Étude et simulation d'un schéma de réservation de bande passante dans les réseaux ad-hoc
36
0
0
Texte intégral
(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Étude et simulation d’un schéma de réservation de bande passante dans les réseaux ad-hoc Saadi Boudjit. N° 4102 Janvier 2001. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--4102--FR. THÈME 1. apport de recherche.
(3)
(4)
(5) !"#$%'&!"( )&*+, .-./0 1 23 4( 5&"( (768:9;< = >?>A@!B#C1D?E!@;FGBIH J)K;LMONOPRQTS(UGVWNGXZY\[7N]^VW_\V`]aLMONGV bdcaegf`N]^h#ikjlNGcameZM S^XgjnjAeZcW]#o\N,cWNpmqKnNcqmqKnNsrAt!u;PGvxw3Q8yxXgr{z{i|NGc(wZvZv;P(Q8}xw3jlXg~ZNpV. {G (NGVcaUGVWNGXZY\[cqXZo\ikejANcaMON]W]aXgrx]3o\N<meZrnrnNpm]aNco\NpVeZcqo\i|rlX]WNGYncqVRonN<MOXZrnikLcaNOXo{Kne\m VWeZrx]NrjnkNikronUzZNG|ejnjANMONrx]G!NM<X]WUGcWikN N[\iV`]aNZ!o\NGVjncaeg]ae\meZkNGV3o\NcaeZYn]aXg~N7VWeZrx]1NGrmeYncaV onN,rneZcaM<XgkikVaX]ai|er;NjANr;onXZrx]Gn ikrx]WUG~ZcqX]WikeZr0o\NxY;XZ|i|]WUo\NVWNcaz{ikmNcWNpV`]aNRY;rj;cWen|LGMONm|Uo;Xgr;V Y\]Wik|iVaX]WikeZr:o XZjnjnkikmGX]WikeZrlVdM3Y;]aiMOUGo\iXVWYnco\N^]WNGkVcWUpV NpXgY\[{N^caXZjnjlec ]onN^caNGmqKnNGcamqKnN#meZr;VWiV`]aN XgAeZcqo\Nc^mN,]WK;LMON1VWeZY;V# Xgrn~|N3jn|YlV#caNGV ]WcaNikr]Ro\NX<cWUpV NGcWzXg]WikeZr¡o\N3lXgr;o\N3j;XZVaVWXZrx]WNZlNjncaeg ;|LGMNNGV ]+imi!jnkY;Vo\i|¢:mik|NOxYnN1onXZr;VR|NpV^caUGVWNGXZY\[¡mXZVaV ixYnNGVRmXZc^kNGVmernrnN[\ikeZr;V^i|rx]aNcW£¤LcaNrx]+kNGV Y;rnNGV1X¥zZNGmOkNGVXgYn]WcaNGVG ¦{i eZr§Y\]ai|kikVWNonN7X¡;Xgrlo\N:j;XVWVaXgrx]WN:VWYnc1YnrnNmeZrnr;N[\i|er XZ|ecaV3o XZY\]WcaNGV meZrnr;N[\i|er;V(zeZikNrx]#|NGYnc^o\UGni|]Ro\ikMOi|r{YnNGcGA¨#eZYlV#rneY;V(jncaeZjAeVWeZr;V(onN]WcaeZY;zZNc#onNGV^VamqKnUGMOXV#o\NcaU VWNcazX]ai|erOonN#;Xgrlo\N#j;XVWVaXgrx]WN(NGr{zxiVaXg~ZNpXgnkNGV!o Ynr:jAeZikrx]o\N#z{YnN+Xgk~ZeZcai|]WKnMOiY;NZgN]o Nr7XZr;Xgk_\V NGc kNGV#jlNGc £¤ecWM<XgrlmNGV)o\Y0jAeZikrx]^o\Nz{YnNcaXo\ike;lN]W]WNU]WY;onNV Xgjnj;|ixYnNjncWikr;mi|j;XZ|NGMONrx]^XgY\[cWUpV NpXgY\[ Xo{Kne\m© VWXZr;V)ikr\£¤caXV`]acWYlm]WY;cWNªnkNGV)rne{NYlonV(NYn[7MO«MONGV(caNXgikNrx])|NpV(j;XY;N]aVq¬ ¯®;°p±q²Z³I{ XZo\Kne\mZ\;Xgr;onNRjlXZVaVWXZr]aNZ;´+ex¦. Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France) Téléphone : +33 1 39 63 55 11 — Télécopie : +33 1 39 63 53 30.
(6) 4 7 &( )& *R 3 $,-0 < ,&< G° n²Z°Z J)KnN3XZonKne\mrnN]
(7) ec\V#XZ|ke
(8) (i|r;~O]We7meZrnrnNpm]meZMOjnYn]WNcqV#ikrXgr XZo\Kne\m,M<XZrnrnNcRXgcaNikr XZrXZo\zXZr;mNpoV ]aXZ~ZN,eZ£ onNzZNG|ejnMONrx]G J)KnN,ikr\£¤cqXZV ]WcaY;m]aYncWN,N[\ikV ]aV+Xgr;o]aKnN3V ]aXgrlonXgcqo\iGX]ai|er0eg£!]WKnN j;cWeZ]We\mekVReg£)caeZY\]ai|rn~¡iV,ikr jncWe~ZcaNGVaV<h^ e
(9) NGzZNcp?]WK;N:i|rx]aN~ZcqX]ai|er eZ£)xY;XZ|i|]`_ eZ£)VWNcaz{ikmNcaNM<XZi|r;V XjncWenkNM i|r]WKnNY;VWN:eg£#M1Yn]aiMONGo\iX XZjnjnkikmGX]ai|er;VikrVWY;mqK§rnN ]
(10) ec \VG J)KniV3caNGVWNGXZcamqK caNjAeZcW] meZr;VWiV`]#]ae7Xgj;jncWexXZmqK]WK;ikV^]Wejnikm3Ynr;o\NGc+X7cWNpV`]acWim]aNGo0Xgrn~|N3eg£d;XZr;o
(11) (io{]WKcaNGVWNcazX]ai|er#J)KnN~eXg iV+]We ;r;o X7;XZr;o
(12) (io{]WK cWNpV NGcWzXg]WikeZrVamqKnNMONGV+jAeVaV iknkN3£¤caeZM XZ|~eZcai]aKnMOikm,jAeZikrx],eg£dz{i|N
(13) ¯Xgrlo¡]We XZr;Xgk_\V N+]WK;N,jlNGc £¤ecWM<XgrlmNGV£¤caeZM4cqXZoni|eOjAeZikr](eZ£z{ik N
(14) , ? ± 3 ® Z XZo{Kne\mg{;XZr;o
(15) (io{]WK?´+ex¦.
(16) }.
(17)
(18) . 1 &!< NGV)caUGVWNGXgYn[VWXZr;V ;V(jlNGYnzZNGrx])«]WcaNmXZVaV i ;UpVNGr¡o\NY\[mX]aU~eZcai|NpVª cWUpV NpXgY\[7X¥zNGmRikr\£¤caXV`]acWYlm]WY;cWN Y ^ ¨ J © ¡eni|k!N (o{Kne\m,¨#N ]
(19) eZc \Va¬ cWUpV NpXgY\[7VaXgrlV)i|r\£¤cqXZV ]WcaY;m]WYncaNeZ "^rOcWUpV NpXgY ikr\£¤cqXZV ]WcaY;m]aYncWN(meZr;VWikV ]WN)NGr1YnrOcaUGVWNGXZY1X¥zZNpmonNGVdV ]aXg]WikeZr;V o\N);XV N(m$#gnkUNpV!N] n[\NGVGgN MOeni|kN,meMM1YnrnixYnNRX¥zNGm+kXOV ]aXg]WikeZr0o\N;XZVWNRxYnimeZYnz{caN+X ernN,o\N,VWX1|e\mGXgkikVaX]ai|er\NMOeZnik|N jANYn]OVWNonUjnXZmNc|ecaV1o Y;rnN¡meZMOM1YnrnimX]ai|erN]<o\N0mN7£IXgi|]ik(V N0mernrnNGm]WNX¥zZNGm7YnrnNrneZY;zZNkkN V ]aXg]WikeZr<o\N#lXZVWN(N]meZrx]Wikr{YnN^VaX,meZMOM1YnrnimX]ai|erOzxiX,mN] ]aN^o\NcarnikLcaNZZxY;XZr;oOik;NGV ]NGr:o\NKnecaV onN#kX GeZrnNRmeYnzZNGc ]aN#j;Xgc V er7XgrlmikNrnrnNRV`]qX]ai|er7o\NR;XZVWNZ& %+XZr;V Ynr:caUGVWNGXgY:Xo{Kne\m(]WeY;V|NpVrne{NGY;onV)V erx] MOeni|kNGV)N](jlNGYnzZNGr](«]WcaNmeZrnr;NGm]aUGV(o\_{r;XZMOikxYnNGMNGrx](o Ynr;NRM<XZrni|LGcWN,XZcWni|]WcqXgikcaNZnK;XZxYnNrne{NYlo o;Xgr;VYnr ]WNGdcaUGVWNGXgYV N<meZMOjlec ]aNmeZMOMONOYnr cWeY\]WNGYncN]j;XZc ]aikmi|jAN X0o\UGmeZYnzNcW]WNOo\NGVcaeZYn]WNGV N] XmqKnNMOikrnNMONGr]o\NGV3j;XZxYnN]aVzNcqVo XgY\]acWNpVrne{NGY;onV3o;Xgr;V3|N:caUGVWNGXZY X ;~ZY;cWNP7Merx]WcaN Y;r¡cWUpV NpXgY¡XZo{Kne\m,o\er]#kNGV^rne{NY;o;V^VWeZrx]^o\iV`]acWiknYnUpV#o YnrnN3M<XZrni|LGcWNXZ|UpX]aeZikcWNN]+Ynr¡N[\NMOjnkN3o\N onNY\[meZMOM3Y;rnikmGX]ai|er;V(xYniV ikr]aNcW£¤LcaNrx]#VWXZr;V)jAeZYnc#XZY\]aXZr](j;XZc ]qXg~Nc(o\N|ikNrlV . . noeud3. noeud1. noeud4. noeud2. ')(+*-, Pª/.0 132 46578:9 <;/=>33 ?
(20) @$. XVWNGm]WikeZr0xYniV Y;i]#jANY\]#«]WcaNNr0XgrnrnN[\NZ\N](j;XZc#mer;V UpxYnNrx])Nk|N,r NGV ](j;XZV)r;UGmNpVWVaXgikcaN^jAeZYnc XOmeMj;cWUGKnNr;VWikeZronNGV#VWNGm]WikeZr;V(VWYnikz¥XZrx]WNGVG. ABADC EFHGJIK.
(21) u. @.
