تحضير وتلبيد الخزفيات ذات الأساس كاولان ألومينا ودراسة خصائصها الفيزيائية و الميكانيكية

5,6$&א(78#&א(و(5&:$&א(;"6$<&א(=2אزو? ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ) ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ (

ﺔـﺤﻭﺭــﻁﺃ

ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻗ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭــﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ

ﺘﻜﺩ

ـ

ــﻠﻋ ﻩﺍﺭﻭ

ـ

ﻡﻭـ

ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ : ﺏﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺯﻴﻓ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ

ﺤ

ـ

ﻴﺍﺭ

ـ

ﻨﻤ ﺯ

ـ

ﺩﺎ

ع!ـــ$!%'ا

ﻡﻭﻴ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ : 20 / 04 / 2010 ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔــﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ -ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﻠﺒ ﺎـﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺔــﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ -ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻌﺴﻤ ﺎﻨﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ ﺔــﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻑﺎﻴﻀﻭﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ – ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺱﻨﻭﻴ ﺓﻭﻴﺭﻋ ﻥﺒ ﺎﻨﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ ﺭـﻀﻴﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔــﻌﻤﺎﺠ – ﺓﺭـﻜﺴﺒ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻕﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺎﻨﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ

ﺘ

ﺭﻴﻀﺤ

ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻭ

-ﺎﻨﻴﻤﻭﻝﺃ

ﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ

ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴ

5,6$&א(78#&א(و(5&:$&א(;"6$<&א(=2אزو ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ) ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ (

ﺔـﺤﻭﺭــﻁﺃ

ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻗ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭــﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ

ﺘﻜﺩ

ـ

ــﻠﻋ ﻩﺍﺭﻭ

ـ

ﻡﻭـ

ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ : ﺏﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺯﻴﻓ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ

ﺤ

ـ

ﻴﺍﺭ

ـ

ﻨﻤ ﺯ

ـ

ﺩﺎ

ع!ـــ$!%'ا

ﻡﻭﻴ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ : 20 / 04 / 2010 ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔــﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ -ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﻠﺒ ﺎـﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺔــﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ -ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻌﺴﻤ ﺎﻨﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ ﺔــﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻑﺎﻴﻀﻭﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ – ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺱﻨﻭﻴ ﺓﻭﻴﺭﻋ ﻥﺒ ﺎﻨﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ ﺭـﻀﻴﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔــﻌﻤﺎﺠ – ﺓﺭـﻜﺴﺒ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻕﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺎﻨﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ

ﺘ

ﺭﻴﻀﺤ

ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻭ

-ﺎﻨﻴﻤﻭﻝﺃ

ﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ

ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴ

ﷲ ﺩﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻨ ﻤﺤ ـ ﻤﺤ ﻩﺩ ـ ﺜﻜ ﺍﺩ ـ ﻴﻁ ﺍﺭﻴ ـ ﻤ ﺎﺒ ـ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻜﺭﺎﺒ . ﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺎﺴ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃ ﻩ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺃﻭ ، ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﷲﺍﺩﺒﻋ ﺵﻭﺭﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﺔﻠﻴﻁ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻌﺒﺘﺘ ﻭ ﻪﻓﺍﺭﺸﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻪﺤﺌﺎﺼﻨ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺎﺸﺭﺇ ﻪﺼﻼﺨﺇ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻪﺒﺤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺭﻜﺸﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻁ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻪﻌﻴﺠﺸﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻤ . ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﻠﺒ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺔﺴﺎﺌﺭﺒ ﻪﻠﻀﻔﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺭﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃ ﻭ ﺘﺎ ﺓﺫ ﺱﻨﻭﻴ ﺓﻭﻴﺭﻋ ﻥﺒ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﻕﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻌﺴﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ، ﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﺯﺠ ﺎﻤﻫﺭﻜﺸﺃ ﻭ ، ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ . ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻔﻜﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇ ﻭ لﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻲـﻨﺘﻭﻔﻴ ﻕﻴﺩﺼﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺫ لﻴﻀﻭﻓ ﻥﻭﻨﺤﺴ ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﺌﺎﺼﻨ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺎﺸﺭﺇ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ . ﻨﺘﻭﻔﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ـ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻲ ﻼﻴﻤﺯ ﻱ ﻘﻴﺩﺼﻭ ﻱﺎ ﻥﺍﺯﻴﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴ ﺭﻜﺒﻭﺒ ﺱﻭﻌﺴﻋ لﺩﻨﺼﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻬﺘﺍﺩﺎﺸﺭﺇ لﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻬﺤﺌﺎﺼﻨ ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ . ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃ : ﺩﺒﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻁﻌﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﻤﺤﺃ ﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ﻲﻝﺍﻭ ﺒ ﻭ ﺵﺭﻴﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﺕﺎﺸﻭﻬﻠ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﺴ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺒﻋ ﺔﻠﻁﺎﻁﻤ ﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺘ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﻠﺴ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯ ﻲﻨﻭﻤﺤﺭ لﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻔﻜﻴﻻ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇ ﻭ : ﻥﻴﺴﺎﻴ ﷲﺎﺒﺎﺠ ،ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﺌﺎﺼﻨ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺎﺸﺭﺇ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻭ . ﺎﻤﻜ ﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺭﻜﺸﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﺌﺎﻘ ﺎﻴﺯﻴﻝﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺭﺒﺎﺨﻤ ﻡﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ، ﺏﺤﺎﺼ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺎﻫﻭﻤﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻬﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ .

