Etude de l'activité électrique des systèmes orageux à l'aide du modèle Méso-NH
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(51) P o>|~:Þ3ß{pn"wvu1Õ¢}eswvpuÞ3snA}eyA· ~:Þ3â{o> wvu5n!wv}e××vÚ5un puß5svuo>y>yro>unI~:Þ3 Ú{Ú}eÞ3Ð3uu×C{pu 6#7 C&C u{ 6#7&7&? L 6 6#7 }Dwv5yru=ß5}e×vßu5~{psvu5yÎwvu!y>Þnâ{Asvß{psvpu!wvu!ßhl:Þ3AÐeu!w:Þ3×vnTu{,l}epn,wvu!y PQÞ3nAß5u5×w:Þ3×vßu 6 ;: Y_p}e~:ÞáÐCÞá{or}e× w
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(53) Â93@b@ .9 ;:&: L MTu~vpÚnpu×t{Þá{or}e×ÐeÞ3~lvo>qtsvu wvuy>Þ·ßhl:Þ3pÐ3u{pÞ3×vnâÕ¢Ú5AÚ5uu5קբ}e×vß{o>}3×wuy>Þ{u|)~ÔÚè L L Þá{psvpu u{Twvsß5}e×C{pu5×tsu× u5Þ3s yro>qtsvorwvu"u8[u5ß{oÙÕ @ = MTu~vpÚnpuT×t{Þá{or}e×ÐepÞ3~vlvorqDsuxwvu y>Þ)ßhl:Þ3AÐeu1{pÞ3×vnâÕ¢Ú5EW pÚu · y Þ~vy>sn"Ðep}3npnpux~:Þ3A{po>ßsvy>u u5×Õ¢}e×vß{o>}3× wvu!y Þ1{u|)~ÔÚ5pÞá{svAu=u{Twvs{hÞ3sDå w
(54) PQÞ3ß5ßpÚ{o>}3× ~:Þá`ÐeorØDÞáÐeu L ? W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvs |Ú5ß5Þ3×vornp|u=o>×vwvsß{oÙÕ L. 7. B. =. ;? A C. ;7. B: B: B BIB B. BB= B&C B7. : B. C =. =B &= = &= A =7.
(55) * *
(56)
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(58) P o>×voÙ{o>Þá{or}e×wu5n Ú5ßy Þ3orpn1u{wvu y Þ wvu5×npor{pÚ!w
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(60) Öty P uäÞ3s×ts:Þ.è Ðeu5snpu!u{Ty Þ1~y>svoru L L B@ A ]Io>y>Þ3×·|o>ßp}e~vlCmDnporqtsvu=w:Þ3×vn`y>Þ1~:Þ3â{o>u ß5}e×CØeuß{porØeuwvu=y>Þ1Ðey Þ3ßu"~vAo>|)Þ3o>Au3ÖDy Þ1×vuo>Ðeu u{,yru=ÐepÚnpo>y L L B C ]Io>y>Þ3×·wvunXunp~Ô5ßu5n |o>ßp}e~ltmDnAo>qtsvu5n,w:Þá×vn,y Þ1~:Þ3â{oru=nA{pÞá{oÙÕ¢}ep|u L B 7 ]Io>y>Þ3×|)orß5A}e~vlCmDnpo>qtsvuTw:Þ3×n^y>Þ~:ÞáA{oru,nA{pÞá{oÙÕ¢}ep|u`wvuTy Þ!Ðey Þáß5u,~vpor|Þáo>puáÖey Þ!×vuo>Ðeu u{,yru=ÐepÚnpo>y L L B 6#: ]Io>y>Þ3×wu5nunp~Ô5ß5un,Ú5y>uß{ppo>qtsvun`u{`wu"y Þxwu5×vnAor{Ú wvu"ßhl:Þ3AÐeu"{}á{hÞ3yruXw:Þá×vny Þ~:Þ3A{po>u ß5}e×CØ3u5ß{porØ3u L L B 6&6 ]Io>y>Þ3×xwu5nLÚ5ßhl:Þá×vÐeu5nLwvu`ßhlvÞ3pÐeun_w:Þ3×vn_y>Þ ~:Þ3â{oruß5}e×CØ3u5ß{porØ3uX~Ô}esvæy>ÞXØáÞ3~Ôu5sv_w