(22) Z`&
(23) 5( 5&!"( (76 3<9;< b!eZY;c(£IXZmi|ki]aNc+kX<meZMOM3Ynr;ikmGX]WikeZr¡onXZr;V(Ynr¡caUGVWNGXZYXo{Kne\mgnYnr¡j;cWeZ]We\me|N,o\NcaeZYn]aXg~NNGV ]#rnU mNGVaVWXZi|caN3jAeZY;c,kXo\UGmeZYnzNcW]WNOo\NGVRcaeZY\]aNGVNGr]acWNkNGVrne{NYlonV e\f`NGm]Wi|£NpVWVWNrx]WikN o Ynrjncaeg]We\meZkN onNcWeY\]aXZ~ZNonXZr;V#Y;rcWUpV NpXgY¡XZo\Kne\mNpV`]^ U]aXZnkikVaV NGMONrx]+o\N1kX<caeZYn]WN3o YnrnN3MOXZrnikLcaN3mecWcaNGm]WN,N] N¢:mXZmNNrx]WcaNo\NYn[rne{NGY;onV#o\NVWeZcW]WNxYnN,kNGV#MNpVWVaXg~NGV(VWeZikNrx]#o\UkikzxcaUGV^o Y;rnN,£IX eZreZjnjAeZcW]WY;rnNZ Xmer;V ]WcaY;m]ai|ero\N7XcaeZYn]WN7o\ei]O«]acWN:£IXgi|]WN0X¥zZNGmOY;rMOi|r;i|M1YnM o\NmeZr;VWeZMOM<X]ai|ero\N7lXgr;o\N jlXZVaVWXZr]aN#onXgrlVdkN^caUGVWNGXgY<o\Y;N+XgYn[UpmqK;Xgrn~NGVo\NGVj;XZxYnN]aVonN+merx]Wc ZkN(Nrx]WcaN#rne{NYlonV AN[\ikV ]WN+o\NGV j;cWeZ]We\me|NpV^o\N1cWeY\]aXZ~ZNcaUGXm]Wi|£IV©¤caeZY\]aN1mXZkmYnkUN kXo\NGMOXZr;o\N¥¬(N],o\NpV+j;cWeZ]We\me|NpV(jncaeXZm]Wi|£IV1©IkX caeZYn]WNNGV ]#mXgmY;|UGN X¥zXZr;mN¥¬ ¨^eZY;V Xgk|er;VjncWUpV NGrx]WNc onXgrlVmN+xYni?V Yni|])YnrXZjlNGc Y:o\NRonNY\[<jncai|rlmikj;XgY\[O]`_{jANGV o\N+j;cWeZ]We\me|NpV onN3caeZY\]qXg~ZN3jncWejlexV UpV(jAeZYncR|NpV^caUGVWNGXZY\[¡XZo{Kne\mglYnr NpV`]RcWUpXZm]ai£^© % R¬#]aXZr;o\iV` xYnN XZY\]WcaN3NpV`] j;cWexXZm]ai£IVp© R¦\S^¬
(24)
(25). . . . . . . . . . . "!$#%!&'!)(+*-,.*/ "!10#%2435*/ "672$&8#"9+:<;>=@?BA. CD;@,FEHG.!&I=BJK?>*MLN2$J ,O?P9RQSE. #%2$J &'*-AT*U&8#V!) 'W@XZY\[. NGV ];XZVWUdV Y;c|N j;cWUpmLGonNrx]Xgk~ZecWi|]WKnMON o\N caeZY\]qXg~N %¦<% © %+NGV ]Wikr;X]ai|er3¦{NGxYnNGr;mNpo %+iV`]qXgr;mN pN m]aeZc S#eZY\]ai|rn~ #k~ZecWi|]WKnM:¬RNGV eZ\f`Npm]Wi|£IV onN XZ|~eZcai]aKnMON % jANY;zZNrx]«]WcaNcaUGVWYnMOUGV meZMOMON,V Yni|]ª P dki|MOikrnNc<kNANGVWeZikro Ynr;N0oni ?Y;VWi|er~|e;XgkNo\NpVi|r\£¤ecWM<Xg]WikeZr;Vo\NcWeY\]aXZ~ZNo;Xgr;V1]WeY;V|N cWUpV NpXgY0XZo{Kne\mg w¥ ¡ikrni|MOiV NGc#kN+]aNMOj;V#o Xg] ]WNGrx]WNxY;Xgrloo\N,r;eZYnzNk|NpVcaeZYn]WNGV(VWeZrx]#o\NGMOXZr;o\UGNGVG ®;° { x ² I° {²g°p n³ {Z XZ|~eZcai]aKnMON % rnN£IXgi|]XZY;mY;rnN1K{_{jAeg]WK;LGVWN1VWjlUpmi lxYnN<V YncRXmeZY;mqKnN1jnK{_\V ixYnNXZY\]WcaN1xYnN kNGV(VWYnikzXgrx]WNpVª NpVdrne{NYlonV zZeikVWikr;V jANYnzNrx]UGmeZY\]aNc kNYncqVoni ?Y;VWi|er;V caNGVWjlNpm]WikzZNpVªgkNGVdrne{NY;onVzZeikVWi|rlVdV erx] |NpV(rne{NYlonV(V UGj;XgcaUGV j;XZc(YnrnNo\iV ]aXgrlmNi|rn£¤Ucai|NGYncWN X1jAeZcW]WUGNo\Y0V ik~Zr;XZo\NmqK;XY;N+rne{NGY;o NpV3ki|NGr;V1Nrx]WcaN7kNGV1rne{NY;o;V3zeZiV ikr;V3VWeZrx]OV _{MOU]acWixYnNGVª VWikNr;exNGY;o
(26) jlNGY\]NGrx]WNrlo\cWNkX ]WcqXgr;VWMOikVaVWi|ero\Yrne{NY;o RnmNpmi?i|MOjnkiY;NY;N+kNrne{NY;o jANY\](Nrx]aNr;o\caNkX3]WcqXgrlV MOiVWVWi|er o\Y0rne{NY;o 3 ² ® ²g° I® { ?°Z b!eYnc xYnNRkN+caeZY\]qXg~N(£¤eZr;m]WikeZrnr;N+N¢<mGXZmNMONrx]G\mqK;XxYnN^rne{NGY;o7onXZr;V|NRcWUpV NpXgY7oneZi|])VWN+meZr\£¤ecWMONc Ynr0NrlV NGM3nkNRonNRcaL~|NpV)Y;imeZkkNGm]ai|zNMONrx]pnmeZrlV`]ai]aYnNrx]( Xgk~ZecWi|]WK;MNRo % 3;NGV caL~ZkNGV)o\N lXZVWNVWeZrx]©IVWNcWU£¤UcaNc(XgYn[ ;~YncWNpV)}1N] 1jleYnc(Ynr¡VWmUr;XZcWikei|k|YlV`]acaXg]Wi|£a¬ª JeY;VkNGVRrne{NY;o;V,XZmmNj\]aNrx]o\N£IXgikcWNcaeZY\]aNc|NpVRj;XZxYnN]aV,o\N<o\ernrnUNpVRN],|NpVi|rn£¤eZcaMOXg]WikeZr;V o\N,caeZY\]qXg~ZNRMO«MONVG ikkV)r;NV er](j;XV(o\ikcWNpm]WNGMONrx](i|MOjnkikxYnUpV#onXZr;V)|N,jlXZxYnN])]acaXZr;V MOiV . . . . a. ^]. cb. . `_. DdUe. fdUg. . . `_. j. ih. Hglk mgnb. po qk. Dg 8kUk. ih. Vk. . . sr. A. tnu 7tv.
(27)
(28)
(29) r. "#rrne{NY;oV eYncqmNVWeZY;K;Xgi|]aXZr]OmeMM1YnrnixYnNc<X¥zZNpm<Ynrrne{NY;oo\NGV ]Wikr;Xg]aXgikcaNo\ei]:o XgAeZcqo. m er;V Y;]aNcOVWX ]aXZn|N0o\NcWeY\]aXZ~ZN¦? i|(r;N7]acWeYnzZNj;XZV1|e\mGXgkNMONrx]3]aeZY\]aNGVkNGVi|rn£¤eZcaMOXg]WikeZr;V V Y;c,kXcWeY\]WN V Y;i|z{caNlikdo\i AYlV NGcaXYnrMONGVaVWXZ~ZN1onNOonNM<Xgr;onNOonNXcWeY\]WN0©¤caeZY\]aNOcWNpY;NGV ] MONGVaVWXZ~ZNReZY0cWcaNG\¬XgY\[rne{NY;onV#zZeZiVWi|r;VG N£¤eZcaMOXg]#o\N,mN,MONGVaVWXZ~ZNRNGV ]#|N,VWYnikz¥XZrx]Gª _. Source. Destination. Seq_no. Hops. PrevHop. ' (+* ,?w\ªB =2 H <;/2 33 ==> . +eZMOMON3kNMNpVWVaXg~NcacWNpVWN1j;cWej;Xg~NonXgr;VRkN3caUGVWNGXZYAmqKlXZxYnNrne{NGY;ocaNGmNzXgrx]+kN3MONpVWVaXg~N oneZi|]MON]W]WcaNX7f`eZY;cVaX]qXgnkN0o\NcaeZYn]aXg~N:NrmcaUGXZr]YnrnNNrx]WcaUN0onXZr;V3X ]aXg;|NjleYncO|Nrne{NYlo VWeZY;camNZ;N]W]WN,eZjAUcqX]ai|erNpV`]#XZjnjlNG|UG N `caNzNcqV N+j;X]aKVWN]aYn j
(30) ,N]#NpV`](MOeZrx]WcaUN,onXZr;V)X l~ZYncaN,}n 2. Destination. 3. 8. Diffusion du message rreq aux voisins 4. 1. Faire suivre le message rreq uniquement si la destination n‘est pas trouve localement.. Source. 5. Transmettre uniquement la premiere copie du meme message rreq. 7 6. ' (+* ,A}nª = 4@&H ; <;/2 33 ==> . d¦{iAYnr:rne{NYlo<cWN ei]Y;r:MONGVaVWXZ~ZN#cacWNpjAeZYnc YnrnNRo\NGV ]Wikr;Xg]WikeZr:XgYn]WcaN+xYnN#kYni?MO«MONZxi|?mer;VWYn ]aNcqX VaX ]aXZn|N¡o\N0caeZY\]qXg~NZd¦? i|)]acWeYnzZNYnrnN0caeZY\]aNzNcqVkX o\NpV`]ai|r;Xg]WikeZro\NM<XZr;o\UN i|(NGr{zZeZi)NGr Y;rnikmGXZV ](Ynr0j;XZxYnN],©IcWeY\]WN,caNj;|_:jlXZxYnN](eYcacWNGjl¬ XgY0rne{NYloVWeZYncqmNz{iX1kN `caNzNcqV N+j;X]aK
(31) D. ABADC EFHGJIK.
(32) @. N,j;XZxYnN])cacaNj0X1kN£¤eZcaM<X]#VWYni|zXZr]pª ReplyTo. Source. Destination. Seq_no. Hops. PrevHop. ' (+* ,Au;ªB =2 H <;/2 3& ==> 4. N,j;XZxYnN])cacaNj0o\eZi|]#X¥zZeZikc)|NMO«MON3¦{Nprne<xYnNkN,j;XZxYnN])cacaNGA "#rOrne{NYlocaNGmNGzXgrx]Y;r1MONGVaVaXg~ZN cacWNp+jAeZY;c |Yni\MO«GMNgo\eZi|] Nr{zZe_Nc NrYnrnimXZV ]!Ynr1MONpVWVaXg~N cWcaNj0XgYrne{NYloVWeZY;camNRX¥zNGm+|N,MO«MON3¦{Nprne<xYnNkN,MNpVWVaXg~N+cacaNGOeZcaik~Zikr;XgkNZ eZMOMON0|Nj;XZxYnN]cacaNjVWNjncWej;Xg~N7zNcqV3kN0rne{NY;oV eYncamNz{iXkN¡mqKnNMOikr cWNGjnk_jlX]WK
(33) q mqK;XZxYnNrne{NGY;o0V Ync(kNmqKnNGMikr0cWNpmNGz¥XZrx])kN,j;XY;N]#o\eZi|]#MON]W]WcaN f`eYnc^VaX1]aXg;|No\N,caeZYn]aXg~N NrmcWUpXgrx]YnrnN:NGrx]WcaUN<jAeZYnckN:rne{NGY;o§o\NGV ]Wikr;Xg]aXgikcaNZXgikr;VWiNpV`],£¤ecWMOUN<X¡caeZY\]aN:o\Y§rne{NYlo V eYncqmN,XgYrne{NY;o0o\NpV`]ai|rlX]WikeZr0meMOMNkN,MOeZrx]WcaNkX ;~YncWN,VWYnikz¥XZrx]WNZª Message rrep en unicast le long du chemin le plus court et destruction des entrees rreq en attente. 2. Destination. 3. 8. 4. 1. Mise a jour des tables de routage en creant des entrees pour le noeud destinataire. Source. 5. 7. Expiration et destruction des entrees rreq en attente.. 6. ' (+* ,cr\ª)=> 4@&H ; <;?2 33 ==> 4. #NpVRrne{NY;onVX¥_xXgrx]^caN YlV^Ynrj;XY;N]cWcaNGM<XgiV^r X¥_xXgrx]+j;XV^NGr{zZe_ZUpV#Ynr MONGVaVWXZ~ZN3cacaNj XZY r;exNGY;o¡VWeZYncqmN,zeZrx]#N[\jnikcWNGc#N]V Y;jnjncai|MONc^ Nrx]WcaUN3cWUpV NGcWzUN,XgY¡rne{NGY;o¡V eYncqmNonXZr;V#kNYncqV)]qXgnkNGV . A. tnu 7tv.
