O
pen
A
rchive
T
OULOUSE
A
rchive
O
uverte (
OATAO
)
OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and
makes it freely available over the web where possible.
This is an author-deposited version published in :
http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/
Eprints ID : 19611
To link to this article : DOI:
10.1063/1.5024148
URL
http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5024148
To cite this version : Ouagne, Pierre and Evon, Philippe and Placet,
Vincent and Soulat, Damien : From fibre extraction to the composite
manufacturing processes: Which path to adopt to maximise the
mechanical properties of natural fibre based composites? (2017), AIP
Conference Proceedings, vol. 1932, n°1, pp. 1-10
Any correspondance concerning this service should be sent to the repository
administrator:
staff-oatao@listes-diff.inp-toulouse.fr
)URP)LEUH([WUDFWLRQWRWKH&RPSRVLWH0DQXIDFWXULQJ
3URFHVVHV:KLFK3DWKWR$GRSWWR0D[LPLVHWKH0HFKDQLFDO
3URSHUWLHVRI1DWXUDO)LEUH%DVHG&RPSRVLWHV"
3LHUUH2XDJQH
D3KLOLSSH(YRQ
E9LQFHQW3ODFHW
F'DPLHQ6RXODW
G 1,a)University of Toulouse, INP/ENIT, LGP, 47, avenue d’Azereix, F-65016 Tarbes, France 2,b)Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, Toulouse, France 3,c)Y3Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS/UFC/ENSMM/UTBM, Besançon, France4,d) Université de Lille, ENSAIT, GEMTEX, F-59056 Roubaix, France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
,1752'8&7,21
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
+RZHYHUWKLVUHTXLUHVWKDWVSHFLILFFDUHDOODORQJWKHGLIIHUHQWRSHUDWLRQVOHDGLQJWRWKHSDUWPDQXIDFWXUHGXHWR WKHXVHRIILQLWHOHQJWKQDWXUDOILEUHVLVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW,WLVDOVRQHFHVVDU\ZKHQXVLQJDJUREDVHGPDWHULDOWR UHGXFHWKHLPSDFWRIWKHSDUWPDQXIDFWXULQJLQFRPSDULVRQWRV\QWKHWLFWHFKQRORJ\7KHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQIRUWKH SURGXFWLRQ RI\DUQ VKRXOGEH NHSW ORZ DQG WKHSRVVLEOHIDEULF WUHDWPHQWV VKRXOGKDYHD PLQLPXP LPSDFWRQ WKH HQYLURQPHQW$VDFRQVHTXHQFHWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVHVQHHGWREHDGDSWHGDQGRSWLPLVHGWRUHDFKWKLVJRDO
0RUHRYHU LW LV DOVR LPSRUWDQW ZKHQ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURFHVVHV WR PD[LPLVH WKH PHFKDQLFDO SRWHQWLDO RI WKH YHJHWDO ILEUHV 7KLV PHDQV WKDW LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR PLQLPL]H WKH OHQJWK UHGXFWLRQ RI ILEUHV RU WKH
DSSHDUDQFHRIGHIHFWV VXFK DV GLVORFDWLRQVRU NLQN EDQGVGXULQJ WKHILEHU H[WUDFWLRQ DQG WKH \DUQ SUHSDUDWLRQ 7R PDQXIDFWXUHKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHFRPSRVLWHSDUWVLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRRUJDQL]HDQGWRDOLJQWKHILEHUV$VDFRQVHTXHQFH DOLJQHGILEHUVDUFKLWHFWXUHVVXFKDVXQLGLUHFWLRQDOVKHHWVQRQFULPSHGIDEULFVDQGZRYHQIDEULFVELGLUHFWLRQDODUH XVXDOO\XVHGDVUHLQIRUFHPHQW
