOHGDQVGHX[IRQFWLRQVGLIIpUHQWHV . LOFRPSRVHGHVDGMHFWLIVSOXVUDUHPHQWGHVQRPVVLJQLILDQWXQH SRVLWLRQ. . RXXQHRULJLQH H[WpULHXUH SDU UDSSRUW j XQ REMHW XQ OLHX XQH LQVWLWXWLRQ . . H[WUDWHUUHVWUHH[WUDSDUOHPHQWDLUH. . GHYDQWGHVDGMHFWLIVLOVHUWjFRPSRVHUGHVVXSHUODWLIVH[WUDILQ.  ,1ĸLQSUpIL[HSULYDWLI /H SUpIL[H ODWLQ LQ HVW WUqV HPSOR\p SRXU IRUPHU GHV DGMHFWLIV j VHQV QpJDWLI  LQGRFLOHLQMXVWHLQFUR\DEOHLQIURLVVDEOHHWF  ,1)5$ĸLQIUDDXGHVVRXVGH ,QIUDFRPSRVHGHVPRWVpYRTXDQWGHVUpDOLWpVLQIpULHXUHVjGHVQLYHDX[IL[pVSDU OHVPRWVDX[TXHOVLOV DGMRLQWLQIUDURXJHVLQIUDKXPDLQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHHWF  ,17(5ĸLQWHUHQWUH &HSUpIL[HHVWWUqVSURGXFWLIHWGLVSRQLEOHSRXUIRUPHUGHX[W\SHVGHPRWV . GHV DGMHFWLIV RX QRPV pYRTXDQW XQ HVSDFH ORFDO RX WHPSRUHO

(131)  HQWUH GHV. . REMHWVGpVLJQpV SDU OH PRW GH EDVH  LQWHUQXFOpDLUH LQWHUFODVVH LQWHUYDOOH. . HWF. . GHV DGMHFWLIV RX QRPV pYRTXDQW GHV UHODWLRQV HQWUH SOXVLHXUV SDUWHQDLUHV. . GpVLJQpVSDU OH PRW GH EDVH  LQWHUUpJLRQDO LQWHU]RQH LQWHUV\QGLFDOH. . LQWHUQDWLRQDOHWF  .

(132)  ,1752ĸLQWURGHGDQV )LGqOH j OD YDOHXU SUpFLVH GH O DGYHUEH ODWLQ LQWUR OH SUpIL[H LQWUR H[SULPH XQ PRXYHPHQWYHUVO LQWpULHXULQWURMHFWLRQLQWURYHUWLHWF  -8;7$ĸMX[WDjF{WpGH 3HXSURGXFWLIFHVXIIL[HVLJQLILHWRXMRXUVjF{WpMX[WDOLQpDLUHMX[WDSRVHUHWF  3267ĸSRVWDSUqV /H SUpIL[H SRVW FRQQDvW GH QRV MRXUV XQH WUqV JUDQGH H[SDQVLRQ ,O FRPSRVH GHV DGMHFWLIV RX GHV QRPV pYRTXDQW GHV SpULRGHV RX GHV DFWLYLWpV SRVWpULHXUHV j XQH SpULRGHRXXQIDLWGpVLJQpSRVWRSpUDWRLUHSRVWFXUHHWF  35(ĸSUDHDYDQWGHYDQW /HSUpIL[HSUpVHUWjFRPSRVHU . VRLW GHV PRWV pYRTXDQW XQH RSpUDWLRQ DFFRPSOLH G DYDQFH  SUpIDEULTXp. . SUpSD\pHWF. . VRLW GHV PRWV pYRTXDQW GHV SpULRGHV RX GHV DFWLYLWpV DQWpULHXUHV j XQH. . SpULRGHRXXQIDLW GpVLJQp  GDQV FHW HPSORL LO HVW O RSSRVp GH SRVW . . SUpRSpUDWRLUHSUpQDWDOHWF.  352ĸSURHQIDYHXUGH SURHVWWUqVGLVSRQLEOHSRXUIRUPHUGHVDGMHFWLIVRXQRPVLQGLTXDQWODV\PSDWKLHRX OD SULVH GH SRVLWLRQ SRXU GHV rWUHV GHV GRFWULQHV GHV DFWLYLWpV GHV REMHWV HWF GpVLJQpVSDUOHVPRWVGHEDVHSURFKLQRLVSURFRPPXQLVWHHWF  48$6,ĸTXDVLSRXUDLQVLGLUHjSHXSUqV TXDVLSHXWSUpFpGHUODSOXSDUWGHVQRPVG pWDWRXG DFWLRQ,OSHUPHWGHVLJQLILHUGHV pWDWVRXGHVDFWLRQVLQFRPSOqWHPHQWDFWXDOLVpVTXDVLFHUWLWXGHTXDVLXVXIUXLW  5(752ĸUHWURHQDUULqUH 3OXVLHXUV FRPSRVpV HQ UHWUR RQW pWp LPSRUWpV HQ IUDQoDLV SDU OD ODQJXH VDYDQWH  DLQVLUpWURJUDGHUHWURJUDGXVTXLPDUFKHHQDUULqUH JUDGXVSDV