(34)
(35)
(36) . no N+caeZY\]qXg~N#jleYnc)|NmqKnNGMikr caNzZNGcaVWN(j;Xg]WK
(37) \XgjncaLGVYnrmNcW]aXZi|r7]WNMOj;VG\d K{_xjAeg]aKnLGVWN#£IXZi]aN,onXgr;V mN mGXZV(NpV`]xYnN3VWeZi|]^i| r N[\ikV ]WN1j;XZV^o\N1mqKnNGMOi|ro\Y rne{NY;o¡VWeZYncqmNXZY¡rne{NY;o o\NGV ]Wikr;X]ai|er;eYxYnN3mN r;exNGY;or NpV`]#jlXZV(onXZr;V)|N,j;|Y;V^meZY;c ]#mqKnNGMikrNrx]WcaNkXOVWeZYncqmNN]#XOo\NGV ]Wikr;Xg]WikeZr ) "#rrne{NGY;o0cWNpmNGz¥XZrx]#jn|YlV ikNYncqV#jlXZxYnN]qV#cacWNp:N]+xYnirnN1jlNGY\]+jlXZV(NGrxze_ZNGc#o\NMONGVaVWXZ~ZN,cacWNGj XZYrne{NYlo VWeZYncqmNlo\ei]R£IXgikcaNVWYnikzxcaN3Y;rnikxYnNGMONrx]RXjncWNGMOi|LGcWNmeZj;i|NOo\Y MO«GMNMONGVaVWXZ~ZN1cWcaNGN] ik~Zr;eZcaNcdkNGV)XgYn]WcaNGVGNpV j;XZxYnN]aVcWcaNGV ikMOi|XgikcaNGVderx] kN^MO«MONRrne{NY;oV eYncqmN#N] kN^MO«MONRr{YnMOUcae ¦\NGr;e;;NGV)j;XxYnN]qV VWikMikXgikcWNpVjANY;zZNrx]#VWN+jncae\o\YnikcWN mXZY;V No\NpV(mqKnNMOikr;V M3Yn|]WikjnkNGV#o\Yrne{NYlo VWeZY;camNXgY0rne{NY;o Y;ikNGV#caN eZiVld Kx_{jAeg]aKnLGVWN,ikmiNpV`]+xYnN3kX<j;cWNGMikLcaNmejnikN3o\Y¡MONGVaVWXZ~ZN,jncaNrlo ]aeZYf`eYncqVdkN#jnkY;VmeZYncW]mqKnNGMOi|rxi NkN^jnkY;VjlN]Wi|]rneM3ncaN^o\NRVWXZY\]aV+©¤Knej;Vq¬ N])o\N+mN#£IXZi])o\eZi|]«]acWN j;cWU£¤UcaUNZ 0 "#r:r;exNGY;o:VWN#]acWeYnzXgrx]X¥zZNpm(jnkY;VWi|NGYncaVcWeY\]WNpVdzNcqVdYnrnNRmNGc ]qXgikrnN^o\NpV`]ai|r;Xg]WikeZr{VWeZi|] ]acaX¥zNcqV j;|Y;VWikNYncqV(mqKnNMOikr;V cWeY\]WNcaNjnkikNGV
(38) +eZY ]WcqX¥zZNGcaV)o\NpV(MONGVaVWXZ~ZNGV)h^Nk|eOjAUcai|e\o\ixYnNGVG;o\ei](]aeZYf`eYncaV mqK;eZiV ikcYnrnN7cWeY\]WN:meZrx]WNGr;Xgrx]3kN:jnkY;VjAN]ai]rneZM1ncaN7o\N7VaXgY\]qV MOeZikr;V1Y;N:kXcWUGjler;V N<X¡jnkY;V caUGmNrx]WN,XZi](Ynr0rneYnzZNpXgY7r{YnMOUGcWe<o\NVWUGxYnNGr;mN<© ¦\NGr;ex¬ 0 %^NpVonYncWUGNGV o\N^z{ikN+VWeZrx] XVWVWe\mikUNpVdXgY\[<ikr\£¤eZcaM<X]ai|er;Vo\N+cWeY\]aXZ~ZNNpVcaeZYn]WNGVU]qXgrx]rner:Y\]ai kiV UGNGVN[\jnikcWNGrx]!XZjncWLpVY;rnN(mNcW]aXZi|r;NjAUcai|e\o\N(o\N]WNGMOj;V!N]dVWeZrx]!VWYnjnj;cWikMOUNGV!o\N)X#]qXgnkN(o\N)cWeY\]aXZ~ZN )KlXZxYnNrne{NY;oo\ei]#jAUcai|e\o\ixYnNMONGr]#o\i ?Y;V NGc#Ynr0MONGVaVWXZ~ZNh#NG|ke o\NGV)rne{NGY;onV)zZeikVWikr;V N,MNpVWVaXg~NRh^Nk|e<XkN£¤eZcaMOXg]#V YnikzXgrx]ª . _. Source. Seq_no. List of neighbors. ')(+* , ª B =2 H <; 2 3 5 57 ) "#rrne{NGY;o0cWNpmNGz¥XZrx]^Ynr¡MONGVaVWXZ~ZNh^Nk|el;MON] f`eZYnc+NrmeZr;VWUGxYnNGr;mNVaX<kikV ]WN3onN3zZeikVWikr;V(N] aV X<]qXgnkNOo\N1caeZYn]aXg~NZNX7XZVaVWYncWN1kX7MOikVWN f`eZY;cRo\NpVRcWeY\]WNpV^MO«MONOxY;Xgr;o|NpV+r;exNGY;onVVWeZrx]+NGr MOeYnzZNGMNGrx]G - %+NGV#onYncWUGNGV(o\Nz{ikNVWeZrx](U~xXgkNMONrx](XZVaV e\mi|UGNGV)XgY\[|iV`]aNGV(o\NzeZiV ikr;V)o\NGV#rne{NY;onVGl´+Y;XZr;o7Y;r r;exNGY;oOr X,j;XVdcaN YOYnr7MNpVWVaXg~N(h#Nkke3o\N^ Ynr:o\N^VWNGVzZeZiVWi|r;VGgiklVWYnjnjAeVWN^xYnN^mN#zZeikVWi|r<XmqKlXgrn~U onNjlexV i|]WikeZr0eYY ik X<U]WUU]WNGi|rx]^N]+o\N3mN,£IXgi|]^kN3V Y;jnjncai|MON3o\N1VWXOkikV ]WN1o\NzZeikVWikr;V#Xgikr;VWixYnNkNGV ikr\£¤ecWM<X]ai|er;V)o\N,caeZY\]qXg~ZNRkNmeZrlmNcar;XZr]p . ABADC EFHGJIK.
(39) @ l. . "!$#%!&'!)(+*. . #"9RJ.3FW. . , *p "!)0.#V2435*. . "!52$&8#"9+:s=. ICH=.
(40) . #%9RL. 9 c*M,. 9RJ. . 1#%2\#%*. !)0FE. X 4[. R¦\SsNGV ]Ynrjncaeg]ae{meZkN3o\NcWeY\]aXZ~ZN,jncaeXm]ai£djAeZYncRkNGV+cWUpV NpXgY\[¡XZo{Kne\mg !NGV ]+ikr;V j;i|caU1o\N1kX r;eZcaMN,h^i|jANcakXZr };N,j;cWeZ]We\me|NX X¥zXgrx]aXZ~ZN+onNo\ikVWjAeVWNc(o\NGV#cWeY\]WNpVikMOMOUGo\iX]aNMONrx]^xY;Xgrlo mZ NpV`]#r;UGmNpVWVaXgikcaNR~c #mN VaX1rlX]WY;cWN,jncaeXm]ai|zNZ R ¦nS NpV`]#Y;rnNeZjn]WikMiVaX]WikeZr¡o\Y¡j;cWeZ]We\me|N jnYncaN kikr V`]qX]aN
(41) meZr Y3jAeZYnc!kNGVcWUpV NpXgY\[o\N MOeZnikkNGV!XZo{Kne\mgNjncaeg]ae\meZkNcaUGonYni]!X#]qXgik|kN onNGVj;XZxYnN]aV onN^mer]ac |N#o;Xgr;V|N^VWNrlVdeZY:VWNY;|NGMNGrx]Ynr:VWeZY;VNr;VWNM1n|N#onNGV|ikNr;Vo Ynr<rne{NY;o7X¥zZNGm)VWNGVzZeZiVWi|r;V VWeZrx]^o\UpmXgcaUGV(XZYkikNY¡o\N,]aeZY;V(kNGV#|ikNr;VG?NpV(ki|NGr;V#o\UpmXgcaUGV(VWeZrx]^mNGY\[xYni |N,caNki|NGrx] V NpV(cWNGkXZikV M1Yn|]Wikjlei|rx]aVG@ "^rkikNrNrx]WcaN,Ynrrne{NY;oN]^VWNGV)zeZiV ikr;V jANY\]+X¥zeZikc]acWeikV)U]aXg]aV(o\i AUGcWNGrx]aVGª +¦ 0 `¨ .©¤ki|NGr rneZrNr;meZcaN1zXZ|io\U<X¥zZNpmYnrzZeikVWi|r i NZlernrnNOcWUpmNGj\]WikeZro\Y MONpVWVaXg~N h#NG|ke<M<XgiV)cWNpV`]aN ]aNGV ]WNc( XgY\]acWN,VWNr;V(o\N]acaXZr;VWMiVaV ikeZrl¬ ¦ ¡ `¨ ©¤ki|NGrzXZ|io\N,X¥zZNpm^Ynr0zeZiV ikrl¬ ¡bS) `¨ ©I|ikNr¡X¥zNGm+Ynr0cWNGkXZikV)M1Yn]ai|jAeZikrx]q¬ %1 XZY\]WcaNj;XgcW]Gi|)MOikrni|MOiV N ikrneZrlonX]ai|ero\YcWUpV NpXgY§j;XZco\NpVMNpVWVaXg~NGV1o\NmeZrx]Wc ZkN:NGrY\]ai kiVWXZr]<VWNYnkNMONrx]<kNGVrne{NY;o;VOcWNGkXZikVM3Y;]ai|jAeZikrx]OjAeZY;c:o\i ?Y;VWNc<mNpVOMONGVaVWXZ~ZNGVGdN] ]aN]WNGmqK;rnikxYnN caUGonYni])o YnrnN#£IX er7V ik~Zr;i lmGX]ai|zN(|N+rneZM1ncWN+o\N#]acaXZr;V MOiVWVWikeZr;V|ecaVdo Ynr;N+jncae\mUpo\YncaN^o\N+oni ?Y;VWi|er ©IncaeXZo;mXZV ]q¬gN)jncaeg]ae{meZkN)NGV ]o\UGVWi|~rnU)jleYnc!£¤eZrlm]WikeZr;rnNco Ynr;N)£IX ermeZMOjnkL]aNMONrx]o\iV`]acWiknYnUGNZ onN#mN)£IXgi|]iknrnN#o\UGjlNGr;o<o XgY;mYnrnN(NGr]ai]aU^mNGrx]WcqXgkNZ R ¦nSr N ANpm]WY;N#j;XZV!kN(caeZY\]qXg~ZN)j;XZc kX,VWeZY;camN © V eYncqmN(caeZY\]ai|rn~{¬i|l N ?NGm]WYnNRo\N^VaXgY\]NGr:VWXZY\]Gxmg Xn omqKlXZxYnN#rne{NGY;oOY\]WikkikVWN^VWNGVdikr\£¤ecWM<X]ai|er;V kNGV j;|Y;V)caUGmNrx]WNpV)jleYnc(caeZY\]aNc(kNRjlXZxYnN]p {³ 1 ³I° ® ?°Z io\UGN0onYcaNXgiVOM3Y;]ai|jAeZikrx]:NGV ]7o\N0MikrnikMOikVWNc: i|rner;onXg]WikeZro\YcWUpV NpXgYj;Xgc<o\NpV<MONGVaVWXZ~ZNGVOo\N oni ?Y;VWi|erj;XgccaUGo\Ylm]WikeZro\NGVRcaN]acaXZr;V MOiVWVWikeZr;V+cWNpo\eZrlonXgrx]WNpV+o;Xgr;VRXMO«GMNOcaU~i|erA X l~ZYncaN MOer]acWNYnrN[\NMOjnkN)eZY3Y;r1j;XxYnN]]WcqXgr;VWMOikVj;XZc Y;r1rne{NGY;o¦NGV ]do\i ?Y;VWU(X¥zZNGm wu+cWN]WcqXgr;VWMOikVaV ikeZrlV XZYAeZYn]^o\N]WcaeZiV)VWXZY\]aVG X]WNGmqK;rnikxYnN¡o\NpV<caNXgiVOM3Yn|]Wikjlei|rx]7o\ikMOi|r{YnNXZY\]aXZrx]7Y;N¡jlexVWVWi|;|N0kN¡rneZM1ncWN¡o\N¡r;exNGY;onV caN]acaXZr;VWMN] ]qXgrx](|NpV#MONGVaVWXZ~ZNpV\NGrV UG|Npm]WikeZr;r;Xgrx]#o YnrnN,£IX eZr¡N¢:mXZmN:©Io\NpV(KnNGYncWiV ]WiY;NGV(er]+U]WU j;cWejlexV UGNGVq ¬ Ynr jlN]Wi|]RNGr;V NGM3nkN3o\N1zZeikVWi|rlV^mXZj;Xg;|NGr]Ro\N1meZYnz{cai|c#X:MO«GMN1cWUG~ZikeZr¡o\YcaUGVWNGXZY meZYnzNcW]WN<j;XZc NGr;V NGM3nkNmeZMOjnkN]1onNGVzeZiV ikr;VG!K;XxYnN:rne{NYlo§onXgr;V3|NcWUpV NpXgY§VWUkNGm]ai|ernrnN:Y;r NGr;VWNM3;|N0o\Nrne{NY;onVj;XZcWMOi)V NpVzZeZiVWi|r;VG!Y;i caN]acaXZr;VWMN] ]acWer;V3VWNGVj;XY;N]aVGN]ONr;VWNM1nkNo\N r;exNGY;onV zeZiV ikr;V VWUkNGm]WikeZrnrnUpV NGV ]XZjnjlNG|U(kN cWNGkXZikV!M1Yn|]Wikjlei|rx]
(42) ©¤M1Yn|]Wikjlei|rx]aVcWNGkX¥_n¬eY bS,NGV zeZiV ikr;Vo Ynrrne{NY;o§¨ Y;irnN7VWeZrx]3jlXZV3o;Xgr;V1V erNGr;VWNM3;|N bS5caN ei|zNrx]N]3]WcqX ]WNrx]3M<XZikV r;N<cWN]WcqXgr;VWMON] ]aNrx],j;XZV|NpV,j;XZxYnN]aVonN:o\i ?Y;VWi|er cWN YnNpV,o\Y§rne{NY;o ¨3 X ;~YncaN MOer]acWN<Y;r N[\NMOjnkNReYY;rMONpVWVaXg~NRo\Noni ?Y;VWi|er0o Ynrrne{NYlo0¦NpV`]#o\i AYlV UonXZr;V)kN,cWUpV NpXgY7NGr0Y\]Wik|iVaXgrx]#o\NGV caNXgiV M3Yn|]WikjAeZikr]p K;XxYnN+r;exNGY;o7X1YnrNr;VWNM1nkNRo\NVWNGV zZeikVWi|rlVXZjnjlNG|UpVVWUkNGm]WNGYncaV)o\NRcaNXgiVM1Yn]ai|jAeZikrx]©¤M3Y; ]ai|jAeZikrx]caNX¥_V NG|Npm]WecaVq¬)N rne{NY;o eZ\]ai|NGrx]0mN] ]aN ikr\£¤ecWM<X]ai|er jlXgcW]Wikco\NpV7MONpVWVaXg~NGV7h^Nk|e jAUcaike{onikxYnNpV<o\NV NpVOzZeikVWi|rlV0 "#r MONpVWVaXg~No\Noni ?Y;VWi|erNGrj;cWezNr;XZr;mN0o\NGVOr;exNGY;onV:VWUkNGm]WNGYncaV . q. q. . R. _. 7. M. 7. . `_. m. `_. . m. _. _. "g. gZb qglk. `_. `_. m. . `_. D. `_. _. `_. A. tnu 7tv.
(43)
(44)
(45) . 24 retransmissions to diffuse a message upto 3-hops S. retransmitting node. ')(+* ,. ABADC EFHGJIK. {ª. . 1 ; <;?2 3 83;? %l 5 ; 5 ;6;6
(46) Sl ; 46 <=>.
(47) Ppv. @. 11 retransmissions to diffuse a message upto 3-hops S. ')(+* ,. ª. retransmitting nodes . 1 ; <; 2 & 3; % 5 ;q) !=>57S 2 <5 4@H ; . A. tnu 7tv.
(48) PP.