,QWKH/LTXLG&RPSRVLWH0ROGLQJ/&0IDPLO\WKH5HVLQ7UDQVIHU0RXOGLQJ570SURFHVVKDV UHFHLYHGD ODUJH DWWHQWLRQ LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH >@ DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH VHFRQG VWDJH RI WKH SURFHVVGHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH LQMHFWLRQ RI UHVLQ LQSUHIRUPHG GU\ VKDSHV DQG WKH SHUPHDELOLW\RI WKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWV >@ 7KH ILUVW VWDJHRI WKLVSURFHVV FRQVLVWVLQIRUPLQJGU\UHLQIRUFHPHQWV,QFDVHRIVSHFLILFGRXEOHFXUYHGVKDSHVZRYHQIDEULFVDUHJHQHUDOO\XVHGWR DOORZLQSODQHVWUDLQQHFHVVDU\IRUIRUPLQJZLWKRXWGLVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHWRZV
7KHPRGLILFDWLRQRIWKHWRZRULHQWDWLRQDQGORFDOYDULDWLRQVRIILEUHYROXPHIUDFWLRQKDYHDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQ WKHUHVLQLPSUHJQDWLRQVWHSDVWKHORFDOSHUPHDELOLWLHVLQSODQHDQGWUDQVYHUVHRIWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWPD\EHDIIHFWHG >@ ,Q WKH PRVW VHYHUH FDVHV WKH SO\ RI IDEULF FDQ ZULQNOH RU ORVH FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH PRXOG KHQFH VHYHUHO\ UHGXFLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHILQLVKHGSURGXFW>@$QRWKHUGHIHFWFDOOHGWRZEXFNOLQJKDVDOVREHHQUHSRUWHGIRUIOD[ ZRYHQIDEULFV>@$VWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHSUHIRUPLVRIYLWDOLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHILQDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHFRPSRVLWH SDUWVLWLVLPSRUWDQWZKHQIRUPLQJRIFRPSOH[VKDSHLVFRQVLGHUHGWRSUHYHQWWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIVXFKGHIHFWV 6HYHUDOH[SHULPHQWDOGHYLFHVKDYHEHHQVHWXSWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHGHIRUPDWLRQPRGHVDQGWKHSRVVLEOHRFFXUUHQFH RIGHIHFWVGXULQJIRUPLQJRIWH[WLOHUHLQIRUFHPHQWV+HPLVSKHULFDOSXQFKDQGGLHV\VWHPVZHUHSDUWLFXODUO\VWXGLHG EHFDXVHWKHVKDSHLVUDWKHUVLPSOHLWLVGRXEOHGFXUYHGDQGEHFDXVHLWOHDGVWRODUJHVKHDUDQJOHVEHWZHHQWKHWRZV >@ ,Q WKLV SDSHU DQ H[SHULPHQWDO GHYLFH LV SUHVHQWHG WR IRUP VHYHUH VKDSHV $V DQ H[DPSOH WHWUDKHGURQ JHRPHWU\LVFRQVLGHUHGDVLWLVPXFKPRUHGLIILFXOWWRIRUPWKDQKHPLVSKHULFDOVKDSHVHVSHFLDOO\LIWKHUDGLXVHVRI FXUYDWXUHDUHVPDOO
7KLVSDSHU WKHUHIRUHSURSRVHVWRDQDO\]HWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIIRUPLQJWKHPHQWLRQHGFRPSOH[ VKDSHZLWKQDWXUDO ILEHUV EDVHG ZRYHQ IDEULF UHLQIRUFHPHQWV $ VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQLVJLYHQRQ WKHGHIHFWVWKDW PD\ DSSHDUGXULQJ WKH GLIIHUHQWVWHSVOHDGLQJWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWH[WLOHVWUXFWXUHVDQGWKHQGXULQJWKHFRPSOH[IRUPLQJRIZRYHQIDEULFV 7KH WRZ EXFNOLQJ GHIHFW LV SDUWLFXODUO\ GLVFXVVHG DQG D GLVFXVVLRQ XSRQ WKH ZD\ WR SUHYHQW WKHLU DSSHDUDQFH LV SUHVHQWHG