(133) /HIUDQoDLVHQD  .

(134) GpJDJpXQSUpIL[HUpWURTXLFRQQDvWDXMRXUG KXL XQHFHUWDLQHH[WHQVLRQ/HVPRWV TX LOFRPSRVHpYRTXHQWXQPRXYHPHQWYHUVO DUULqUHUpWURIXVpHUpWURYLVHXUHWF  68%ĸVXEVRXVXQSHX &HSUpIL[HVHUWjFRPSRVHUGHX[VRUWHVGHPRWV .  HQ PpGHFLQH GHV PRWV GpVLJQDQW GHV SKpQRPqQHV SDWKRORJLTXHV j IRUPH. . DWWpQXpHVXEIpEULOHVXEDLJXHWF. .  HQ JpRJUDSKLH GHV PRWV GpVLJQDQW GHV ]RQHV PDUJLQDOHV GRQW OHV. . FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVV DSSDUHQWHQWjFHOOHVGHV]RQHVGpVLJQpHVSDUOHVPRWV. . EDVHVXEDUFWLTXHVXEWURSLFDOVXEXUEDLQHWF. GH.  683(5ĸVXSHUDXGHVVXVGH 6XSHU V HVW GpJDJp GH PRWV FRPPH VXSpULHXU VXSHUODWLI SRXU GHYHQLU XQ RXWLO OLQJXLVWLTXH SHUPHWWDQW GH FRPSRVHU GHV VXSHUODWLIV \ FRPSULV ± HW F HVW Oj VRQ JUDQGLQWpUrW±GHVVXSHUODWLIVGHQRPV'HSXLVXQHRXGHX[GpFHQQLHVVDYRJXHHVW H[WUDRUGLQDLUHRQQHFRPSWHSOXVOHVVXSHUPDUFKpVXSHUTXDOLWpHWF  6835$ĸVXSUDDXGHVVXVGH /D SUpSRVLWLRQ ODWLQH VXSUD DXGHVVXV GH TXDVLV\QRQ\PH GH VXSHU

(135)  D pWp WUDQVSODQWpHHQIUDQoDLVjODILQGXVLqFOHGHUQLHU(OOHIRXUQLWXQSUpIL[HSHUPHWWDQW GHFRPSRVHUGHVPRWVpYRTXDQWGHVUpDOLWpVVXSpULHXUHVjGHVQLYHDX[LQGLTXpVSDU OHVPRWVGHEDVHVXSUDQDWLRQDOVXSUDKXPDLQHWF  75$16ĸWUDQVjWUDYHUVDXGHOj /HSUpIL[HWUDQVSURGXLWGHX[W\SHVGHPRWV . GHVPRWVpYRTXDQWGHVWUDYHUVpHVWUDQVDIULFDLQWUDQVRFpQDLTXH. . GHV PRWV pYRTXDQW GHV SODQV RX GHV XQLWpV VXSpULHXUHV j FHX[ TXH GpVLJQHQW. . OHV PRWV GH EDVH  WUDQVQDWLRQDO WUDQVSKUDVWLTXH TXL FRQFHUQHQW OHV XQLWpV GX. . GLVFRXUVSOXVODUJHVTXHODSKUDVH.  8/75$ĸXOWUDDXGHOjGH /DSUpSRVLWLRQODWLQHXOWUDDpWpUpFXSpUpjODILQGX;9,,,HVLqFOHSRXUIRUPHUOH PRWXOWUDUR\DOLVWH$SDUWLUGHOjXOWUDHVWGHYHQXXQSUpIL[HVXSHUODWLIFRPSDUDEOH  .