(61) P uäÞás u{,yru5n,~:Þ3â{o>ßsvy>un`y>orqDso>wvun L L B 6 ]Io>y>Þ3×wvu5n"Úßhl:Þ3×vÐ3u5n=wvu1ßhlvÞ3pÐeun"w:Þ3×n y Þ~:Þ3â{o>uß5}e×CØ3u5ß{porØ3u ~[}es y>un ~:ÞáA{orß5svyru5n Ðey Þáß5Ú5un L L B 6 O B ]Io>y>Þ3×·nAsv,y>u"{pÞ3×vnA~[}eâ{Twvu5n,ßhl:Þ3AÐeu5nTÚ5yru5ß{porqtsvu5n,w:Þ3×nTy>Þ1~:Þ3â{o>u=ß}e×CØeuß{oÙØeu L B 6 ]Io>y>Þ3×·wvu!y>Þwu5×vnAor{Ú!wvu!ßhl:ÞápÐeu!×vus{pÞ3y>ornpÚ5u=wvÞ3×vn,y Þ ~:Þ3â{oru"ß5}e×CØ3u5ß{porØ3u L B 6 =]Io>y>Þ3×wu5nunp~Ô5ß5un,Ú5y>uß{ppo>qtsvun`u{`wu"y Þxwu5×vnAor{Ú wvu"ßhl:Þ3AÐeu"{}á{hÞ3yruXw:Þá×vny Þ~:Þ3A{po>u nA{pÞá{porÕ¢}eA|)u L L B 6#? ]Io>y>Þ3×=wvunÊÚ5ßhlvÞ3×vÐeunÊwvu^ßhl:Þ3pÐ3u5nÛw:Þ3×vnÝy Þ`~:Þ3â{o>uLnâ{Þ.{orÕ¢}3p|u_~[}esÛy>Þ,ØáÞ3~Ôu5sÝw
(62) P uäÞás u{,yru5n,~:Þ3â{o>ßsvy>un`y>orqDso>wvun L L B 6 A]Io>y>Þ3×·wvun,Ú5ßhl:Þ3×Ðeu5nTwvu=ßhl:Þ3AÐeu5nTw:Þ3×n`y Þ1~:Þ3â{oru=nA{pÞá{oÙÕ¢}ep|u ~Ô}esv`yru5n`~:ÞáA{orß5svyru5n Ðey Þáß5Ú5un L L B 6 CO]Io>y>Þ3× wvuy Þ wvu5×npor{pÚwuxßhl:Þ3AÐeu×vu5s{pÞ3yro>nAÚ5u!~:Þ3Ty>unTÚß5y>Þ3o>AnTwvÞ3×vnTy ÞpÚ5Ð3o>}e×nA{pÞ.è {oÙÕ¢}ep|u L L 6 np}e×w:Þ3Ðeu!o>×or{o>Þ3ywvu!y P }eÞáÐeu=npsv~Ôu5Aß5uy>y>sy Þ3orpu L GI}esv~Ôu5n^lv}epo#5> }e×C{Þ3y>unbwu y Þ=ØDor{pu5npnAu ØeuA{po>ßäÞáy>uTu{^wvsØeu×C{ =!êD|Ötu{Iwvu5nb{hÞ3s0å)wvu ~vpÚß5or~vor{Þá{or}e× Þ3snp}3y : |o>×
(63) Ö+= : |)or×
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(68) PQu5Þ3s
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(72) Ö : |)or×
(73) Ö ?;: |o>× u{ C : |)or× L 6 =JæØe}eyrs{or}e×·{u|)~Ô}epuy>yru"wvs|Þ.å0or|1sv|w
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(75) PQu5Þ3s