(;3(5,0(17$/352&('85(6
$ /DURFKH )UDQFH &DGHWWH ³$OO )LEUH´ H[WUDFWLRQ HTXLSPHQW ORFDWHG LQ WKH $*520$7 SODWHIRUP 7DUEHV)UDQFHWKHWHFKQRORJLFDOWUDQVIHUKDOORI/DERUDWRLUHGH&KLPLH$JURLQGXVWULHOOHZDVXVHGWRVHSDUDWHWKH GLIIHUHQWYHJHWDOIUDFWLRQVIURPDOOWKHROHDJLQRXVIOD[VWUDZEDWFKHVFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVZRUN7KHGHYLFHZDVXVHGWR LQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWRIWKHILEUHH[WUDFWLRQVWHSRQWKHPRUSKRORJLFDODQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHILEUHV
7KH GLIIHUHQW VWHSV OHDGLQJ WR WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI D \DUQ ZHUH DOVR LQYHVWLJDWHG 7KLV LQYROYHV GLIIHUHQW WH[WLOH RSHUDWLRQVVXFKDVFDUGLQJGUDZLQJDQG\DUQPDQXIDFWXULQJVXFKDVVSLQQLQJIRUH[DPSOH
$GHYLFHVSHFLILFDOO\GHVLJQHG WRDQDO\]HWKHORFDOVWUDLQVGXULQJWKHIRUPLQJRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWIDEULFV>@LV SUHVHQWHGRQ)LJXUHD
),*85(D'HVFULSWLRQRIWKHGHYLFHE7HWUDKHGURQSXQFKF)OD[IDEULFG)OD[WRZ
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
5(68/76
)LEHU([WUDFWLRQDQG<DUQ0DQXIDFWXULQJ
'XULQJDVWXG\FRQGXFWHGRQIOD[VWHPVLWZDVVKRZHGWKDWGLIIHUHQWSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVFDQEHRILPSRUWDQFH ZKHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHILEHUH[WUDFWLRQ3DUWLFXODUO\LWZDVVKRZHGWKDWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRDYRLGWKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRI H[WUDFWLRQ RSHUDWLRQV DQG WKDW WKH OHYHO RIPRLVWXUH RI WKH VWUDZZDV DNH\ SDUDPHWHU WR H[WUDFW WKH ILEHUV ZLWK D PLQLPXPDPRXQWRIGHIHFWVDQGDOVRWRNHHSWKHILEHUEXQGOHOHQJWKDVORQJDVSRVVLEOH
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
(YHQLI\DUQGHIHFWVVXFKDVORVVHVRIILEHUGHQVLW\>@PD\WDNHSODFHGXULQJWKHWH[WLOHPDQXIDFWXULQJRUWH[WLOH IRUPLQJ WKLV GHIHFW FDQ JOREDOO\ EH LQ D ODUJH PDQQHU SUHYHQWHG E\ XVLQJ \DUQV ZKLFK SRVVHVV VXIILFLHQWO\ KLJK HQRXJKPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV$VDFRQVHTXHQFHWKHUHVWRIWKHVWXG\ZLOOPRUHFRQFHQWUDWHRQWKHGHIHFWVWKDWPD\ WDNHSODFHGXULQJWKHFRPSOH[IRUPLQJRIIDEULFVPDQXIDFWXUHGIURPVHOHFWHGIODW\DUQV
0DWHULDOV3URSHUWLHVDQG*OREDO3UHIRUP$QDO\VLV
7KHIOD[IDEULF)LJXUHFXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\LVDSODLQZHDYHIDEULFZKLFKDUHDOZHLJKWLVRIDERXWJP