(49)
(50) . zeZiV ikr;VNGV ])VWYnjnjAeVWU^«]WcaN+caN]acaXZr;V MOiVdj;XZckNRrne{NY;o ©¤YnrM3Yn|]Wikjlei|rx])cWNGkX¥_Oo\NmNpV VWNkNGm]WNGYncaVq¬nN] NGr;VWNM3;|N#jANYn] mqK;XZrn~ZNGconXgrlVdkN#]WNGMOj;VxmNRY;i;NGV ]ikr;o\ixYnU^jlXgcdkNGVrne{NY;o;VVWUkNGm]aNYncqVo;Xgr;V|NGYncaV MONpVWVaXg~NGVh#Nkke; K;XxYnNr;exNGY;oXYnrr{YnMOUGcWe V jAUGmi AY;N ¦n¦\¨©¡Yn|]Wikjlei|rx]:caNX¥_¦{NkNGm]WeZc ¦\NGxYnNrlmN7¨^YnM3ANc¬,XZVaVWe{mi|U V erNGr;VWNM3;|N7onN7V UG|Npm]aNYncqVN:r;exNGY;o ikr;mcaUMONrx]aN7V er ¦n¦\¨ mqKlXZxYnN<MOikVWN f`eYnc3o\N7VWeZr NGr;V NGM3nkN:o\N7VWUkNGm]WNGYncaVG K;XY;N:rne{NY;o onXZr;V,kN:caUGVWNGXgY§o\i ?Y;V N jAUcaike{onikxYnNGMNGrx]^ ikr\£¤eZcaM<X]WikeZr o\UGmcWikzXgrx]+xYnNV#r;exNGY;onV+zZeikVWi|rlV# er]RV UG|Npm]WikeZr;rnU1meZMOMONcWNGkXZikV M1Yn|]Wikjlei|rx]G X7caUGmNj\]ai|er o\N<mN] ]aN1ikr\£¤eZcaM<X]ai|er© bS VWNkNGm]WecaVq¬?mqK;XZxYnNrne{NYlo mXZkmYnkN1eY MON] f`eYnc,kXcaeZY\]aNOzZNcqV+]WeY\]WN<o\NpV`]ai|r;Xg]WikeZr mernr{YnNZ %+N:mN£IXgi|]GkXcaeZY\]aNo YnrnN:VWeZY;camN YnrnN onNGV ]Wikr;X]ai|erNpV`]#Ynr;NVWUGxYnNGr;mN,o\NVaXgYn]aV ]WcqX¥zZNGcaV)o\NpV)cWNGkXZikV M3Y;]ai|jAeZikrx]G ² ® ²g° I® { ?° ®l°G®²®l³ A N+j;cWeZ]We\me|N R ¦\S N ?NGm]WYnN,o\i AUGcWNGrx]WNGV£¤er;m]ai|er;V rnUGmNGVaVWXZi|caN^jAeZYnc(XmmeMOjn|ikc kX3] #mqKnNRonYcaeZY\ ]qXg~NZ ± R²Z®A° { l® I ® : KlXZxYnN rne{NY;o1o\eZi|]do\U]aNGm]aNc!kNGVrne{NY;o;V zeZiV ikr;VX¥zZNpmdkNGVaY;NV iknX+Ynr3ki|NGroni|caNGm]WN N]dV _{MOU]acWixYnNZ NGV i|rlmNcW]Wi|]WYlo\NGVV Y;cX#jncaeZj;XZ~Xg]WikeZr,o\Y1VWik~Zr;XZZcqXZo\ike#jANYnzNrx] caNr;oncWN mNcW]aXZi|rlVki|NGr;V XV _{MOU]acWixYnNZ b XZc meZr;VWUGxYnNGr]]WeY;V |NpVki|NGr;V)o\eZikzZNGrx]«]acWNmerx]Wc ZkUGVo;Xgr;V kNGV o\NY\[7VWNrlV onN^]acaXZr;V MOiVWVWikeZr<jAeZYnc xY eZr<j;YnikVaVWN#|NpVmeZr;VWio\UcaNcdmeZMOMON^zXgkikonNGVGZb!eZYnc XZmGmeZMOjnkikcmN] ]WN^]aXmqKnNZxmqK;XZxYnN#r;exNGY;o:o\i ?Y;V N jAUcaike{onikxYnNGMNGrx]+V NpV^MONpVWVaXg~NGV#h^Nk|ellmerx]WNrlXgrx]+o\NpV^ikr\£¤eZcaM<X]ai|er;V^VWYnc+VWNGV^zZeikVWi|rlV#N]V Y;c^ U]aX] onNGV1|ikNr;V0©I|ikr V ]aX]aY;Vq¬kN7caNkikXZrx] mNGVOo\NGcWrnikNcqVG!NGVj;XxYnN]qV1o\N0merx]Wc ZkN7V erx]3]WcqXgrlV MOiV3NGr MOe\o\No\i ?Y;V ikeZr V#V erx]#cWN Y;V)j;XZc#kNGV(rne{NGY;onV(zeZiV ikr;V Ynr¡VaXgY\]3©IeZrnNKnej0rnNik~ZK{AeZcqVa¬M<XgiV(ikkV r;NVWeZrx](j;XV)cWN]WcqXgr;VWMOikV)zNcqV o XZY\]WcaNGV)rne{NGY;onVG ± x³ {²g° ® { {³ IO ³¤° ® ?°
(51) KlXZxYnN,rne{NYlo¡o\Y¡cWUpV NpXgY0V UG|Npm]ai|ernrnN3o YnrnN£IX er0i|r;onUjANr;onXZrx]WN3VWeZr0NrlV NGM3nkN3o\NcaNXgiV)M3Y; ]ai|jAeZikrx]G %RXgr;V kN+;Y\]#o\NRmeZr;V ]WcaYnikcWN+kX1kikV ]WN,o\NpVzeZiV ikr;V onNY\[7VaXgY\]qV© ]
(52) egKneZj:r;Nik~ZK{lecaVq¬do Ynr r;exNGY;oo\eZrnr;UZ{i|VWY\¢O]#o\N~XZcao\NGcY;rnNR]WcqXZmNo\NX3kikV ]WN,o\NpV)rne{NY;o;V X¥_xXgrx](o\NGV ki|NGr;V(V _{MOU]acWixYnNGV N])]WcaeZYnzUGV)onXgrlV)|NpV)MNpVWVaXg~NGV)h#NG|ke]WcqXgr;VWMOikV)jlXgc)|NpV)zZeikVWi|rlV)N](cWN Y;V)jlXgc(mN,rne{NGY;onNpV)cWNGkXZikV M1Yn|]Wikjlei|rx] o Y;r1rne{NGY;o3VWeZrx]onUGmXgcaUGVonXZr;VkNGVMONGVaVaXg~ZNpV h^Nk|e+Yn|]WUcaikNYncqV ]WcqXgr;VWMOikV j;Xgc!mN rne{NYlo onNVWeZcW]WN,xYnN, ikr\£¤ecWM<X]ai|erXg] ]WNGi|rx]#kNGV(caNXgiV M3Yn|]WikjAeZikr]#NGY\[MO«GMN %+NGV7KnNYncaiV`]aikxYnNpV<jleYnc:X§V UG|Npm]ai|eronNGV<caNXgiVOM3Yn|]WikjAeZikr]o Y;rnN¡£IX eZreZjn]WikMOXZ|N¡erx]:U]WU j;cWejlexV UGNGVG ± x²³ \° I® { {³ ³¤° ® ?°Z %RXgrlV kN nY\] o\N(meZrlV`]acWYnikcaNdkX+;XV N o ikr\£¤ecWM<X]ai|er;V!V Y;c X#]aeZjAeZkeZ~i|N o\Y3caUGVWNGXZYGr;LGmLpVWVaXgikcaNdjleYnc!|N caeZYn]aXg~NRonNGV)j;XY;N]aVGnmqK;XY;NRr;exNGY;ocWNGkXZikVG\o\i AY;VWNo\NpV(j;XZxYnN]aV(o\N,VWNcaz{ikmNVWjAUGmi lxYnNpV(XgjnjANkUGV jlXZxYnN]qV<o\Nmerx]Wc ZkNo\N0X]Wejle|e~ZikNo\YcaUGVWNGXZY ©IJ^)¬NGVOj;XY;N]aV<J^4V erx]]acaXZr;VWMiVOzZNGcaV ]aeZY;V)kNGV#rne{NY;onV^onXgr;V)kN,caUGVWNGXgY "#r0MONGVaVWXZ~ZN,J^ NpV`](]acaXZr;VWMiV)j;XZc(Ynr0rne{NY;o0onXZr;V(kN,cWUpV NpXgY onNGV i|rx]aNcaz¥XZ|kNGV o\N+]WNGMjlVcaU~Ynki|NGcaVjleYnc(o\UGmkXZcWNGcVWeZrNr;VWNM1n|N ¡bS V NG|Npm]aeZcqVxi NZ{kN+MONpVWVaXg~N meZrx]WikNrx]kX7|iV ]WN<o\NGVRzeZiV ikr;VRX¥_Xgrx]+VWUkNGm]WikeZrnr;UGVR|Nrne{NYloUMON] ]WNGYnc,meMMONcWNGkXZikV+M3Y;]ai|jAeZikrx]G j. _. Hglk mgnb. po qk. Dg 8kUk. . Vk. _. b. _. 8g DgZk. +k g qd. Vk DgZk. . _. . _. . D. g qk. g. Dgnb 8gZk. . D. . Dg 8k. "g. gZb 8gZk. _. . ABADC EFHGJIK.
(53) P¥w. @. N3r{YnMOUcae7o\NV UpxYnNr;mN© ¦n¦\¨R¬#NpV`]RU~XZ|NGMONrx]#]WcqXgrlV MOiV+onXZr;V#kNMNpVWVaXg~NZ;NGV+i|rn£¤eZcaMOXg]WikeZr;V meZrx]WNGr{YnNGV,onXZr;V,mNpV,j;XY;N]aV,J^ jANYnzNrx]3Xgio\NcmqKlXZxYnNOrne{NY;o§o;Xgr;VkN:mXZkmYno\N:VaX]aXg;|N:o\N caeZYn]aXg~NZ<"#r0rne{NGY;o0X¥_Xgrx] Ynr0Nr;VWNM1n|N@¡bS VWNkNGm]WeZcqVGxz{io\N,rnN~ZUGrnLcaNj;XZV(onN,j;XZxYnN]aV(J^+ ± n³I² ³ ¡³ ° ³ ®A° A KlXZxYnNrne{NY;o onXgr;VRkNOcWUpV NpXgYM<Xgikrx]WikNrx] f`eYncYnrnN]aXZn|NOo\N]Wejle|e~ZikN1o\YcaUGVWNGXgY© ]Wejle|e~Z_ ]qXgnkNp¬onXgr;VRXZxYnNG|kN1ik!NrncaN~ikV ]WcaN3kNGVRikr\£¤eZcaM<X]ai|er;V+VWYncRkX7]Wejle|e~ZikN1o\YcaUGVWNGXgYle\]WNGrxY;NGVRo\NGV jlXZxYnN]qV(J^+ NmXZkmYnonN7X¡]aXZnkNo\N:caeZYn]aXg~N:NGV ]3;XV UV Y;c3kNGV1i|r\£¤ecWM<Xg]WikeZr;VmeZrx]WNGr{YnNGV1onXgr;V1X0]aXZn|N onNGVRzZeikVWi|rlV3©¤r;Nik~ZK{lecR]aXg;|N¥¬#N]RX:]qXgnkNOo\N3]aeZjAeZkeZ~i|N© ]Wejle|e~Z_]aXZnkNp¬: %+NmN3£IXZi]pV i!Ynr;No\N mNGVRo\NYn[]aXZn|NpV^NpV`],MOe\o\i ;UNOXgkeZcqV#X:]qXgnkNOo\N1caeZYn]aXg~N3NpV`]cWNpmXZkmYn|UGN3jAeZYncMON]W]WcaN f`eZYnckNGV ikr\£¤ecWM<X]ai|er;V)V Y;c(|NpV(cWeY\]WNpV zZNcqV ]WeY\]WN,o\NpV`]ai|rlX]WikeZr¡onXZr;V)kNRcaUGVWNGXZY "( )& *R 3 -0 /0 1 ( &"( (:6:9;< . ;. . &c& MQ. 2$0O&'2$J.2$(^,.2$J Q. (+*UQ. . "6MQ*72$0. . (+!&'2$0. 24,s9+!. Y\]ai|kiVWXg]WikeZronYmGXgr;XZAonXZr;V |NpVcaUGVWNGXZY\[<|e\mGXgY\[7VaXgr;V ;V{NpV`])Nr~ZUr;UcqXgA;XZVWUNRV Ync)X3MO«GMN £¤caUGxYnNGr;mNjAeZcW]WNYlV N ^Y;mY;r £IXm]WNGYnc,o\NcWUGY\]Wik|iVaX]WikeZr eZY jnkXZro Y\]ai|kiVWXg]WikeZr onNX7£¤cWUpY;Nr;mN1rnN VWeZrx] o\U lrnikVGZJ eZY;VkNGV!Y\]ai|kiVWXg]WNY;caVUGmeZY\]aNrx]dV Y;c |N)MO«MON(mXZr;Xg{N]dNpVWVaX¥_ZNGrx]o\N ]WcqXgrlV MON]W]WcaN)|NGYncaV oneZrnrnUGNGVGdb XgcmeZrlV UpY;Nrx]GonNGV7meZk|iVWi|er;V<Nrx]acWNkNGVmeMM1YnrnimXg]WikeZr;V:onNGV:Yn]Wik|iVWXg]WNGYncaV:zZeZiVWi|r;V jANY;zZNrx]#Xgj;j;XgcqX ]WcaN#£¤caUGxYnNGMMONGr]p{beYnc(Uz{i|]WNGc kNGV(meZk|iVWi|er;VxjnkY;VWi|NGYncaV ]aNGmqKnr;ikxYnNpVN[\ikV ]WNGr](NGr e{mGmYncacaNr;mN|N1jncaeg]We\meZkN3o XZmmLGV+XgYMOUGoni|YnM')<¦ ? © XgcacWikNc¦{Nr;VWN Yn]ai|j;|8N (mmNpVWVq¬ %RXgr;V mN]W]WN<]aNGmqKnrnixYnNZ jnkY;V ikNY;caV1V NGYni|V3VWeZrx] ;[{UpV,jAeZYnc1~ZUcaNc3 XZmGmLGV3XgY§MOUGo\ikYnM j;XZc ]qXg~ZU K;XZxYnN Yn]Wik|iVWXg]WNGYnco\eZi|],NGV ]WikMONc,kNOVWik~Zr;XZdo\NGVY\]ai|kiVWXg]WNY;caVzeZiV ikr;VG´+YlXgr;o |NOrneM3ncaNOo\NGV,Yn]Wik|iVWXg]WNGYncaV zeZiV ikr;V)NpV`]^caNX]ai|zNMONrx]#~caXZr;on Yn]Wik|iVWXg]WNGYnc#Uz{i|]WN3onN,]WcqXgr;VWMON]W]WcaNV erjlXZxYnN]+N]+Xg] ]WNGr;o0jAeZYnc Y;rnN3XgYn]WcaNjlUGcWike\o\N3o\NV ikkNr;mNZlN3VWNYnik!)<¦ ? ikr;o\iYlXgrx] Yn]Wik|iVWXg]WNGYnc+xY;XZr;o0|N1rneZM1ncaNo\NGV VWik~Zr;XZY\[xYni\VG ikrx]WNGc £¤LGcWNGr] NGV ]UG|NGzZUZpcaNjncaUGVWNrx]WNkX+mkU o\NkX+mXZj;XZmi]aUo\YV _\V ]WLMON onXgr;V kNGV cWUpV NpXgY\[ ke\mXZY\[VaXgr;V ;V l. .