(136) jH[WUDRXVXSHU XOWUDPRGHUQHXOWUDSUHVVLRQ RQQRWHUDOHVKpVLWDWLRQVGHO RUWKRJUDSKHVXUO HPSORL GXWUDLWG XQLRQ

(137)  8OWUD HVW HQFRUH VXVFHSWLEOH G rWUH HPSOR\p DX VHQV VWULFW G DXGHOj  XOWUDVRQ XOWUDYLROHW  9,&(ĸYLFHjODSODFHGH &HSUpIL[HDGRQQpYLFHSUpVLGHQWYLFHUHFWHXUYLFHFRQVXOHWF  2Q SUHQGUD QRWH TXH TXDWUH GHV SUpIL[HV FLGHVVXV pQXPpUpV ± H[WUD UpWUR VXSHU XOWUD±VRQWSDVVpVDXUDQJG DGMHFWLIRXGHQRP ©F HVWH[WUDª©XQH[WUDª©OD PRGHUpWURª©F HVWVXSHUª . .  %

(138) 3UpIL[HVGHIRUPHSRSXODLUH  $$&$)$/$3$5$7ĸDGYHUV DPHQHUDFFRXFKHUDIIUDQFKLUDOORQJHUDSSDXYULUDUUDQJHUDWWLUHU  &2175(ĸFRQWUDFRQWUH FRQWUHPDQLIHVWHUFRQWUHSHUIRUPDQFH  '('(6ĸGLVHQVpSDUDQW GpFKULVWLDQLVHUGpVK\GUDWHU  (()ĸHSUpIL[HFRUUHVSRQGDQWjH[KRUVGH HIIDURXFKHUHIIHXLOOHUpPHUYHLOOHU  (1(0ĸLQSUpIL[HFRUUHVSRQGDQWjLQGDQV HQFDLVVHUHPEUDVVHU  (1(0ĸLQGHGHOj HQOHYHUVLJQLILHjO RULJLQHOHYHUGHOj  .

(139)  (175(ĸLQWHUSUpIL[HLQGLTXDQWODUpFLSURFLWp V HQWUHGpYRUHUV HQWUHVDOXHU  0$/ĸPDOHPDO PDOIRUPDWLRQPDOQXWULWLRQ  121ĸQRQQHSDV QRQFRQVHUYDWLRQQRQLQWHUYHQWLRQ  2875(ĸXOWUDDXGHOj RXWUHSDVVHU  3$5ĸSHUSDU SDUGRQQHUSDUVHPHU  3285ĸSURGHYDQWjODSODFHGHSRXU SRXUIHQGUHSRXUOpFKHU  5(ĸUHSUpIL[HPDUTXDQWODUpSpWLWLRQ UHGpFROOHUUpLQYHVWLU  628ĸVXEWXVDXGHVVRXVGH VRXOLJQHUVRXSHVHU  6286ĸVXEWXVHQGHVVRXV VRXVDOLPHQWpVRXVWUDLWDQFH  685ĸVXSUDDXGHVVXV VXUJHOHUVXULQIHFWLRQ  75(75(6ĸWUDQVjWUDYHUVDXGHOj WUpSDVVHUWUHVVDLOOLU  .

(140) %

(141) /HVSUpIL[HVTXDQWLWDWLIV  B-3-1) Préfixes numératifs  81, XQVHXOĸXQLXQXQVHXO XQLFHOOXODLUHXQLIRUPH  %, GHX[ĸELGHX[ ELFXOWXUHOELODELDOELSqGHELF\FOHWWHELFpSKDOHELSRODLUHELQDXULFXODLUH  75, WURLVĸWULWURLV WULFRUQHWULUpDFWHXU  48$'5, TXDWUHĸTXDGULTXDWUH TXDGULFKURPLH  '(&, XQGL[LqPHĸGHFHPGL[ GpFLPDO  &(17, XQFHQWLqPHĸFHQWXPFHQW FHQWLPqWUH  0,//, XQPLOOLqPHĸPLOOHPLOOH PLOOLJUDPPH  /HVWURLVSUpIL[HVSUpFpGHQWVPDUTXHQWOHVVRXVPXOWLSOHV/HVSUpIL[HVLQGLTXDQWOHV PXOWLSOHVRQWpWpWLUpVGXJUHF  '(&$GHGHNDGL[ GpFDGH  +(&7GHKHNDWRQFHQW KHFWDUHKHFWROLWUH  .