WRZVILJXUHG*HQHUDOO\ZKHQQDWXUDOILEUHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWZLVWHG\DUQVDUHHODERUDWHGWRLQFUHDVHLWVWHQVLOH SURSHUWLHV,QGHHGDVGLVFXVVHGE\*RXWLDQRVet al. >@VXIILFLHQWWHQVLOHSURSHUWLHVRIWKH\DUQVDUHQHFHVVDU\IRU WKHVHRQHVWREHFRQVLGHUHGIRUWH[WLOHPDQXIDFWXULQJRUIRUSURFHVVHVVXFKDVSXOWUXVLRQRUILODPHQWZLQGLQJ,QWKLV VWXG\ WKH IOD[ WRZV XVHG WR HODERUDWH WKH SODLQ ZHDYH IDEULF DUH XQWZLVWHG DQG H[KLELW D UHFWDQJXODU VKDSH 7KH ILEHUVRUJURXSVRIILEHUVDUHVOLJKWO\HQWDQJOHGWRSURYLGHDPLQLPXPULJLGLW\WRWKHWRZV7KLVJHRPHWU\KDVEHHQ FKRVHQ DV LW JHQHUDWHV ORZ EHQGLQJ VWLIIQHVV WRZV WKHUHIRUH OLPLWLQJ WKH FULPS HIIHFW LQ WKH IDEULF DQG WKHUHIRUH OLPLWLQJHPSW\]RQHVEHWZHHQWRZV,WKDVDOVREHHQFKRVHQEHFDXVHIDEULFPDQXIDFWXUHGIURPKLJKO\WZLVWHG\DUQV H[KLELWORZSHUPHDELOLW\SUHYHQWLQJRUSDUWLDOO\SUHYHQWLQJWKHXVHRISURFHVVHVIURPWKH/&0/LTXLG&RPSRVLWH 0RXOGLQJ IDPLO\ 8QWZLVWHG WRZV KDYH DOVR EHHQ FKRVHQ EHFDXVH PDQXIDFWXUHG FRPSRVLWHV GLVSOD\ EHWWHU PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVWKDQFRPSRVLWHVPDGHZLWKWZLVWHG\DUQV>@ $WWKHORFDOVFDOHDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHVKHDUDQJOHV>@RIWKHVWXGLHGIDFHVKRZVWKDWWKHYDOXHVDUHUHODWLYHO\ KRPRJHQHRXVDQGEHORZWKHORFNLQJDQJOH,WKDVDOVREHHQVKRZQWKDWEXFNOHVGHIHFWVPD\WDNHSODFHGXULQJWKH SURFHVV>@ $QLQLWLDOVTXDUHVSHFLPHQRIWKHIOD[IDEULFLVSRVLWLRQHGZLWKVL[EODQNKROGHUVSODFHGRQVSHFLILFSODFHVDURXQG WKHWHWUDKHGURQSXQFK2QHDFKRIWKHPDSUHVVXUHRIWZREDULVDSSOLHG7KHPD[LPXPGHSWKRIWKHSXQFKLV PP$WWKHHQGRIWKHIRUPLQJSURFHVVDQHSR[\UHVLQVSUD\LVDSSOLHGWRWKHSUHIRUPVRWKDWWKHVKDSHLVIL[HGLQ LWVGHIRUPHGVWDWH $QLQLWLDOVTXDUHVSHFLPHQRIWKHIOD[IDEULFLVSRVLWLRQHGZLWKVL[EODQNKROGHUVSODFHGRQVSHFLILFSODFHVDURXQG WKHWHWUDKHGURQSXQFK2QHDFKRIWKHPDSUHVVXUHRIRQHEDULVDSSOLHG7KHPD[LPXPGHSWKRIWKHSXQFKLV PP$WWKHHQGRIWKHIRUPLQJSURFHVVDQHSR[\UHVLQVSUD\LVDSSOLHGWRWKHSUHIRUPVRWKDWWKHVKDSHLVIL[HGLQLWV GHIRUPHG VWDWH 7KH SUHIRUP LQ LWVILQDO VWDWH LVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH D$W WKH VFDOHRI WKHSUHIRUP WKHREWDLQHG VKDSHLVLQJRRGDJUHHPHQW ZLWKWKHH[SHFWHG WHWUDKHGURQSXQFK7KHIDEULFLVQRWXQZHDYHGRQIDFHVRUHGJHV 6RPHZULQNOHVDSSHDU)LJDDWWKHVXUURXQGLQJRIWKHXVHIXOSDUWRIWKHSUHIRUP D E F G ),*85(D3UHIRUPDQG:ULQNOHVE=RRPRQEXFNOHVF3RVLWLRQRIEXFNOHVGWRZRULHQWDWLRQ 7KHSRVLWLRQDQGWKHVL]HRIWKHVHZULQNOHVGHSHQGRQWKHEODQNKROGHUSRVLWLRQDQGRQWKHSUHVVXUHWKH\DSSO\RQ WKHIDEULF7KHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVQXPEHUDQGSRVLWLRQRIEODQNKROGHUVFKRLFHRIWKHSXQFKHWFDQGWKHLQLWLDO SRVLWLRQLQJRIWKHIDEULFKDYHDVLJQLILFDQWLQIOXHQFHRQWKHILQDOVKDSH7KHVHDVSHFWVZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGLQIXWXUH ZRUNV$WWKHORFDOVFDOHLWLVSRVVLEOHWRDQDO\]HGXULQJWKHSURFHVVWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHVKHDUDQJOHEHWZHHQWRZV
:H
IW
DQGWKHORQJLWXGLQDOVWUDLQDORQJWKHWRZV'XULQJWKHIRUPLQJVWDJHWKHZRYHQWH[WLOHLVVXEPLWWHGWRELD[LDOWHQVLOH GHIRUPDWLRQLQSODQHVKHDUGHIRUPDWLRQWUDQVYHUVHFRPSDFWLRQDQGRXWRISODQHEHQGLQJGHIRUPDWLRQV,IDOOWKHVH FRPSRQHQWVFDQEHVLJQLILFDQWWKHIHDVLELOLW\WRREWDLQWKHH[SHFWHGVKDSHLVODUJHO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHLQSODQHVKHDU EHKDYLRU 2Q WKH IRUPHG WHWUDKHGURQ IDFHV YDOXHV RI WKH PHDVXUHG VKHDU DQJOH DUH UHODWLYHO\ KRPRJHQHRXV >@ 7KHVHYDOXHVGRQRWUHDFKWKHORFNLQJDQJOHDERYHZKLFKGHIHFWVVXFKDVZULQNOHVDSSHDU