(54) . "! (+6MLN2\#"9 F0.*. %RXgr;VkN7nYn]Oo\N£¤eZY;cWrnikc1XZY\[§Y\]WikkikVaX]aNYncqV3Y;rrnikzZNpXgYo\N0V NGcWz{imN7XmmNj\]qXgnkNZjnkY;V ikNY;caVXgj\ j;|imXg]WikeZr;VGVG N[\UGmY\]aXZr]<XgYo\NGVaVWY;V1o Ynr;Nikr\£¤cqXZV ]WcaY;m]aYncaN7caUGVWNGXgY rnUpmNpVWVWi]aNrx]OYnrMOikrni|M1YnM o\N mGX]aU~ZecWikNGV1o\N¡V NGcWz{imNpVonNmNcaUGVWNGXZY dreZY\]acWN!mNGVOVWNcazximNpVOo\NM<Xgrlo\UGVzXgcai|NGrx]Oo YnrnN¡XZjnjnki mGX]ai|er Ynr;NXgYn]WcaNZ %+XZr;V3kN0o\eZM<XgikrnNo\NGV1cWUpV NpXgY\[ K;XZY\]aVo\U;i]qV!XjnkYnj;XZc ]Oo\NmNGVV NGcWz{imNGV jANY;zZNrx]<«]acWN¡VWjlUpmi ;UGVOVWeZY;V£¤ecWMON0o YnrnNmeM3nikr;XZikVWeZronN¡j;XgcqXgMOL]acWNpV1onN0xY;XZ|i|]WU¡o\N¡VWNcaz{ikmN ©´+ex¦n¬meZMOMONdªdkNo\UXgi(N]:|ikMOi]aNGV:VWYnc<X ~Zik~ZYnN ;Xgr;onNjlXZVaVWXZr]aN0MikrnikM<XgkN ¥M<Xg[{ikM<XgkNN]:kX kikMi|]WN,M<Xg[{ikM<XgkN,V Ync(XjlNGc ]aNo\NGV)jlXZxYnN]qVkk N]amg. A. tnu 7tv.
(55) Pp}.
(56)
(57) . NpV^j;XZcaXZMOL]WcaNGV+o\NO´+e{¦0jANYnzNrx]XZY;VaV i ni|NGr «]WcaN3Y\]ai|kikVWUGV+jAeZYncV jAUGmi lNco\NGVmXg]WUG~ZeZcaikNGV#o\N WV Ncaz{ikmNGVdo;Xgr;Vo\NGVNr{z{i|caeZrnr;NMONrx]aVdMenik|NpV&"#r:jncaeZ;|LGMN^i|MOjAeZcW]aXgrx]kikU#YnrnixYnNMONrx])XgY\[ONr{z{i caeZr;rnNMONrx]qV)Menik|NpV)NGV ]^mNkYnionN,kX<o\UG~ZcqXZonXg]WikeZro\N,kXOxY;XZ|i|]WUo\NVWNcaz{ikmNZlN,jncaeZ;|LGMN,XZcWcai|zN xY;XZr;olNpXgY;meZYnj0o\NmernrnN[{ikeZrlV VWeZrx](jncae\mqKnNGV)N]^V i|rx]aNcancWeYnik|kNrx]G N,jncWikr;mi|j;XZjncaeZnkLMON,onXgrlV)|NpV(cWUpV NpXgY\[7onN,Menik|NpV)NGV ]^o XZcWcaikzZNc jncaNr;oncWNNr¡meZMOj\]WNkNGV ikrx]WNGcaXm]WikeZrlV^jAeZYnc,jAeZY;zZeZikcR~XgcqXgrx]ai|cRYnrnN<mNGc ]qXgikrnNOYlXgki]aUOonNOVWNcaz{ikmNZ?¨#eY;VrneZYlV+jAeVWeZrlVRo;Xgr;V mN+MOUGMei|caN^kNjncaeZnkLMON^j;|Y;V)VWi|MOjnkNM<XgiVmNrx]WcqXgo\NRkX1caUGVWNcaz¥Xg]WikeZr:o\N;XZr;o\NRj;XZVaVaXgrx]WN\eM1 MONGr]cWUpV NGcWzNcdVWYncYnr;N ernN#X,;XZr;o\N#j;XVWVaXgrx]aN#Y;ilNpV`]jlXgcW]aXg~UN#VWYncj;|Y;VWikNYncqVdki|NGr;V ReMMONGr] j;cWe n]WNGc)onN,kXcaUY\]ai|kikVaX]ai|erVWj;Xg]WiXgkN %+NY\[UkUMONrx]qV onXgr;V!kNGV!caUGVWNGXZY\[,|e\mGXgY\[3cqXZoni|eV erx]!mcWY;mikXZY\[ªkX+~ZNpV`]ai|ero\NpV mer ;i|]aV o XZmGmLGV XZYmGXgr;XZN]#XcWUGY\]Wik|iVaX]WikeZr0VWj;X]aikXZ|N . . !F, 6M( 9RQ2U#"9 !)J. , */(+2I "6U0#"9 (R9 Q2\#%9 !)J. . Q 2\#"9+2$( *)X+ 8[pXZ\[. X7caUY\]ai|kiVWXg]WikeZr VWj;X]aikXZ|NNGV ]kXjlexVWVWikni|ki|]WUOo\N1jAeZY;zZeZikcRN ?NGm]aYnNc,o\NGY\[ meMOM3YnrnimXg]WikeZr;VRVWi 1M Yn|]aXgr;UNGVVWXZr;Vikr]aNcW;cWeYni|kXg~ZN VWigNkkNGVVWeZrx]VWY\¢:VWXZMOMNGrx]UkeZik~ZrnUGNGV YnrnNo\N XgY\]acWNNMe\o\LG|N j;Kx_\VWikxYnN:onN:jncaeZj;XZ~X]ai|er Yn]Wik|iV U7NGV ]3|N7jn|YlV1VWi|MOjnkNdªmNkYnieZY YnrcaUGmNj\]aNYncj;kXmU Ynr;N7o\iV` ]qXgr;mN1c,o YnrnN<VWeZYncqmNcqXZo\ike7UGMN] ]qXgrx]X¥zZNGm3YnrnNOjnYniVaVWXZr;mN cWN eZi|]YnrVWik~Zr;XZ!o Ynr;Nj;YnikVaVaXgr;mN : dr NGVWj;XZmN1ki|;cW N
(58) n: drMikki|NGY Ynca;XZi|r|NpVRMe\o\LG|NpV,o\NOjncaeZj;XZ~X]ai|er ,<¦ V Ynj;jlexV NGr]
(59)
(60) |P X¡jlec ]aUNo\NGV1meZMOM1YnrnimX]ai|er;VNpV`]V Ynj;jlexV UGN:«]acWNlecWrnUGN:j;XZc1S ©¤]`_xj;ikxYnNGMNGrx]1xYnNxYnNGV mNrx]aXZi|r;NGV)o\N,MOL]acWNpV)NrNGVWj;XZmNRkikncWNeYVWNYnkNMONGr]#xYnNGkxYnNpV(o\i pXgikrnNGV)o\N,MOL]WcaNGV(onXZr;V)Ynr@ #]ai MONGr]¬xNGVXgY\]aNYncqVdo\Y<MOe\o\LG|N kP Ai|MOjAeVWNrx]X,mer]acaXZi|rx]aN(|e\mXZ|N#VWYnikzXgrx]WNdªYnr<rne{NYlo<V i|rx]aNcqo\i] o UGMN] ]acWNV iYnr XZY\]WcaN3r;exNGY;o o\ikV ]aXZr;mN1i|rn£¤Ucai|NGYncWN % UMON]Ro\L f Xn "#rnNOXgr;XZ|_\VWN,]WK;UeZcaiY;N3N] onNGV,VWi|M1YnkXg]WikeZr;VRjncaeZjAeVWUNpV^jlXgc #Xg~ZKlXn ^ikNrnrneZ] |P djlNGcWMON]W]WNGr]o\N:onU]WNGcWMOikrnNcYnr jnkY;VjAN]ai] cqXgj;jlec ] ~xXgcqXgrx]WiVaVWXZr])xY XZY;mY;rnNRmeZMOM3Y;rnikmGX]ai|err NGV ](ncaeZYnik|kUN kV(VWNjnkXmNGr]#onXZr;V(mN,xYni kNY;c VWNM1n|N+Ynr:jnikcaN+mXVªxkX1meMM1YnrnimXg]WikeZr:VG N ANpm]WY;NRXZY7mNGr]acWN+o Y;r7M<Xgik|Xg~N(]WcaiXgrn~YnkXZi|caN^o\N jlXZV %4onN:ncaeZYnik|kNY;caV<©IjleYnc3VWi|MOjnki lNckN7mXZkmYn|NpV,jAeVWi]ai|er;Vo\N< UGMON] ]aNYnc1N]3o\Y§caUGmNj\]aNYnc VWeZrx]#mer\£¤eZrlo\YnNGVq¬ meMMONkN,Merx]WcaNRX ;~ZY;cWN n %+U]aNcaMikrnNGcY;N NGV ],|NOjnikcaNOmGXZVj;XZcaX k]YnrjncaeZnkLMONOo\N<~ZUGeZMOL]acWikNXVWVW N o\i|¢<mi|kNZ!NjANr\ o;Xgrx] kNM<XZi|kkXZ~ZN]WcaikXZrn~ZYnXgikcaNdNGV ]VaXgr;Vo\eY\]WN |N jnkY;V!o\NrlV NN] o\eZr;m XgY3Mei|rlVjncae\mqKnNonY3jnikcWN)mXV J eZY;V!kNGV!r;exNGY;onV VWeZrx]dV Y;jnjlexV UpV!UMON]W]WcaN XRMO«MON(jnYniVWVaXgrlmNZb!eYnc Y Ynr;N#meZMOM1YnrnimX]ai|er r;NVWeZi|] j;XVncaeZY;i|k|UGNZpi|£IXgYn]!xYnN |NcaXZjnjAeZcW] V ik~ZrlXgxUMOikVVWYnc ;cWYni|]VWeZi|] V YnjAUcaikNYnc YnrnN)mer;V ]aXgrx]aN ´4©ImkXVWVWikxYnNGMONrx](U~XZ|N PGvx¬ "^rnN,meZrlo\i]ai|er¡V Y\¢:VaXgrx]WNNpV`]#o\er;m ª e$ "
(61) & % !#" ^ % i V a ] g X l r m N%( '*) ' ncaeZYnik|kNY;c _. D. . V. _. ABADC EFHGJIK.