(142)  .,/2GHNKLOLRLPLOOH NLORPqWUH   B-3-2) Préfixes non numératifs  '(0, jPRLWLpĸGLPLGLXPPRLWLp 'HPLVDLVRQ  6(0, jPRLWLpĸVHPLjPRLWLp VHPLOLEHUWpVHPLSXEOLF  0, DXPLOLHXĸPHGLXVGXPLOLHX PLWHPSV  0,1, SHWLWĸPLQLPXVOHSOXVSHWLW PLQLEXVPLQLMXSH  3/85, SOXVLHXUVĸSOXULSOXVLHXUV SOXULDQQXHOSOXULGLVFLSOLQDLUH  08/7, EHDXFRXSSOXVLHXUVĸPXOWLEHDXFRXS PXOWLFRORUHPXOWLFRTXH  201, WRXWĸRPQLWRXW RPQLYRUHRPQLSUDWLFLHQRPQLVSRUWV  (48, pJDOĸDHTXLpJDO pTXLPROpFXODLUHpTXLSUREDEOH.     .

(143) &

(144) /HVVXIIL[HV  $O DXWUHERXWGHVPRWVIUDQoDLVOHODWLQDSRXUVXLYLVRQ°XYUHFUpDWULFH-RXUDSUqV MRXUOHVVXIIL[HVRQWDVVXUpOHERXWXUDJHTXLHQULFKLWOHMDUGLQGHVPRWV/DSOXSDUW G HQWUH HX[ QH VRQW DXWUHV TXH OHV YLHX[ VXIIL[HV ODWLQV SDUIRLV ELHQ WUDQVIRUPpV SDUIRLV SUHVTXH LQWDFWV &HUWDLQV VRQW HQFRUH j O °XYUH  LOV VRQW GLVSRQLEOHV ' DXWUHV VHPEOHQW DYRLU DFKHYp OHXU WkFKH DSUqV DYRLU GRQQp DX IUDQoDLV VHV FRXOHXUVHWVHVULPHV  8QFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHPRWVODWLQVFRPSRUWDQWWHORXWHOVXIIL[HSDVVHQWHQIUDQoDLV SDU OD WUDQVPLVVLRQ SRSXODLUH RX OD WUDQVPLVVLRQ VDYDQWH $LQVL GHV PRWV ODWLQV FRPSRUWDQW OH VXIIL[H RVXV SDVVHQW HQ IUDQoDLV  KHUERVXV ĺ +(5%(8;  SHULFXORVXV ĺ 3(5,//(8; 3XLV OHV ORFXWHXUV IUDQoDLV VDLVLVVHQW OH UDSSRUW FRQVWDQWTXLH[LVWHHQWUHOHVPRWVFRPSRUWDQWWHOVXIIL[HHWOHVPRWVGHPrPHUDFLQH TXL QH OH FRPSRUWHQW SDV $LQVL OH UDSSURFKHPHQW GH +(5%(8; DYHF +(5%( ĸ KHUED

(145)  GH 3(5,//(8; DYHF 3(5,/ ĸ SHULFXOXP

(146)  IDLWLO VHQWLU OD ILQDOH  (8; FRPPHXQpOpPHQW GpWDFKDEOH D\DQW XQH IRQFWLRQOH[LFDOHELHQSUpFLVH'qV ORUVFHWpOpPHQWSHXWrWUHIL[pjGHQRXYHOOHVEDVHVTXLQHVRQWSDVQpFHVVDLUHPHQW LVVXHVGXODWLQVXU32,;RQIHUD32,66(8;VXU0$7+60$7+(8;HWF   &

(147) 6XIIL[HVVHUYDQWjIRUPHUGHVQRPVHWGHVDGMHFWLIV  $&((ĸDFHXV FUXFLIpUDFpHVXUFUXFLIqUHUHQRQFXODFpHVXUUHQRQFXOH  $*(ĸDWLFXP DUURVDJHVXUDUURVHUGpJDUQLVVDJHVXUGpJDUQLUHVFODYDJHVXUHVFODYH  $,1$,1(ĸDQXV PDURFDLQGRX]DLQH    .