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(80) Ö_WDZ"Y 7 CÖ u{XW0Z Y 7 C"o>×vw L L = 6 W0}e×vwvÞ3Ðeu=o>×or{o>Þ3y[Þ3w:Þ3~{pÚ!wvu c 3@3 @3/h+ g )64@3< ;:&:&: L = S7|ÞáÐeu5nTnÞá{pu5yry>or{pu!w:Þ3×vnXy>u!Ø0ornpo#v y>uwvuxyzPQ}3Þ3Ðeu!wvs 6#: A7 svory>y>u{ 6#7&7&? y>}eAnXwuxy ÞßäÞá|è ~:Þ3Ðe×uW0H,JLMTZTF ;: KTHTGÆu{ :<6#: KXHTG L = B GI}esv~Ôu5nlv}eAo> }e×C{hÞ3yru5n 6#: êD| w P Þ3yÙ{oÙ{svwvuwvu y>ÞØDor{unpnAuØ3u5A{po>ß5Þ3y>uu{wvs Øeu×C{ w:Þ3×vn,y>Þ1ß5}esv~Ôu 6 l u{ l0B : wvu!npor|1svy>Þá{or}e× L. 6&6. 6#: #6 : = 6#:;? 6#: A 6#:;7 6#:;7 6&6;6 6&6 6&6 = 6&6)? 6&6)? 6&6)7. 6 : 6 !6 6 6. 6 B 6 A 6 B&A 6 B;C 6B7.
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(85) P Þánpß5u×vw:Þ3×ß5u3Ö`ws|Þ¥åor|1sv| wvu nps+npoÙè wvu5×ß5u3Öwvs|)Þ.å0o>|1s| wvu!ßhl:Þ3|~Ú5yru5ß{pporqDsuu{Twvu!y Þ1y>}3×vÐesvusv`wvu5n,Úß5y Þáo>pn L = ? GI}esv~Ôu5nØ3u5A{po>ß5Þ3y>unw:Þ3×vn`yzP Þ¥åu=ws·Øeu5×C{TwvsÞá~v~[}3A{`wvu=|Ú5y>Þ3×vÐeuXwvs ÐeAÚ5npory Ö0wvu"y Þ ×vu5orÐeu3Öwvu!y Þ1Ðey>Þ3ß5u=u{Xwuy>Þ1~vy>so>u L L = @A JæØe}eyrs{or}e×·{u|)~Ô}epuy>yru"wvs{hÞ3s0å·wvu~vpÚß5o>~or{hÞ.{o>}3×·o>×vnâ{hÞ3×C{Þ3×vÚ5uÞ3snA}ey L = C GIsv|1svyrn`wvu!~vpÚß5or~vor{Þá{or}e× Þ3snp}ey L L = 7 E u5×npor{pÚ!w
(86) PQÚß5y>Þ3o>An`npo>|xsvy>Úu"~:Þ3 Únp}áè7R Ñ(u{T}IvnAu5âØeÚ5u L = 6#: Y_p}::yrnØeuA{orßäÞ3sDåo>×voÙ{o>Þ3s0åwvuG`F u{Tw
(87) P F L = 6&6 GI}esv~Ôu5nbØeu5â{orßäÞ3yru5nLw:Þ3×vn^y PQÞ.å0u,wvsØeu×C{wvunIÞá~v~[}3A{nLwvuX|)Úy Þ3×Ðeu`wvsG`F B ?&:&: n,u{ 7&:&:;: n L L = 6 GI}esv~Ôu5n`ØeuA{po>ßäÞáy>u5n`wvÞ3×vn`y PQÞ.å0u=wvsØeu×t{Twvun,Þ3~v~Ô}eâ{n`wvu!|Ú5y Þá×vÐeu"wvuF B ?&:&: n,u{ 7&:&:;: n L L = 6 B»GI}esv~Ôu5nÛØeu5â{orßäÞ3yru5nÊwvÞ3×vnÊyzP Þ¥åubwvsxØ3u5×C{_wvsxÞ3~v~Ô}eâ{Êwvu^|)Úy Þ3×ÐeuLwvuÑ GÑ"F1Ö3Ñ F u{TÑXR"F 7&:&:;: n L L = 6 GI}esv~Ôu5n`ØeuA{po>ßäÞáy>u5n,wvun,Þ3~v~Ô}eâ{n,wvu!|)Úy Þ3×Ðeu"wvunT}äåDmDwvu5nXw