(62) PGu. @. L. Recepteur D. Brouilleur. D L Cas pratique. Pire cas. ')(+* , nª 8
(63) @H ;@ 5732 l <= ; 8S ;6 2 H ;@ 5 <;@ %= H 57S ; . => % 5 573 <=857 4 5 1857H
(64) ;6 ;@ 75 8=>3
(65) &. @ <; 48 = 2 H 5 5 & 3;@ =>S - <;6! @Sl ; 46=>Sl @. ¦{ei] KnN[nXg~eZrnNonY¡MOXZi|kXg~ZNoneZrx]^kNGV^meZikr;V#VWeZrx] onikV ]aXZr;m N onNkX7meZMOM1YnrnimX]ai|er © mN]1KnN[\XZ~ZernN:mer]ai|NGrx]"! ncaeZY;i|k|NGYncqV3xYni)V er] YnrnNo\ikV ]aXZr;mNmeMj;cWiV N7Nrx]WcaN# %$ '& 0N] ¬ dr0rneZ]aXZr]# XOo\ikV ]aXZr;mN,o\Y0ncaeZY;i|k|NGYnc(kN,jn|YlV)UkeZik~ZrnU,onXZr;V)|N,caUGVWNGXZY7N]#Nr0caXVWVWNM1nXgrx] kNGV);cWeYni|kkNYncqV j;Xgc(KnN[nXg~ZernNGV)meZr;mNrx]WcaikxYnNpV{ere\]WikNrx]Gª ". & *
(66) )(
(67). &. ,+.- /103254. . %+ikV ]aXZr;mN . . ( '*) 76. !% . . (8& * !, (9 $ '& ) 3+.-. 6. ( . . $ :& ) <;. (. => ). e $ ; (@? )
(68) )A),B +- ,- C NGV ](kXOmUkLncaNR£¤eZr;m]WikeZr L]aXOo\N,cai|NGMOXZrnr XmeZMOM3Y;rnikmGX]ai|err NGV ]^o\er;mRj;XZV)ncaeZY;i|k|UGNjleYncGª . $ . (!. ! ;. ( D=7> ) ). - *. X ;~ZY;cWN,Ppv;©IXx¬!o\eZr;rnN(YnrnN#io\UGN^o\N#XzXgkNYnc o\N#mN] ]WN^£¤eZr;m]WikeZr¡©IxYniAo\ikzZNca~ZN(jAeZY;cXgkjnK;X:EwZ¬ b!eYncXgkjnK;X:ER}:eZr ]WcaeZY;zZNOj;XgcN[{NGMOjn|N:xY YnrcaXZjnjAeZcW]!% S VWYnjlUGcWikNY;c n }ZuNpV`]VaX]aikV £IXgiVWXZrx] e $ }; } ,jAeZYnc+XgkjnK;X'E+ul X l~ZYncaNOPGv;©Il¬i|rlo\ikxYnN,kNGV#z¥XZ|NGYncqV onN %sjleYnc(kNGVaY;Nk|NpV) i|r;U~XZ|i|]WUNpV`]#zUcai ;UGNZ r. A. tnu 7tv.
(69) P.
(70)
(71) . ! .. C. C. fr. A C C. C. C. JC. "/
(72). ">'2 &1@?BA. C. ! . C. 0" 0 ' &1. 2 ' 435. GJI. C. 6. ')(+* ,PGvnª 1 57 ; ;D. . . E. JI K. ABADC EFHGJIK. F. *D. GF. LF. C. C. C. 0 ! - 9: + +; 0 '
(73) #" # <
(74) 9= ! " ) ! " ' ;%
(75) '
(76) . ,. 35 ;. ')(+* ,APZPª B;6 =;6s ; 33= <=> 4 <= < ; 3 ; ;
(77) <= 2 5 3
(78) <= ; 3= 3 <= ,. C. ! . C. 7 /8. C.
(79) .
(80) #" # $ &%
(81) '
(82) ! "
(83) )* ( ' + ! ,. . HD . 4 <=. C C C A G C5. 4 <=. C 'C35. GJI. 6. C.
(84)
(85).
(86) . . <= 4@= 3 <=>1.
(87) P. @. 10. alpha=3 (mean) alpha=3.5 (mean) alpha=4 (mean) alpha=4. 9 8. D/R. 7 6 5 4 3 -95. -90. -85. -80. -75 -70 -65 CSMA threshold. ')(+* ,dP¥w\ª 1 ; 3;6 l ; ?3 % 5 J32 4@ <= . 2 5
(88) . <= ; 3= 3 <=>1, ;D. F.
(89) . . -60. -55. <= 8 4= 3 <= . -50.
(90) . IK. . <= . LF. A. tnu 7tv.
(91) P.
(92)
(93) . X ;~YncaNPpwMOeZrx]WcaN kN cqXgj;jlec ] % gS Nr £¤eZrlm]WikeZr o\Y VWNY;i||mGV M<XjleYncY;rnN§V ikM3YnX]ai|er X¥zNGmO)¦< N ?NGm]aYnUN:VWYncOPGvvZv7rne{NY;onV,onikV ]Wcai|;YnUGV,o YnrnNO£IX er XgkUGXg]Wei|caNVWYncYnrnN:VWYncW£IXZmNo\N wZvZvZM1[;wZvZvgM0 \° I N<cWUpV Yn|]aXg]U]qXgi|]3o\U`f meZrnr{YjleYnckNGV,caUGVWNGXZY\[ mNG|kYnXgikcWNpVN<Me\o\LG|N:onN:cWUGY\]WikkikVaX]ai|ero\N £¤caUGxYnNGr;mNpV^NpV`]RNr ~ZUr;UcqXglXZVWU1VWYnc+X7onikV ]aXZr;mNOo\N3caUYn]Wik|iVWXg]WikeZr onN3£¤caUGxYnNGr;mNpV % xYniNGV ]Rjncaeg jAeZcW]WikeZr;rnNk|N:XZY§caX¥_eZr o\N7X¡mNG|kYnkNS,J_{jnixYnNMONGr8] %ER}S eZY % ER}n u S jAeZYnc1|NpVMOe\o\LkNGV mkXVWVWiY;NGV(o\NcaUYn]Wik|iVWXg]WikeZr0Nr ,¦ §lNGV#caUGVWYn|]aXg]aV(jncaUGmUGo\NGrx]aV#VWNM1n|NGrx]^V Yn~~ZUGcWNGc %E S o;Xgr;V kN1mGXZVRo\NGV+caUGVWNGXgYn [ X¥zZNpXgr %+N1mN1£IXgi|]+Y;rnNmeZrx]WcqXgikrx]WN3VWikMj;|N1jleYnc+X:caUYn]Wik|iVWXg]WikeZr VWj;Xg]WiXgkN VaXgrlV i|rx]aNc ncWeYnik|Xg~N(NGV ]xYnN+o\NGY\[OUMOikVaVWi|er;VVWi|M1Yn|]aXgr;UNGVo\eZikzZNGrx]d«]WcaN o\ikV ]aXZr;mN+XgY<MOeZikr;-V %1 _. Ig. . . "!. m. . Vk. b. !)QV9+#%9 !)J. g.
(94) l0 JKQ&qG.6MLN2 ,. . , * "6MQ*7 42\#%9 !)J. ,.*. 2$J , * 2$QVQ24J1#%*. ¨^eZY;V^jncWejlexV er;V#onXZr;V#mNMOUMOeZikcWN3YnrVWmqK;UM<X<o\N3caUGVWNcazX]ai|ero\N3;Xgr;onNj;XZVaVaXgrx]WN,;XV UVWYnc kNGV!caUGVWYn|]aXg]aV!jncaUGmUGo\NGr]qVg e\f`NGm]Wi|£ANpV`]o ej\]WikMOikVWNc Yn]Wik|iVWXg]WikeZr<o\N(XR;Xgr;onN jlXZVaVWXZr]aN)NrOM<X[\i MOiVWXZrx])kN,rneM3ncaNRonNo\NM<Xgrlo\NGV(o UMOiVWVWikeZr;V(Xo\MOikVWNGVG{]WeY\]#NrcWNpV jANGm]aXZr](kNGV(meZrx]WcqXgikrx]WNGV ki|UGNGV XZY\[ caNGVaVWeZYncqmNpVRonikVWjlernikn|NpV7©IkXZcW~NYnco\N7kX0;XZr;o\N:jlXZVaVWXZr]aNp¬RXgikr;VWixY XgY§rnerikrx]WNGc ncaeZYnik|Xg~N onNGV(meMOM3YnrnimXg]WikeZr;V(onU`f N[\iV`]qXgrx]WNpVnNVamqKnUGMOXOmeZr;VWikV ]WNNGrkNGV)U]aXZjlNpV(V YnikzXgrx]WNpVª b!eZYncmqK;XxYnNOrne{NY;oYer§o\U ;r;i]3VaX eZr;NOonN<ncWeYnik|Xg~NO¦©IYl¬,meZMOMON<U]aXZrx] Nr;VWNM1n|N o\NGV#rne{NY;onV(onNo\ikV ]aXZr;mN Y0i|rn£¤Ucai|NGYncWN %1 K;XZxYnNrne{NGY;oYNpV`]^XZY\]WecWiVWURXcaUGVWNcazZNc YnrnNmNcW]aXZi|rnN;XZr;o\N,j;XVWVaXgrx]aN+c¥©¤Yl¬)VWijAeZYnc(]aeZY\] rne{NY;oz?XRVWeZMOMON(o\NGV!caUGVWNcazX]ai|er;V onNGV!rne{NYlonV o\N#¦©¤zn¬r0 N[nmLpo\N)j;XZVX+lXgr;o\N)j;XVWVaXgrx]aN M<X[\i|M<XZ|N X l~ZYncaNOPpwmXZcaXm]WUGcWiVWN^YnrnN GeZrnN,o\N,;cWeYni|kXg~ZNo\NcqX¥_ZeZr % XgYn]WeZY;c#o Y;rr;exNGY;oX¥zZNGmZª S,ª o\ikV ]aXZr;mN,M<Xg[7Nrx]WcaNYnr0UMON]W]WNGYnc(N]#Ynr0caUGmNj\]aNYncp %3ª cqX¥_ZeZro\N,X GeZrnN,o\N,;cWeYni|kXg~ZN b!eZY;cYnr;NRmeZrnrnN[\i|er7X¥zZNpm#caNX¥_Xg~NZ UGMON] ]aNYnc)N]]aeZY;V kNGVcWUGUMON]W]WNY;caV o\NRkX1cWeY\]WNRo\eZikzZNGrx] caUGVWNcazZNGcX;Xgrlo\Nj;XZVaVWXZrx]WN,V eYnK;XZi]aUNRjleYnc#XmeZrnr;N[\i|er drjncqX]aikxYnNmg NGV ] kNRjncWeZ]We\me|NRo XZmmLGV XgYMUpo\ikYnM
(95) xYni?~XZcaXZr]ai])xY ikr _:XgYncqXjlXZV o ikrx]WNGc ;cWeYni|kXg~ZN^Nrx]WcaN^kNGV)meMOM3YnrnimXg]WikeZr;VG{X3V ]WcqX]aU~i|NRo\N+caUGVWNcazX]ai|er:mi|o\NpVWVWY;VG~xXgcqXgrx]WikN^xY i|?r _ XZYncqX3j;XV(o\Nmern~ZNpV`]ai|er N^VamqKnUGMOXNpV`]dY;r<jncWNGMOi|NGcdj;XZVdzZNcqV Ynr;N^V e|Yn]WikeZrOjncqX]WixYnNZX,xYnNGV ]WikeZr<xYniAV N(jAeVWN#NrlV Yni|]WN NpV`]RmeZMOMONrx]+onU ;rnikcRNr¡jncqX]aikxYnN3mNj;XZcaXZML]WcaN %¯N]RmeZMOMONrx]+mXZkmYnkNc#X ernN3o\N1ncaeZYnik|Xg~N onNmqKlXZxYnNrne{NY;o. ABADC EFHGJIK.
(96) P . j. @. ¥®l°G®²Z®A³ n²²e{ n \gI Hg Vk ¡ ³¤°Dgnb!³ ²Z² {p . eMMONmi]aUdjncaUGmUGo\NGMMONGr]pkN jncaeg]We\meZkNdo XmmLGVXZYRMOUpo\i|Y;M )¦ pX¥zZNGm!kNGxYnNGgkNGVr;exNGY;onV jlXgcW]aXg~Nrx]^ XmmLGV Ynr;N1£¤caUGxYnNGr;mNcqXZo\ike7meMOM3YnrnN?NGV ]kNOmeZMOjAeVaXgrx]Rm|UOonXZr;VR|NOo\UzNkeZjnjAN MONGr]^onNGV)caUGVWNGXgYn[7VWXZr;V ;V(XZo{Kne\mg "#rV NGYnikjAeZY;cRkNcaX¥_eZr %3NpV`]Nr cWNGkXg]WikeZrX¥zNGmkNOV NGYni|| mVWMOX;AxYni!NpV`]Ynr jlXgcqXgMOL]acWN3m|U Yn]Wik|iV UOj;XZc,|NOjncaeg]ae\meZkNOmVWMOXjAeZYncmeZMOj;XgcaNcXjnYniVWVaXgr;mNonNGV,VWi|~r;XgY\[caN Y;Vj;XZcRY;rr;exNGY;o ¦\i(kX jnYniVWVaXgrlmN¡o\YV ik~Zr;XZ)cWN YNpV`]<ikr\£¤UcaikNYncaN0eZYUG~XZ|N0XgYV NGYnik mVWM<X mNGkXzNY\]:o\ikcWN0xYnN0|N r;exNGY;oOUMON] ]WNGYnc)o\Y7VWi|~r;XglNGV ]Nr7onNKnecaVdonN^X ernN^o\N+ncWeYnik|Xg~N#o\Y:rne{NYlo<cWNpmNGz¥XZrx]d|NRV ik~Zr;XZ ^Y\]WcaNMONGr]<VWi X jnYniVWVaXgr;mNo\YV ik~ZrlXg cWN YNpV`]<VWYnjlUGcWikNY;cWNeZYUG~XZ|NXgYVWNY;i||mGV M<X mNXzNY\] oni|caNxYnNOkN1r;exNGY;o UMON]W]WNY;co\YVWik~Zr;XZNpV`],VWY\¢:VWXZMMONGr],jncae\mqKnNOo\Y r;exNGY;ocaNGmNzXgrx]|N<VWi|~r;Xg jAeZY;c)xY ikjnYniVWVWN+;cWeYni|kkNc)kXmeMOM3YnrnimXg]WikeZro\NRmN,o\NcarnikNcp1 %RXgrlV mNRmGXZV kNRr;exNGY;oNGV ])onXZr;V kX GeZrnN<o\NOncaeZY;i|kkXZ~ZNOo\Y rne{NY;o caUGmNGj\]WNGYncpbeYnc,Uz{i|]WNGco\NY\[ UMOikVaVWi|er;V,V ikM3Y;]qXgrnUGNGV o\ikV ]aXZr;mN ikr\£¤UGcWikNYncaN %3{NGr7 XZ;V NGr;mN+o\N+;cWYni|](o\Y o\NGVUMOiVWVWi|er;Vjn|YlVkeZikrx]aXgikrnNpVx|NRV NGYnik?mGV M<X1o\Nz{cqXgi|] «]WcaN3caU~|Uo\NVWeZcW]WNxYn N ? = ? 6 : %^N<mN3£IXZi] N[\UpmY\]ai|er o\iV`]acWiknYnUGNo\Y jncaeg]We\meZkN )¦ 4©¤N[\UGmYn]WikeZr¡XgY0rnikzZNpXgY¡o\NmqK;XY;N,rne{NY;o;¬(jlNGcWMON]^onN3o\U lrni|c^YnrnN GeZrnNo\N,;cWeYni|kXg~ZN,o\N cqX¥_Zer % XZY\]WeYnc#o\NmqK;XY;N+rne{NGY;o0onXgr;V)kN,caUGVWNGXgY %^NMO«MON YnrVWNY;i| jleYncOS ©¤jAeZcW]WUGNo\YV ik~Zr;XZ¬,NGV ]o\ U ;rni)j;Xgc1|NV NGYnikzZeikVWi|rlXg~ZN<N]xYni ! jANcaMON]o\N:o\ U ;rnikc,YnrnN ernN<o\NOcaX¥_eZr S XZY\]WeYnc,o\N<mqK;XZxYnNOrne{NYlo N]W]WN ernNOmeZrx]ai|NGr]]aeZY;V kNGV:rne{NY;onV7zZeikVWi|rlV:o\Y rne{NYloNr xYnNGV ]WikeZrs©IzZeZikc ;~YncaN§PG}¬)NGkX§VWYnjnjAeVWN xYnN¡kNjncaeg]We\meZkN onN3caeZY\]qXg~ZN3jlNGcWMON],o\N1cWNpV`]acWNGi|r;oncWNkNzZeZiVWi|r;XZ~ZNo Ynr rne{NY;oXZY\[¡rne{NY;o;VRxY ik caN eZi|]RX¥zZNpm,YnrnN j;YnikVaVaXgr;mNVWY\¢:VaXgrx]WNO©¤XOrneZcaMON,h#ikjlNGcWXgr|N,jANcaMON]¬ . D. D. .