(148) $,5(ĸDULVHWDULXV DFWLRQQDLUHVXUDFWLRQH[FpGHQWDLUHVXUH[FpGHQWSDYLOORQQDLUHVXUSDYLOORQ  $/,$/ĸDOLV DUWLVDQDOVXUDUWLVDQGLUHFWRULDOVXUGLUHFWHXU  $1&(ĸDQWLD EULOODQFHVXUEULOODQWGpOLQTXDQFHVXUGpOLQTXDQW  $7ĸDWXV DFWLRQQDULDWVXUDFWLRQQDLUHDQRQ\PDWVXUDQRQ\PHUHFWRUDWVXUUHFWHXU  $7$,5(ĸDWRU DOORFDWDLUHVXUDOORXHUFRQWHVWDWDLUHVXUFRQWHVWHU  $7(85ĸDWRU DGDSWDWHXUVXUDGDSWHUDYLDWHXUVXUDYLRQ  $7,)ĸDWLYXV GpSUpFLDWLIVXUGpSUpFLHULQGLFDWLIVXULQGLTXHU  $7,21ĸDWLRDWLRQLV DFWLYDWLRQVXUDFWLYHULQGH[DWLRQVXULQGH[HU  (ĸDWXP FURLVLOORQQpVXUFURLVLOORQDLOpVXUDLOH  (/,(/ĸDOLVLDOLV FXOWXUHOVXUFXOWXUHREVHVVLRQQHOVXUREVHVVLRQpYpQHPHQWLHOVXUpYpQHPHQW  (0(17ĸDPHQWXP LQWpUHVVHPHQWVXULQWpUHVVHUORXYRLHPHQWVXUORXYR\HU   .

(149) (1&(ĸHQWLD LQJpUHQFHVXUV LQJpUHUODWHQFHVXUODWHQW  (6&(1&(ĸHVFHQWLD FDORUHVFHQFHVXUFDORUĺFKDOHXUOXPLQHVFHQFHVXUOXPLQHPĺOXPLqUH  (6&(17ĸHVFHQVHVFHQWLV SKRVSKRUHVFHQWVXUSKRVSKRUHWXPHVFHQWVXUWXPHUHĺrWUHHQIOp  (85ĸDWRU FDGUHXUVXUFDGUHUSpFKHXUVXUSpFKHU  (86(ĸRVD DJUDIHXVHVXUDJUDIHUGDQJHUHXVHVXUGDQJHUHX[  ,(0(ĸHVLPXVHWLPXV &HVXIIL[HVHUWjIRUPHUGHVDGMHFWLIVRUGLQDX[  ,(1ĸLDQXV LQIRUPDWLFLHQVXULQIRUPDWLTXHQDPLELHQVXU1DPLELHQDSROpRQLHQVXU1DSROpRQ  ,(5,(5(ĸDULXVDULDDULXP EHWWHUDYLHUVXUEHWWHUDYHEpWRQQLqUHVXUEpWRQDUJHQWLHUVXUDUJHQW  ,1ĸLQXV FKHYDOLQ  ,7(ĸLDWLVLWDWLV pOHFWULFLWpVXUpOHFWULTXHILGpOLWpVXUILGqOH  2,5ĸRULXP JUDWWRLUVXUJUDWWHUSURPHQRLUVXUSURPHQHU   .

(150) 2,6SOXVUDUHPHQW$,6ĸHQVLV YLHQQRLVVXU9LHQQHWKDwODQGDLVVXU7KDwODQGH  75,&(ĸWUL[WULFLV LQVSHFWULFHVXULQVSHFWHXUJpQLWULFHVXUJpQLWHXU  .  &

(151) 6XIIL[HVHUYDQWjIRUPHUGHVDGYHUEHV  0(17ĸPHQVPHQWLVHVSULW PpFDQLTXHPHQWVXUPpFDQLTXHVpOHFWLYHPHQWVXUVpOHFWLI   &

(152) 6XIIL[HVHUYDQWjIRUPHUGHVYHUEHV  ),(5,),(5ĸILFDUH pOHFWULILHUVXUpOHFWULFLWpDPSOLILHUVXUDPSOH  . '