(88) PQÞ>5}3{pu ,B ?&:&: n L = 6 O = GI}esv~Ôu5n`ØeuA{po>ßäÞáy>u5n,wvun,Þ3~v~Ô}eâ{n,wvu!|)Úy Þ3×Ðeu"wvunT}äåDmDwvu5nXw
(89) PQÞ>5}3{pu 7;:&:&: n L = 6#? GI}esv~Ôu5n)lv}epo#>5}e×C{Þ3y>unwu5npÞ3~v~Ô}eA{pn)wu|Ú5y Þá×vÐeuwvu5nNo R"FXåºu{wvu y ÞØDor{unpnAu ØeuA{orßäÞ3yruL B ?&:&: n,u{ 7&:;:&: n L L = 6 O A GI}esv~Ôu5n)lv}epo#>5}e×C{Þ3y>unwu5npÞ3~v~Ô}eA{pn)wu|Ú5y Þá×vÐeuwvu5nNo R"FXåºu{wvu y ÞØDor{unpnAu ØeuA{orßäÞ3yruL wvo9[8 Ú5Au5×C{unXÞáyr{oÙ{svwu5n`u{Twvo 8 Úpu×t{pu5n,Ú5ßhlÚäÞ3×vßu5nT{u5|~Ô}epuy>y>un( L = 6 O C JæØe}eyrs{or}e× {u5|~Ô}epuy>y>u=wuy>Þyr}e×vÐesu5sv,wvun Ú5ßy Þ3orpn`u{ wvuy Þ |)Þ3npnAuwuxR F ~p}áè wvsvoÙ{n`~:Þ3`yru5n,Ú5ßy Þ3orpn? L L = 6#7 Y_p} 7Auß{or}e×wvu!y Þ1ßu5y>yrsvy>u ∆x Ö ∆y L L L = ;: JæØe}eyrs{or}e×Â{u|)~Ô}epuy>yruxwvuy Þ·wu5×vnAor{Ú wu +vs0å§w:Þ3×nyzPQu×vß5yrsv|u1wvu y PQÞ3or5ÖÔwvs G`F1Ö wvu!y P F Ö:wvunXR F wvu=Õ¢}e×vwu{,wvu!y>Þ {p}3{hÞáy>or{pÚ wvun R F L = <6 JæØe}eyrs{or}e×{pu5|~[}3pu5yry>u=wvuy Þwvu×vnpoÙ{Úxwu +:s0å w:Þá×vnXyzPQu×vß5yrsv|uwu1Ñ"GÑ F1Ö[Ñ F. 6 : 6 :. 6 6 6. 6. 6. 6 = 6 ? 6 A 6 7 6=6 6= 6= 6= 6 =;= 6 =&= 6 =;A u{TÑXR"F L L 6#?;: 3. 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. x. 3. x. 3. x. 6.
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(94) §@38 6<;<Ý64I@3< ;:;: = L 6 ?. = 6 MTÚnpsv|Úwvu5n)u5nA{po>|)Þá{or}e×vn wvunnA}esvpßu5n)u{)wvu5n)o>×vßu5A{por{psvwvu5nwvu ~vp}Dwvsvß{o>}3×Äwvu R"F yru5n,~vyrsvn`o>|~[}3A{hÞá×t{pu5n L L 6 B = GI}0uF$ß5o>u×C{n,wvuÑXu×vAmu 8 uß{oÙÕ¢n K ~Ô}esv`yru5n`u5nA~[ß5un np}3y>s+vyru5n{pÞ3oÙ{Ú5un( L 6 B ? = B HÊÞ6vy>u5Þ3s)ß}e|~:Þ3Þ.{orÕÔwvun^wu5×vnAor{Ún^wu +:sDå}I{u×tsvu5n^~:Þ3Ly>un^}Inpu5âØáÞá{or}e×vnLu{b~:Þ3 y>un`npo>|xsvy Þá{po>}e×n< L L 6 = C x. ∗. 6B.
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