(97) . . . A. tnu 7tv.
(98) P.
(99)
(100) . Zone de voisinage. Zone de brouillage R. D. ')(+* ,Pp}nª ;68
(101) " 3= % 5 57 , 3; >@
(102)
(103) $ ; ,. <³ "^r<jncWeZ]We\me|N(o\N^cWeY\]aXZ~ZN ]WNGlxYnN R ¦nS © +j\]WikMOi GNGo<i|r <¦x]qX]WN#S#eZY\]ai|rn~{¬!jANcaMN] mqK;XY;N r;exNGY;o o X¥zZei|c:o\NpV:ikr\£¤eZcaM<X]ai|er;V:VWYnc:X ]Wejle|e~ZikNo\Y cWUpV NpXgY j;XgcW]Wikc7o\N mNGV7i|rn£¤eZcaMOXg]WikeZr;V £¤eYncarni|NpVRj;XgckN1jncaeg]ae\meZkNOo\NOcWeY\]aXZ~ZNZ?mqK;XY;N3rne{NYlo jAeZYncacqXgi|]mGXgmYnkNc,VaX GeZrnNOo\NOncaeZYnik|Xg~N meZMOMON^U]aXgrx] Nr;VWNM1nkN+o\NpVr;exNGY;onV o\iV ]aXgrlmN^ikr\£¤UGcWikNYncaN^eY:U~xXgkN }j;XZcN[{NGMOjn|NxonY7jAeZikr] onN<zxY;N:o\Y cWeY\]aXZ~ZNZ N] ]aN:ikonUN:VG XZjnjnYnikN<V Ync3 Xgr;XZ|_\VWNOYnr jlNGYV ikMOjn|iV ]WN:VWYni|zXZr]aNdªNGrcaUGVWNGXZY onNr;VWNZgY;r<rne{NY;o o\iV ]aXgrlmN)]Wejle|e~ZixYnN OV N)]acWeYnzZNGcaX+Nr<~cWexV YnrnN^o\iV ]aXgrlm
(104) N ¡
(105) dr:jncaNr;XZrx].
(106) )er V N cWN]WcaeZYnzN XgkeZcqV7o;Xgr;V|NVWmqK;UM<XjncaUGmUGonXZrx]G %+NGVU]WY;o\NpV7jAeZY;co\U]WNGcWMOikrnNckX onikV ]aXZr;mN7© o\YjAeZikrx]+o\N3z{YnN3cWeY\]aXZ~ZNp¬ jANcaMON]W]aXgrx]RYnrnNMONikk|NGYncWN3cWUGY\]Wik|iVaX]WikeZronY mXZr;XgN]RVaXgr;V ikrx]WNGc ncaeZYnik|Xg~NZ{V erx])kNVWYf`N]^o\NR]acaX¥zXgYn[:£¤Y\]WY;caVG . 4kUgI° gI®8k ³ . ®qk ¥®A\gI³I³ b Ug ° "k ² . s. ABADC EFHGJIK. . k. %b4d.
(107) wZv. @. 3 !"#$ &!"( )&*+ -0/3 ?9 1 %RXgr;V kN^nYn])o\NRzXgkikonNc |NRMOe{onLkN+o\NRcWUpV NGcWzXg]WikeZr:o\N+;Xgr;onN+j;XVWVaXgrx]aN^o\UGmcWi|]j;cWUpmUGonNMOMONrx]G onNGVVWikM3YnX]ai|er;Ver] U]WUU ?UGm]aYnUNpVpb!eZYncmNGkX)rneY;VX¥zeZr;VmcaUUdYnrVWikM3YnX]aNYnco\eZrx] XZcamqK;i]aNGm]aYncaN ~UrnUGcaXZ|NRNGV ](kX<VWYnikzXgrx]WNª . _. Nouveau trafic Trafic rejete. QoS_controller (disponibilite de la BP ). Trafic accepte. Paquets a_venir (ordonnes selon les temps debut_em). Paquet brouille (++ nbre_transmissions). Paquet retarde(COMPTEUR_CSMA > 0) Si canal libre alors: --COMPTEUR_CSMA. CSMA. Paquet rejete si nbre_transmissions= MAX_transmit. Paquet emis(COMPTEUR_CSMA =0). Paquets en_cours (ordonnes selon les temps fin_em). Paquet bien recu. ')(+* ,PGu;ª: @32 &;6=> 5B 2 <57S <= . . . s "6MQ*MJ1#%2\#%9 !)J. , 0OQV9 L. 0 (+2\#%*M0 . N#V ikM3YnX]aNYnc NpV`]meZr;V ]Wi|]WY;U#o\N(jnkY;V ikNY;caV!MOe\o\YnkNGV N]o\eZrx] XR]aXgikk|N ]WeZ]aXZ|N(NpV`]o\N^w gvv^ki|~rnNGV onNme\o\N,NrkXZrn~XZ~ZN+;NpV(xY;X]acWNjncai|rlmikj;XgY\[Me\o\Y;|NpV(V er]pª "#r0MOe\o\YnkNo\Nmer]ac |No\NxY;XZ|i|]WU,o\NVWNcaz{ikmNRonXZr;V)kN,cWUpV NpXgY q´+ex¦{`er]acWe|kNc
(108) "#r0MOe\o\YnkNo\Nmer]ac |No XZmGmLGV(XZYMOUpo\i|Y;M q)<¦
(109) "#r¡VamqKnNGo\Y;|NGc(~ZUcqXgrx]) Xgcacai|zUNo\NGV)j;XxYnN]qV 3® ? ° A³ n³ I°G ¡ I² <³ x n ´+Y;XZr;oY;r rneYnzZNpXgY0]Wcq X Am3Xgcacai|zN3onXgrlV+kN3caUGVWNGXZY©¤jlXgcRN[\NMOjnkN1Y;r rne{NYl?o zZNYn]meZMOM3Y\ r;ikxYnNGc X¥zNGm#Y;rrne{NGY;o (¬{Ynr;NRcaeZYn]WN^NpV`](mXZkmYnkUN©INrN[\UGmY\]aXZr])kN+jncaeg]ae\meZkN^o\NcaeZY\]qXg~Np¬!NGr]acWN mr. R R. 8k. Zg. 7g. "k. <h. A. tnu 7tv.
(110) wnP.
(111)
(112) . mNGV)o\NGY\[7rne{NYlonVn¦{iY;rnNcWeY\]WNRN[\iV`]aN+NGr]acWNRkNGV(o\NGY\[:rne{NY;o;V\N])VWNkeZrkXr;Xg]WYncaNRonY7]acaX lmg{YnrnN ac UGVWNcazX]ai|er o YnrnN<mNGc ]qXgikrnN1lXgr;o\Nj;XVWVaXgrx]WN1NGV ],rnUGmNGVaVWXZi|caN3kNO|ern~onN3]aeZY;VkNGVRrne{NYlonV,mer;V`]ai ]aY;Xgrx]qVX^caeZYn]WNZH%+N)mNd£IXZi] kNjncaeg]ae\meZkNo\N caUGVWNcaz¥Xg]WikeZro\N ;XZr;o\N j;XZVaVWXZrx]WNonUGmcai|] jncaUGmUGo\NGMMONGr] NpV`](N[{UpmY\]aUXgYrnikzZNGXZYonNmqK;XZxYnNRrne{NY;okN,|ern~Oo\N,kXcaeZY\]aN<©¤zZei|c l~ZYncaNOP Z¬ NO]Wcq X lmONpV`]3XmmNGj\]WU<VWidX¡meZrlo\i]ai|er§o\N<cWUpV NGcWzXg]WikeZr onN<;Xgr;onN<j;XZVaVWXZrx]WNOi|rlo\ikxYnUGN:onXgrlV,|N j;cWeZ]We\me|NZNGV ]zUcai lUN^XZY:rnikzZNGXZY:o\N+mqKlXZxYnN#rne{NGY;o;+ NpV`] |N+MOe{onYn|N,´+ex¦x merx]WcaeZk|NGcdY;iAXVWVWYncaN mN,meZrx]ac |N Dr. R. A. B. ')(+*-,Pfr\ª 33= H ;
(113) ;
(114) 4 ; ; >= ! <; 32 3 <= <;?=> 48 <=.. J eZY\]aNGV|NpVonNM<Xgr;onNGVo\N caUGVWNcazX]WikeZr VWeZrx]7]acaXZi]aUNpV7VWUGxYnNrx]ai|NG|kNMONrx]p mN xYnio\eZrnr;N YnrnN K;NYncaikV ]WixYnN~ZkeZY\]aeZrnr;NRjAeZY;c#XZmmNj\]aNc(YnrM<X[\ikM3YnM o\NR]WcqX lmGV ¥®l°G®²Z®A³ n²² { n I NGV ]acaX lmVmeZrlV io\UcaUGV o;Xgr;V kNGVV ikM3Y;kXg]WikeZr;VdVWeZrx] o\UGni|] mer;V ]aXgrx]p
(115) "#rnN#£¤eZiVxY YnrO]WcqX lm)NpV`] XmmNj\]aUZg]aeZY;VkNGVj;XZxYnN]aVxY ikl~UrnUGcWNGcaX,VWNcaeZrx]V ]We\m ZUpVonXZr;VdX l|NRo\NGVj;XZxYnN]aV zZNr;i|cp{N] ]WN l|NNGV ](eZcqo\eZr;rnUN+j;Xgc)eZcqo\caNRmcWeikVaVaXgrx] o\NpV(o\U;Y\]aV(o UMOiVWVWikeZronNGV)j;XY;N]aV N])jANYn]^meZrx]aNrnikc(o\NGV jlXZxYnN]qV(XgjnjlXgcW]WNrlXgrx] o\NpV#VWeZYncqmNpV oni ?UcaNrx]WNpV N£¤eZcaMOXg]#o Y;rjlXZxYnN](NpV`]#kN,V YnikzXgrx]ª j. e. \g. `_. Debut_em Duree_em. Temps_arrivee. ')(+* ,P. ABADC EFHGJIK. ª B =2. Emetteur. Recepteur. Brouille. Nb_transmissions. H
(116) 3)4 3 @ + % 5 8
(117) ;@!57 28 <57H ;. Compteur_CSMA.