(153) /HVGHPLPRWV  6RXVOHYRFDEOHQRQJUDPPDWLFDOPDLVFRPPRGHGHGHPLPRWVQRXVSDUOHURQVGHV pOpPHQWVJURXSpVSUHVTXHWRXMRXUVSDUGHX[DXVHLQG XQPRWXQLTXHHWTXLQHVRQW QL SUpIL[HV QL VXIIL[HV 6L O RQ FRPSDUH OHV PRWV 3,6&,&2/( $9,&2/( 3,6&,925( 201,925( RQ FRQVWDWH TXH SLVFL FROH DYL YRUH VRQW GHV pOpPHQWVFRPPXWDEOHVSRUWHXUVGHVLJQLILFDWLRQVSUpFLVHVSLVFLUpIqUHDXSRLVVRQ FROHjXQHIRUPHG pOHYDJHDYLjODYRODLOOHYRUHDXUpJLPHDOLPHQWDLUH5pXQLV HQXQPrPHPRWGHX[pOpPHQWVGHFHW\SHSDUDLVVHQWG LPSRUWDQFHpJDOHHWDXFXQ QHSHXWrWUHFRQVLGpUpFRPPHSUpIL[HRXVXIIL[HDMRXWpjO DXWUH'DQVFHGRPDLQH HQFRUH OH ODWLQ HVW PRLQV OH SDVVp GX  IUDQoDLV TXH VRQ DYHQLU /HV ODQJDJHV G DXMRXUG KXL RQW VDQV FHVVH EHVRLQ GH IDEULTXHU GH QRXYHDX[ PRWV FRPSRVpV UpXQLVVDQWGHX[SDUGHX[GHVFRQFHSWVGLIIpUHQWV1RWUHODQJXHVHSUrWHIRUWPDOjGH WHOOHV RSpUDWLRQV  VHV PRWV FRPSRVpV DYHF WUDLW G XQLRQ pSDXOpMHWp FRXSHIHX  .

(154) HWF

(155) VRQWORXUGVHWLQFRPPRGHVLOVQHVHFRPSRUWHQWSDVHQYpULWDEOHVPRWV$XVVL OHIUDQoDLVSUpIqUHWLOUHFRXULUDXPDWpULHOHWDX[SURFpGpVGHGHX[ODQJXHVTXLVH VRQW PRQWUpHV DSWHV j FRPSRVHU GHV PRWV GH PDQLqUH VRXSOH HW pOpJDQWH  OH JUHF VXUWRXWPDLVDXVVLOHODWLQ /H PRGqOH IRQFWLRQQH GH OD IDoRQ VXLYDQWH 6RLW OH PRW DJULFROD GRQW HVW WLUp $*5,&2/( HW TXL VLJQLILDLW TXL FXOWLYH OHV FKDPSV &H PRW HVW IRUPp G XQ pOpPHQW DJHU DJUL FKDPS HW G  XQ pOpPHQW FROD VLJQLILH TXL FXOWLYH G DSUqV OH YHUEH FROHUH FXOWLYHU

(156)  3RXU FUpHU XQ PRW VLJQLILDQW ©TXL FXOWLYH ± RX pOqYH ± OHV SRLVVRQVª LO VXIILW GH UHPSODFHU O pOpPHQW DJUL SDU O pOpPHQW SLVFL  RQ VXSSRVH GRQFXQPRWSLVFLFRODTXLWUDQVFULWHQIUDQoDLVGRQQH$48$&2/(   '

(157) eOpPHQWVVHSODoDQWHQSUHPLqUHSRVLWLRQ  $8',2 DFWLRQG HQWHQGUHĸDXGLUHHQWHQGUH DXGLRIUpTXHQFHDXGLRJUDPPHDXGLRORJLHDXGLRPqWUHDXGLRYLVXHO  0272 PRWHXUĸPRWRUFHOXLTXLPHXW PRWRF\FOHWWHPRWRFXOWHXUPRWRQDXWLVPH  5$',2 UD\RQQHPHQWUDGLDWLRQĸUDGLXVUD\RQ UDGLRJUDSKLHUDGLRVFRSLHUDGLRSKRQLHUDGLRJXLGDJHUDGLRVRQGHUDGLRWD[L  6(592 RUJDQHPpFDQLTXHDLGDQWDXPDQLHPHQWG XQDXWUHRUJDQHPpFDQLTXH ĸVHUYXVHVFODYHVHUI VHUYRFRPPDQGHVHUYRGLUHFWLRQVHUYRIUHLQDVVHUYLU  62&,2 SKpQRPqQHVVRFLDX[ĸVRFLXVDVVRFLp VRFLRFXOWXUHOVRFLROLQJXLVWLTXHVRFLRORJLHVRFLRSURIHVVLRQQHOVRFLDEOHVRFLpWp  9$62 YDLVVHDXVDQJXLQĸYDVSRW ĺ9$6(

(158)  YDVRFRQVWULFWHXUYDVRPRWHXUYDLVVHOOHYDVFXODLUHYDVRWRPLH   .