%XFNOHV'HIHFW
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
WRZVDUHFXUYHGLQVWHDGRIEHLQJVWUDLJKWDQGWKLVSKHQRPHQRQLVSUREDEO\DWWKHRULJLQRIWKHEXFNOHV
7R LQYHVWLJDWH WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH GHIHFWV WZR LQLWLDO SRVLWLRQLQJ RI WKH IDEULF KDYH EHHQ WHVWHG 7KHVH SRVLWLRQVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHVDQG )LJXUHVKRZVWKDWLQWKHFDVHRIWKHRULHQWDWLRQEXFNOHVRQO\DSSHDURQHGJHDQGRQWKHPLGGOHRIIDFH 1REXFNOHVDUHREVHUYHGRQIDFHVDQG
:DUS
DLQLWLDORULHQWDWLRQRIWKHIDEULFE/RFDOLVDWLRQRIWKHEXFNOHV ),*85(/RFDOL]DWLRQRIWKHEXFNOH]RQHIRULQLWLDOIDEULFRULHQWDWLRQRI $VWKHEHQGLQJRIWKHWRZVSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHRQHVSDVVLQJE\WKHWULSOHSRLQWLVWKHPHFKDQLVPVVXSSRVHGWR EHDWWKHRULJLQRIWKHEXFNOLQJGHIHFWPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHEHQGLQJDQJOHVRQHDFKIDFHVKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXW 5HVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH 7$%/(%HQGLQJDQJOHRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOWRZVPHDVXUHGRQWKHEXFNOH]RQHRULHQWDWLRQ )DFHQXPEHU %HQGLQJDQJOH :
DU
S
7DEOHVKRZVWKDWWKHEHQGLQJDQJOHVDUHJOREDOO\VLWXDWHGLQWKHVDPHUDQJHRIYDOXHV7KHEHQGLQJDQJOHVRQ IDFHVDQGDUHVOLJKWO\PRUHSURQRXQFHGWKDQWKHRQHPHDVXUHGRQ)DFH6LPLODULQYHVWLJDWLRQVZHUHFDUULHGRXW IRURULHQWDWLRQ)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWLQWKLVFDVHRIVWXG\WKDWWKHEXFNOHVFDQEHREVHUYHGLQIDFHVDQGRQO\ )RUWKHRULHQWDWLRQQREXFNOHVDUHREVHUYHGRQIDFHDQGRQHGJHDVLWZDVWKHFDVHIRURULHQWDWLRQ:HIW
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
6ROXWLRQVWR3UHYHQW'HIHFWV
6ROXWLRQVEDVHGRQWKHGHVLJQRIVSHFLILFIDEULFV
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
Ϯϭ͘ϲŵŵ
Ϯϭ͘ϲŵŵ
ϮϬŵŵ
&ĂĐĞϭ
&ĂĐĞϮ
&ĂĐĞϯ
ϭϲŵŵ
Ϯϭ͘ϲŵŵ
Ϯϭ͘ϲŵŵ
),*85(D)RUPLQJRIDEDODQFHGSODLQZHDYHIDEULFESODLQZHDYHDUFKLWHFWXUH6ROXWLRQVEDVHGRQWKHSURFHVVLQJSDUDPHWHUV
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
),*85(%ODQNKROGHUV¶GHVLJQV $WZLOOZHDYHIDEULFH[KLELWLQJODUJHWRZEXFNOHVZKHQXVLQJWKHILUVWVHWRIEODQNKROGHUV)LJXUHDZDVXVHG 7KHVDPHWZLOOZHDYHIDEULFZDVXVHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHSRVVLEOHVXSSUHVVLRQRIWKHWRZEXFNOHVE\XVLQJWKHQHZ GHVLJQHGEODQNKROGHUV )LJXUHVKRZVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQIRUPLQJZLWKWKHILUVWVHWRIEODQNKROGHUVDQGIRUPLQJZLWKWKHVSHFLDOO\ GHVLJQHGEODQNKROGHUV