(118) ww. @. X3]acaXZr;VWMiVaV ikeZr0o Ynr0j;XZxYnN])jlXgc(Ynr0rne{NYlo7NpV`]#M<X]aUcaikXZ|iVWU+j;XZc(|N]acaXZr;V £¤NcW](onYj;XxYnN]#NGr x YnNpV`]ai|ero\NX ;kN3o\NpV#j;XY;N]aV zZNGrni|c^zZNcqV(X ;kN3o\NpV#j;XY;N]aV^Nr\ meYncqVnN]^z{Y¡kX:r;X]aYncWN1o\NGV jlXZxYnN]qVxYniAjANYnzNrx]«]WcaN+o\NV eYncqmNGVo\i ?UcaNrx]aNGV{o\NpVmeZk|iV ikeZrlVdjANYnzNrx])VWN^j;cWe\o\YnikcaNZ "^rVamqKnN onYn|NGcRVWN1mqKlXgca~ZNo\Y¡]acaXZr;V £¤NcW]Ro\NpV^j;XxYnN]qV#Nrx]acWN1|NpV+o\NGY\[ ;kNGV^]WeZYn]+Nr N[\UGmY\]aXZr]R|N1jncaeg]We\meZkN )¦ jAeZYncUz{i]aNc|NpVme|kiV ikeZr;VGN#jncaeg]ae{meZkN+)<¦ Yn]Wik|iV U+ikmi;NpV`] i|r;VWjnikcWU+o\N#X,rneZcaMON vwn|PP+X¥zZNpm+xYnNGkxYnNpV(V ikMOjnki lmGX]ai|er;V io\UN,~UrnUGcaXZ|NRNGV ](kX<VWYnikzXgrx]WNdª KlXZxYnN,rne{NYloonUGVWi|cqXgrx](UMON]W]WcaN,Ynr¡j;XY;N]^o\ei](]ai|caNc#Y;rOf`N]Wer§©eZMOj\]aNYncW )<¦ +¬#o Y;rnN£IX eZr7XZ|UpX]aeZikcWN+Nrx]WcaN+v3N](YnrnN+£¤Nrn«]WcaN, s;N] ]WN+£¤Nr;«]WcaN NGV ](meZMOjncaiV N+Nrx]WcaN MOi|r E N] M<X8[ Ew nN]W]WN£¤Nr;«]WcaNmqK;XZrn~ZNmeMMONVWYni|]Gª J eZYn]X)£IXZi]!XgY3o\UGnY\]pGkNrne{NGY;o]WikcaNVWeZr)f`N]aeZr3o;Xgr;V kX(£¤Nrn«]WcaN) MikrNrne{NY;oMOXZi|rx]ai|NGr]!mN] ]WN zXZ|NGYnc ]aXZrx]Y;N#V NpV j;XZxYnN]aV jlXgcazxikNr;rnNrx]dnikNr o\NpV`]ai|rlX]WikeZr¡© mg Xn oZikncaN ei]onNGVdXmxYni|] ]WNGMONrx]aV onY rne{NYloo\NGV ]Wikr;Xg]aXgikcaNp¬: %+LGVRxY Y;r j;XY;N]NGV ]+jANcqo\Y©IrneZr cWUpmNjn]WikeZr o YnrXZmxYni|] ]aNMONrx]¬?|N r;exNGY;o7oneZYnnkN,VWX£¤Nrn«]WcaNjleYnc(XgYn~MNGrx]WNc X3jncaeZlXgnik|i|]WUo\NR]WikcaNc Ynr3f`N]WerjnkY;V)~caXZr;o<N]#o\NmN £IXZi]^XZYn~ZMONGr]aNc)XmqKlXgr;mNo UGzxi|]WNGc(|NpV(me|kikVWikeZr;VGnNrne{NYlomeZrx]Wikr{YnN o\eZYn;|NGc#VWX3£¤Nrn«]WcaN]aXZr] xYnN,VWeZrj;XZxYnN](r NpV`](j;XV)nikNr0cWN Y¥f`Y;VaY Xgcacai|zNc)X< M<X8[ Ew \Nrne{NGY;o7zXM<Xgikrx]WNr;i|c mN]W]WN£¤Nr;«]WcaN)f`Y;VaxY XOAeZrnrnN,caUGmNj\]ai|ero Ynr¡jlXZxYnN](j;XZc#kNo\NGV ]Wikr;X]qXgikcWN<©IcWUpmNjn]WikeZr0o Y;rXZm xYni|] ]aNMONrx] j;XZckN rne{NY;o1UMON]W]WNGYncq¬gXgjncaLGVxYneZi{kN)rne{NY;o3cWNGMN]!VaX^£¤Nrn«]WcaN X^zXgkNY;cMOikrnikMOXZ|N MOi|r N:rne{NYlo rnN7jANY\]UMON]W]WcaN7VWeZr§j;XY;N]1xYnN:keZcqVaY;N:V er0f`N]Wer§NGV ]1UG~Xg UGcWelN,f`N]aeZrNpV`] onUGmcaUMONGr]aUOYnrniY;NMONrx]keZcqVWxYnNOkN:mXgrlXg NGV ],|ikncaNZonN:mNO£IXgi|]kN<rne{NY;o o\ei]]WNpV`]aNcX0o\iV jAeg r;i|nikki]aUOonYmGXgr;XZ o\NGVikr;V ]aXZr]qVRcWUG~ZYnki|NGcaV©¤ikrx]WNGcWzXgkkNGVRo\N:wgvMimcaeVWNGmeZr;onNGVq¬¦{i kNmGXgr;XZNpV`] kikncWN1XgkeZcqV#kN3rne{NYloo\UGmcWUGMONrx]WN3VWeZrOf`N]WerN]R|N1j;XZxYnN]RVWNcqXOUMOikVRxY;Xgrlo¡|N^f`N]aeZr VWNcqXOU~xXg GUcae; drcWUpXgki]aU1kNOrne{NY;oo\ei]X]W]WNGr;o\caNY;rnNOjlUGcWike\o\NonN1]aNMOj;V,XZjnjlNG|UGN o\U£IXgY\]mGV M<X
(119) OX¥z¥XZrx] o UGMN] ]acWN<VWeZrj;XZxYnN]G N]W]WN<jAUcai|e\o\NONpV`],U~xXgkN Y;r MOikrni VW|eZ]G "#r;NO£¤eZiV|NOj;XY;N]NGV ],UMOiV kNrne{NY;oo\eZi|]X]W]WNrlo\cWNYnr XZmGY;i]W]WNMONGr]X¥zXgrx],o NGVaVWX¥_Nc+o NGrxze_ZNGc+VWeZrjncWe\mqK;XZi|r j;XZxYnN]G¦{i XZmxYni|] ]aNMONrx](r X3jlXZV U]aURcaN YXZY7AeZY\]#o YnrnN,mNcW]aXgikrnNRjlUGcWike\o\N,XgkeZcqVkNj;XZxYnN] NpV`]#meZr;VWikonUcaU meZMOMONjlNGcao\Y§©IncWeYnik|kUp¬ N]^|N,r;exNGY;o0o\eZi|]#jncae\mUGonNc kXcaN]acaXZr;V MOiVWVWikeZronY¡M«GMON,j;XZxYnN]G #Y AeZYn]^o Y;r0mNcW]aXZi|rrneZM1ncaNRo\N,caN]acaXZr;VWMiVaV ikeZr;VU~xXg #]WcqXgr;VWMOi]\kN,j;XZxYnN](NGV ]^o\U]acWYni|]G zZNpm#mN+MOUGmXZrniV MON+onNdf`N]aeZr;VGx|N+rneZM1ncWNRo\N+meZk|iVWi|er;VonXZr;VdkN^caUGVWNGXZY<zX«]acWN+cWUpo\Yni|] o\Y:£IXgi|])o\N X1£IXgiknkN,jncWe;Xg;i|ki]aU+jAeZY;c^xYnN,o\NY\[rne{NY;o;V(XgikNrx](|N,MO«MON)f`N]WeZr I³ { \°G° ?° { x°G <³ ³ \° I® b!eZY;c+~xXgcqo\Nc#Y;rnN]acaXmN3o\NpV^jlXZxYnN]qV^~UrnUGcWUpV^onXZr;V#X7VWikM3YnX]ai|erlo\NGY\[ ;kNGVRo Xg] ]aNrx]WNOV erx] Yn]Wik|iV UGNGVª "^rnN ;|N o\NGVj;XxYnN]qVNGr3X]W]WNrx]aN o UMOiVWVWikeZr¥o\eZrx]|NpVj;XxYnN]qV VWeZrx] ecaoneZrnrnUpVj;XZc ecaoncWNmcWeikVaVaXgrx] onNGV+]WNGMjlVRonNo\UGnY\]o UMOiVWVWi|er´+Y;Xgr;o Ynr r;eZYnzNGXgY]Wcq X lm1NGV ]XmmNj\]aU1onXZr;VR|NcWUpV NpXgYAikNpV`] VWN~MONrx]WUNrj;XY;N]aV(xYni V NGcWer](V ]We\m ZUpV(onXgr;V(mN]W]WN ;kNZ "^rnN ;|N o\NGV j;XY;N]aV NrmeYncaV o UMOikVaVWi|erN] o\eZrx]|NpVj;XxYnN]qV VWeZrx] ecaoneZrnrnUpVj;XZc ecaoncWNmcWeikVaVaXgrx] onN<|NGYnc ;r;V1o UMOikVaVWi|er´+Y;XZr;o|N:VamqKnNGonYn|NGcjncaNr;okN:jncaNMOikNc,j;XY;N]3onXZr;V,X ;kNZVWeZi|]i||N `_. . . r. . D. r. g. . . Vk. b. "k. g. Dg 8k. A. tnu 7tv.
(120) wZ}.
(121)
(122) . caNMON]onXgrlV kX ;|N+o\NGVj;XZxYnN]aV NGr:X] ]aNrx]WN+o UGMOikVaV ikeZr:VWi;kN#j;XxYnN]dNpV`];cWeYni|kkUZVWeZi|]diklkN^o\U]WcaYni] o;Xgr;V)kNmXV meZrx]WcqXgikcaNZ
(123) . l. @0 *M( F0.*UQB "6MQV0s(#%2\#%Q. , */(+2. QV9 L. 0 (+2\#"9+!1J. ^jncWLpV#X¥zZei|c jncaUGVWNrx]WUYnr;NXgcqmqKni]aNGm]WYncaN+~|e;XgkNo\Y¡V ikM3YnX]aNYncp\rneY;V(Xgk|er;V)NGVaVaX¥_ZNc)o\N,jncaU WV Nrx]aNcxYnNGkxYnNpVVWi|M1YnX]WikeZrlVdjAeZYnc o\U]aNcaMikrnNGcj;XZcN[\NGMj;|N+|N+rneZM1ncWN+o\N#]acaX lmVdXmmNj\]aUGVo;Xgr;V kN0cWUpV NpXgYNGr£¤er;m]ai|eronYcqX¥_Zer % o\NpV GeZrnNpV<o\N0ncaeZYnik|Xg~N7N]ONGr£¤er;m]ai|eronNX r;X]aYncWN¡o\N X¡o\iV`]acWiknY\]ai|er§o\NGV,r;exNGY;onVo;Xgr;V,kN<caUGVWNGXgY©IonikV ]Wcai|;Y\]WikeZr§XgkUGXg]Wei|caNOeZY§o\iV`]acWiknY\]ai|erNGr ~Zcai|k|N¥¬ NGjlNGr;onXZr]X:M<Xf`ecWi|]WUo\N1r;eVRV ikM3YnX]ai|er;VReZrx]+U]WUN ?NGm]WYnUGNGVonXgrlV+kNOmXZVRo YnrnNOo\iV`]acWiknY\]ai|er XZ|UpX]aeZikcWNo\NGV)r;exNGY;onV(mGXgc(NkkN,cWNGjncWUpV NGrx]WNRkXOmXV)jncqX]WixYnNZ X ;~YncWN^P )r;eZY;VMerx]WcaNkNrneM3ncaNo\N]Wcq X lmGVXmmNGj\]WUpV VWYnc YnrnN)V YncW£IXZmNmXZcWcaUNdonN }vgM[n}ZvgM N]#Ynr0rneZM1ncaNonN,rne{NY;onV^o\N3wgvvn\No\UGni|]#MOXg[\i|M1YnM
(124) NpV`]^o\Nv; ¡\kNo\U;i]+onNmqK;XZxYnNR]Wcq X Am NpV`]#o\Nv; v &u ¡{N]#XOo\YncaUN,o\NmqK;XY;N+]acaX lmRNGV ]#o\N<PGvV Npmer;o\NGVG XZ|j;K;'X ER}; nxVWNYnik|mGV M<'X E^ ;©Io (¬{VWNY;i||zeZiV ikr;XZ~ZN E^ v; _. r. r. "h. 100. 200 noeuds sur une surface carree de 30m x 30m. 90. Nb_trafics_acceptes. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. Rayon D. ')(+*-, P \ª:;62 =>8
(125) => 3! 48 3 3; 3;6 l ; =>
(126) ; F. . ;!=> %. &1. +r7meZr;V ]aXg]WN^xYnN+|N+rneZM1ncaN^o\N#]acaX lmVXZmGmNjn]WUGV VWN^V`]qXgnikkikVWN+XZY:XgkNrx]WeYnco\N1Ppw,XZY7o\NG o Ynr cqX¥_Zer % ER}ZvgM0 . ABADC EFHGJIK.
(127) wgu. @. 30. -75.0 -80.0 -85.0 -90.0. Nb traffics acceptes (N=75, shadowing 5.0). taux de perte (N=75, shadowing 5.0). 20. 15. 10. 5. 0. -75.0 -80.0 -85.0 -90.0. 25. 20. 15. 10. 5 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. D. ". 7 ! ". C. <
(128) >. '- . ! '.
(129) #" . ! . 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. D. . / +" ); . C. C. %
(130) 0 )
(131). . " " " '. 6. C. ! ". u
(132). . C. - . '<
(133) >46. . ! & . '. ' '. C C. C. 9%
(134) 0 )
(135). ')(+* ,dP ª @
(136) ? 4@3=
(137) 4 3 @ % <= # & @1 6; 2 => =>
(138) 4' 3 <= =>H 1 4 <=! <;6 S =9 %l ; 57H H =>
(139) 3 6; @H < = < ; ;
(140) 5 4@
(141) 3 # >
(142) $ ;
Documents relatifs
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des
[…] Chez nous, le parterre […] est composé communément des citoyens les moins riches, les moins maniérés, les moins raffinés dans leurs mœurs ; de ceux
But on another hand, increasing q at constant operative pressure results in decreasing the equilibrium pressure, by decreasing the operative temperature (Figure 9), and finally, it
R´ esum´ e : On pr´esente des r´esultats autour du probl`eme suivant: pour un point mat´eriel dont l’acc´el´eration est born´ee par une constante donn´ee, et pour un
Ensuite, pour déterminer lesquelles des voix créées pouvaient être qualifiées d’« androgynes », nous avons fait un test de perception dans lequel nous avons demandé
Toutefois, des améliorations sont à prévoir car bien que la protection induite par ces glycoconjugués soit significative, elle n’est cependant pas optimale pour mettre
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des
Venant compléter les nombreux guides spécialisés qui informent le touriste gay sur les différents lieux et structures qu’il pourra fréquenter s’il recherche son
