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Pregnancy diagnosis in the mare

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(1)

PREGNANCY

DIAGNOSIS

Dr. Jérôme PONTHIER

DVM, M. Sc., Ph. D., Diplomate

ECAR

(2)

Pregnancy diagnosis in the

equine

Hormonal assays

• Progesterone

• eCG (=PMSG)

• Oestrone-sulfate

• Relaxine

• Others?

Physical methods

• Palpation

• Transrectal US

• Transabdominal US

(3)

Hormonal assays

Primary CL Ovulation PMSG Placenta Progestagen s d0 d32-35 d40-50 d80-90 d132-135 Secondary CL Progesteron e

(4)

Hormonal assays

• Progesterone:

– d4 > d±160

(end of secretion of secondary CL)

• Never after: placenta produces Progestagens and

very few progesteron

– A cyclic mare will spend 2/3 of her life under

progesterone

(oestrus=5-7d; dioestrus

=14-15j)

• The worst pregnancy diagnosis

– Repeat the assays?

3 bloods samples at 5d

intervals

• If one sample with low progesterone: not pregnant

• If all samples with low progesterone: no conclusion

(5)

Hormonal assays

• eCG (=PMSG):

– d40(50) > d100(110)

(small concentrations

are not detected by assays)

– Produced by

endometrial cups

(see your

specific physiology)

– If embryo dies

after day 37:

• Endometrial cups will produce eCG until day

135-140

• FALSE POSITIVE (no embryo viability

assessement)

• The only relevant information: « At day 32, your

mare was pregnant… »

(6)

Hormonal assays

• Estrone-sulfate:

– d90(100) to the end

of pregnancy (Quite

late)

– Produced by fetal gonades (even if it’s a

male)

• Fetal viability

– High oestrogen concentrations in

equine late pregnancy

• Cubboni test

(7)

Hormonal assays

• Relaxine:

– d80(90) to the end: quite late

Relaxine is produced by the placenta (and

in a small proportion by corpus luteum)

Fetal viability !!!!

Quite late hormonal assay

Commercial quick assays (ELSIA

sandwich) are not recognizing equine

Relaxine

(8)

Hormonal assays

• Others:

– PAG: not definitively isolated in the

equine, moreover in blood!!!

(9)

Physical methods

• Palpation:

– All the uterus (!body

and

horns!)

– d28 to the end

No blind period (unlike cows)

Movements > Viability (?)

Fetal age: 110cm at 11 months

OK for me OK for

(10)

Physical methods

• Transrectal US:

d6 Embryo inside the uterus d10 Early pregnancy diagnosis

d14 Classical pregnancy diagnosis (14mm)

d16-17 Fixation

d21 Embryo appears in the vesicle

d28 Heart beatings (28mm)

d30 Embryo goes up on allantoïd vesicle

d35 Embryo at the middle of the vesicle

Implantation (endometrial cups formation)

d40 Embryo at the top of the vesicle

d45-50

Embryo goes down with umbilical chord and surrounded by amnios vesicle

(11)

Physical methods

• Transrectal US:

d6 Embryo inside the uterus

d10 Early pregnancy diagnosis

d14 Classical pregnancy diagnosis (14mm)

d16-17 Fixation

d21 Embryo appears in the vesicle

d28 Heart beatings (28mm)

d30 Embryo goes up on allantoïd vesicle

d35 Embryo at the middle of the vesicle

Implantation (endometrial cups formation)

d40 Embryo at the top of the vesicle

d45-50

Embryo goes down with umbilical chord and surrounded by amnios vesicle

d14

•Scan of

Body &

Horns!

•Ddx with

endomtrial cysts

Gemellity!!!!

(ovaries may help

in diagnosis)

(12)

Physical methods

• Transrectal US:

d6 Embryo inside the uterus

d10 Early pregnancy diagnosis

d14 Classical pregnancy diagnosis (14mm)

d16-17 Fixation

d21 Embryo appears in the vesicle d28 Heart beatings (28mm)

d30 Embryo goes up on allantoïd vesicle

d35 Embryo at the middle of the vesicle

Implantation (endometrial cups formation)

d40 Embryo at the top of the vesicle

d45-50

Embryo goes down with umbilical chord and surrounded by amnios vesicle

(13)

Vitell

us

Embr yo •Allant oïde

Physical methods

• Transrectal US:

d6 Embryo inside the uterus

d10 Early pregnancy diagnosis

d14 Classical pregnancy diagnosis (14mm)

d16-17 Fixation

d21 Embryo appears in the vesicle

d28 Heart beatings (28mm)

d30 Embryo goes up on allantoïd vesicle

d35 Embryo at the middle of the vesicle

Implantation (endometrial cups formation)

d40 Embryo at the top of the vesicle

d45-50

Embryo goes down with umbilical chord and surrounded by amnios vesicle

D35-40

(14)

Physical methods

• Trans

abdo

minal US:

– 3.5MHz Probe

– d90 to the end

Gemellity =

???

Viability

(heart beating,…)

Timing of mating (if

unknown)

Orbital diameter (trans-rectal)Stomach diameter

(trans-abdo)

Posterior aorta diameter (trans-abdo)

Intercostal space length (trans-abdo)

(15)

Hormonal assays

Type Precocity Viability Practical use Palpation d28++ ++ ++ Trans-rectal US d14(10)+++ + +++ Trans-abdo US d90+ +++ +++ Progesterone d6+ - 0 PMSG (=eCG) d40+ - ++ Oestrone sulfate -d90 + ++ Relaxine d80- + 0

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