7RZEXFNOHV D1RQRSWLPLVHG SURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV ERSWLPLVHGSURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV ),*85(,QIOXHQFHRISURFHVVLQJSDUDPHWHUVRQWRZEXFNOLQJ )LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKHWRZEXFNOHVFDQEHVXSSUHVVHGE\GHVLJQLQJVSHFLILFEODQNKROGHUZLWKRSWLPL]HGDSSOLHG SUHVVXUHVIRUWKHWZLOOZHDYHIDEULF$VLPLODUVWDWHPHQWFDQDOVREHPDGHIRUWKHQRQEDODQFHGSODLQZHDYHIDEULF VWXGLHGLQWKLVZRUN7KLVLVVKRZQRQ)LJXUH),*85(8QEDODQFHGSODLQZHDYHIDEULFZLWKRXWWRZEXFNOHV
7KLV GRFXPHQW ZDV SUHSDUHG XVLQJ WKH $,3 3URFHHGLQJV WHPSODWH IRU 0LFURVRIW :RUG ,W SURYLGHV D VLPSOH H[DPSOHRIDSDSHUDQGRIIHUVJXLGHOLQHVIRUSUHSDULQJ\RXUDUWLFOH+HUHZHLQWURGXFHWKHSDUDJUDSKVW\OHVIRU/HYHO /HYHODQG/HYHOKHDGLQJV3OHDVHQRWHWKHIROORZLQJ
&21&/86,216
7KLVZRUNGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWLWLVQRZSRVVLEOHWRSUHYHQWWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIGHIHFWVDWWKHILEUHOHYHOGXULQJWKH SUHOLPLQDU\SUHSDUDWLRQVWHSVIURPWKHILEUHH[WUDFWLRQWRWKH\DUQPDQXIDFWXULQJDVZHOODVGXULQJWKHIRUPLQJRI QDWXUDOILEUHEDVHGIDEULFV'HIHFWVVXFKDVWRZEXFNOHVFDQEHSUHYHQWHGE\RSWLPL]LQJWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV,WLV WKHUHIRUHQRWQHFHVVDU\WRVSHFLDOO\RSWLPL]HWKHIDEULFWRSUHYHQWWKLVGHIHFW$VDFRQVHTXHQFHDZLGHUDQJHRI UHLQIRUFHPHQWVZLWKGLIIHUHQWDUFKLWHFWXUHVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQIRUPLQJFRPSOH[VKDSHVVXFKDVDWHWUDKHGURQ5()(5(1&(6
/D0DQWLD)30RUUHDOH0Green composites: A brief review&RPSRVLWHV3DUW$SS
6DW\DQDUD\DQD . * $UL]DJD * *& :\S\FK ) Biodegradable composites based on lingo cellulosic fibers—An overview3URJUHVVLQ3RO\PHU6FLHQFHSS±
%LDJLRWWL - 3XJOLD ' .HQQ\ - 0 A Review on Natural Fibre-Based Composites-Part I -RXUQDO RI 1DWXUDO)LEHUVSS
3XJOLD'%LDJLRWWL-DQG.HQQ\-0A Review on Natural Fibre-Based Composites—Part II-RXUQDO RI1DWXUDO)LEHUVSS
3DQGH\ - . $KQ 6 + /HH & 6 0RKDQW\ $ . 0LVUD 0 Recent Advances in the Application of Natural Fiber Based Composites0DFURPROHFXODU0DWHULDOVDQG(QJLQHHULQJSS± 2XDJQH 3 %L]HW / %DOH\ & %UpDUG - Analysis of the Film-stacking Processing Parameters for
PLLA/Flax Fiber Biocomposites-RXUQDORI&RPSRVLWH0DWHULDOVSS
%DOH\&Analysis of the flax fibres tensile behaviour and analysis of the tensile increase, &RPSRVLWHV3DUW $SS
%RGURV(%DOH\&Study of the tensile properties of stinging nettle fibres0DWHULDOV/HWWHUSS
$ODZDU $ +DPHG $0 $O.DDEL . Characterization of treated data palm tree fiber as composite reinforcement&RPSRVLWHV3DUW%SS
.LP-71HWUDYLOL$1Mercerization of sisal fibers: Effects of tension on mechanical properties of sisal fibers and fiber-reinforced composites&RPSRVLWH3DUW$ SS
'86KDK3-6FKXEHO0-&OLIIRUGCan flax replace E-glass in structural composites? A small wind turbine case study.&RPS3DUW%SS
32XDJQH'6RXODW-0RRWKRR(&DSHOOH6*XHUHWComplex shape forming of a flax woven fabric; analysis of the tow buckling and misalignment defect&RPS3DUW$±