(159) 9,'(2 WUDQVPLVVLRQGHVLPDJHVjGLVWDQFHĸYLGHUH ĺ92,5

(160)  YLGpRFDVVHWWHYLGpRFRPPXQLFDWLRQYLGpRSKRQHpYLGHQWSURYLGHQFH   '

(161) eOpPHQWVVHSODoDQWHQSRVLWLRQILQDOH  &,'( TXLWXHĸFLGDPHXUWULHU IUDWULFLGH GpLFLGH KRPLFLGH LQIDQWLFLGH PDWULFLGH SDUULFLGH UpJLFLGH IRQJLFLGH SHVWLFLGH  &2/( TXLFXOWLYHTXLpOqYHTXLYLWGDQVĸFRODTXLYLWGDQVRXTXLFXOWLYH &8/7(85 FXOWLYDWHXUpOHYHXUĸFXOWRUFXOWLYDWHXU &8/785( FXOWXUHpOHYDJHĸFXOWXUD /HVWURLVpOpPHQWVVRQWGHVGpULYpVGXYHUEHFROHUHFXOWLYHUVRLJQHUKDELWHU (QJpQpUDOSRXUXQSUHPLHUpOpPHQWGRQQpOHIUDQoDLVFRQQDvWWURLVFRPSRVpVXQ HQFROHXQHQFXOWHXUXQHQFXOWXUHDJULFROHDJULFXOWHXUDJULFXOWXUH  '8& FRQGXLWHĸGXFWXVFRQGXLWHGHGXFHUHFRQGXLUH DTXHGXFJD]RGXFROpRGXFYLDGXFGpGXLUHVpGXLUHDGGXFWHXUUpGXFWLRQpGXTXHU  )(5( TXLSRUWHTXLWUDQVSRUWHTXLFRQWLHQWĸIHUTXLSRUWHGHIHUUHSRUWHU FRQLIqUHFUXFLIqUHPDPPLIqUHSLOLIqUHODFWLIqUHVRPQLIqUHDXULIqUHROpLIqUH  )8*( TXLIXLWĸIXJXVGHIXJHUH ĺ)8,5

(162) TXLFKDVVH FHQWULIXJHIpEULIXJHFDORULIXJHLJQLIXJHYHUPLIXJHIXJLWLIIXJDFHVXEWHUIXJH  *5$'( IDoRQGHPDUFKHUĸJUDGXVGHJUDGLPDUFKHU GLJLWLJUDGHRQJXOLJUDGHSODQWLJUDGHUpWURJUDGH  /,1*8( ODQJXHSDUOpHĸOLQJXLVGHOLQJXDODQJXH ELOLQJXHWULOLQJXHOLQJXDOOLQJXLVWH /$1*8(ODQJDJHODQJXHWWH   .

Références

Documents relatifs

Consigne 1 : Complète les phrases avec ces expressions latines : bis, a priori, ex aequo, in extremis, via..  Les deux coureurs cyclistes sont

Cette phobie spécifique peut inclure des situations qui causent le vomissement, comme la peur de vomir en public, la peur de voir un autre individu vomir, la peur de regarder

Pour illustration, les patients douloureux chroniques, traités par analgésiques opioïdes au long cours, développent des critères de dépendance physique (à savoir une tolérance

 Caractéristique  propre  aux

o On notera qu'en fonction de l'empilement des peurs, cette phobie pourra elle même soit résulter de l'hématophobie (peur du sang) ou de la bélénophobie (peur des aiguilles), soit les

Préoccupation  qui  persiste  malgré  un  bilan  médical  approprié  et

De même, le mot humeur revêt à l’origine un sens purement médical, mais avec l’évolution de la médecine les chercheurs isolèrent et définirent les liquides du corps humain,

Cicéron fut le premier à appliquer le mot cultura à l'être humain : Un champ si fertile soit-il ne peut être productif sans culture, et c'est la même chose pour l'humain