( &DSHOOH 3 2XDJQH ' 6RXODW ' 'XULDWWL Complex shape forming of flax woven fabrics: Design of specific blank-holder shapes to prevent defects&RPSRVLWHV3DUW%SS±
%XQWDLQ0-%LFNHUWRQ6Modeling forces generated within rigid liquid composite moldings tools. Part A: Experimental study&RPSRVLWHV3DUW$SS
/HNDNRX&-RKDUL%1RUPDQ'%DGHU*Measurement techniques and effects on in-plane permeability of woven cloths in resin transfer molding&RPSRVLWHV3DUW$SS
2XDJQH3%UpDUG-Continuous transverse permeability of fibrous media&RPSRVLWHV3DUW$ SS
+DPPDQL $ 7URFKX ) *DXYLQ 5 :LUWK 6 Directional permeability measurement of deformed reinforcement,-RXUQDORIUHLQIRUFHGSODVWLFVDQGFRPSRVLWHVSS
/RL[)%DGHO32UJHDV/*HLQGUHDX&%RLVVH3Woven fabric permeability: from textile deformation to fluid flow mesoscale simulations&RPSRVLWHV6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\SS
6KDUPD 6% 6XWFOLIIH 03) &KDQJ 6+ Characterisation of material properties for draping of dry woven composite material&RPSRVLWHV3DUW$SS
2XDJQH 3 6RXODW ' $OODRXL 6 +LYHW * Mechanical properties and forming possibilities of a new generation of flax woven fabrics 3URFHHGLQJ RI WKH WK LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH RQ WH[WLOH &RPSRVLWH 7H[FRPS2FWREHU/LOOH)UDQFH
2XDJQH36RXODW'+LYHW*$OODRXL6'XULDWWL'Analysis of defects during the preforming of a woven flax reinforcement$GYDQFHG&RPSRVLWH/HWWHUVSS
2XDJQH36RXODW'7HSKDQ\&'XULDWWL'$OODRXL6+LYHW*Mechanical characterisation of flax based woven fabrics and in situ measurements of tow tensile strain during the shape forming-RXUQDORI&RPSRVLWH 0DWHULDOV SS
0ROQDU32JDOH$/DKU50LWVFKDQJ3Influence of drapability by using thermoforming,&RPSRVLWHV 6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\SS
/L ; %DL 6 Sheet forming of the multy-layered biaxial weft knitted fabric reinforcement. Part 1: On hemispherical surfaces&RPSRVLWHV3DUW$SS
9DQFORRVWHU . /RPRY 69 9HUSRHVW , Experimental validation of forming simulations on fabric reinforced polymers using an unsymmetrical mould configuration&RPSRVLWHV3DUW$SS 6RXODW ' $OODRXL 6 &KDWHO 6 Experimental device for the optimization step of the RTM process
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0DWHULDO)RUPLQJSS±
0RRWKRR-2XDJQH3$OODRXL66RXODW'Vegetal fibre composites for semi-structural applications in the medical environment-RXUQDORI5HLQIRUFHG3ODVWLFVDQG&RPSRVLWHVSS
*RXWLDQRV63HLMV7The optimization of flax fibre yarns for the development of high-performance natural fibre composites$GYDQFHG&RPSRVLWH/HWWHUVSS
*RXWLDQRV 6 3HLMV 7 1\VWURP % 6NULIYDUV 0 Development of flax based textile reinforcements for composite applications$SSOLHG&RPSRVLWHV0DWHULDOVSS±