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ... 01 ﺼﻔﻝﺍ ـ ل لﻭﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻤﻋ I . 1 ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ... .... ... .. ... .... 03 I . 2 ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ . ... ... ... ... 04 I . 1.2 ﻲﻨﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ... ... .. ... 04 I . 3 ﻝﺍ ﻜ ﻻﻭﺎ ﻥ ... ... ... .. ... ... 04 I . 1.3 ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ... ... ... ... ... 04 I . 2.3 ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ... ... ... . ... .... . 05 I . 1.2.3 ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ... ... .... ... ... ... 05 I . 2.2.3 ﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻏ ... ... ... ... .... ... . . 07 I . 3.3 ﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻥ ... . ... ... ... ... 07 I . 4.3 ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ... ... ... ... ... 07 I . 5.3 ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ... ... ... ... 07 I . 6.3 ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ... ... .... . ... 10 I . 1.6.3 ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ـ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔ 980°C ... . . ... ... .. 11 I . 2.6.3 ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ... . . ... ... ... ... 12 I . 4 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ . ... ... ... . .... .... ... 13 I . 1_.4 ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ... ... ... . ... ... ... 13 I . 2_.4 ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ... ... ... ... 14 I . 1.2.4 ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ... .. ... ... ... . ... ... 14 I . 2.2.4 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ... .. . ... ... 15 I . 3.2.4 ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ . ... ... ... ... . 15 I . 5 ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻹ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺘ ﺭﺍﻭﻁﻷﺍ . . ... ... .. ... 17 I . 1.5 ﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﺔﻴ ... ... ... ... ... ... 17 I . 1.1.5 ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ Al2O3-SiO2 .. ... ... ... .. ... 17 I . 2.1.5 ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ Al2O3-MgO .... ... ... ... .. ... 18

I . 1.2.5 ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ -MgO Al2O3- SiO2 ... ... ... ... . 19

ﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ــ

ﺜﻝﺍ ل

ـ

ﻨﺎ

ـ

ﻲ

:

ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﻕﺭﻁ

II . 1 ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ... ... ... .. ... 27 II . 1.1 ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻨﻴﻤ ﻭﻝﻷﺍ ﻁﻠﺨ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺎ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ ... . . .. .. ... .. 27 II . 2.1 ﺔﻴﻭﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ... .. ... ... 29 II . 2 ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ... ... ... .... .. ... 32 II . 1_.2 ﺔـــﻤﺩـﻘﻤ ... ... ... ... ... .... 32 II . 2_.2 ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ... ... ... ... 32 II . 3.2 ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ... . ... ... ... ... 33 II . 1.3.2 ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ... ... . ... ... .. ... ... 33 II . 2.3.2 ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ... ... ... . . .... ... ... 33 II . 3.3.2 ﺔﻴﺌﺎــﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ... ... .... ... ... .... 34 II . 4.2 ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ... .... . ... ... ... ... 34 II . 1.4.2 ﺔــﺒﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔــﻴﻝﺁ ... .... ... ... ... 35 II . 2.4.2 ﻝﺍ ﺔــﻴﻝﺁ ﻑﺜﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺨﺒﺘ ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 35 II . 3.4.2 ــﻴﻝﺁ ﺕﺎ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ ﺔــﺒﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ... ... ... ... ... 36 II . 1.3.4.2 ــﻴﻝﺁ ﻲﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔ ... ... ... ... ... 37 II . 2_.3.4.2 ﻲﺤﻁﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔــﻴﻝﺁ ... . ... ... .. .. ... 38 II . 3.3.4.2 ﻲﻤﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔــﻴﻝﺁ ... ... . ... ... 39 II . 4.4.2 لﺌﺎﺴ ﺭﻭﻁ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔــﻴﻝﺁ ... ... . .. ... ... 41 II . 5.2 ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ... ... ... . ... ... 41 II . 6_.2 ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺸﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ... ... ... 42 II . 7.2 ﻠﺘ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒ ... ... .... ... 42 II . 1.7.2 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻕﺭﻁ ... ... ... ... 43 II . 1.1.7.2 ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ... ... ... .. ... ... 43 II . 2.1.7.2 ﺕﺎﻓﺎــﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘ ... ... ... 46

III . 1 ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ .. ... ... ... . .. ... ... 50 III . 1.1 ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ... ... ... ... ... 50 III . 2.1 ﻱﺭﺒﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻤﻝﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ Al2O3 ... ... ... ... ... 50 III . 3.1 ﻡﻭﻴﺯﻴﻨﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ MgO . ... .. .... ... ... ... . ... 51 III . 2 ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ... ... ... 51 III . 3 ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ... ... ... ... 51 III . 4 ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘ ... ... . .. ... 52 III . 5 ﺔﻴﻤﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ... ... ... 52 III . 6 ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ... ... ... 54 III . 7 ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ... ... ... .. 54 III . 8 ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻭﺫ ﺀﺎﻨﺤﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ... . ... ... . 55 III . 9 ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻼﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ... ... ... 56 III . 10 ﻲﻝﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ... ... ... 56 III . 11 ﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯـــﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺔﻠﻤ ... .... ... 56

ﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ــ

ﻝﺍ ل

ﻊﺒﺍﺭ

:

ﻝﺍ

ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ

ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻭ

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﻭـﺤﻤﻝﺍ

IV . 1 ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لـﻠﺤﺘ ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 IV . 1.1 ﺓﺩﺎﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ... ... ... ... 63 IV . 1_.1.1 ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ... ... ... ... 63 IV . 2.1.1 ﻲﻨﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ... ... 64 IV . 1.2.1.1 ﻲﻠﻀﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ... 64 IV . 2.2.1.1 ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﺤ ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ... 66 IV . 3.1.1 ﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﺯــﻴﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤ ... 66 IV . 1.3.1.1 ﺢﺴﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺭﻬـﺠﻤﻝﺍ (MEB) ... 66 IV . 2.3.1.1 ﺭﺯﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺒﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ... ... 67 IV . 2.1 ﻱﺭﺒﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻤﻝﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ Al O ... ... ... ... 70

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭـــﺤﻤﻝﺍ

IV . 2 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ .... ... 75 IV . 1.2 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ... ... ... ... 75 IV . 1.1.2 ﻲﻠﻀﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ... ... 75 IV . 2.1.2 ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﺤ ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ... ... 75 IV . 2.2 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘ ... 80 IV . 1.2.2 ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ... ... 81 IV . 1.1.2.2 ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ... 81 IV . 2.1.2.2 ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ... 85 IV . 2.2.2 ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ... ... 88 IV . 1_.2.2.2 ﺔﻴﻤﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻓﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ... 88 IV . 2_.2.2.2 ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ MgO ﺔﻴﻤﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻓﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ... 97

ــﺤﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﻭـ

ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ

IV . 3 ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ... 108

ﺭﻭـــﺤﻤﻝﺍ

ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ

IV . 4 ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ... 118 IV . 1.4 ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ... ... ... ... ... 118 IV . 2.4 ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻭﺫ ﺀﺎﻨﺤﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ... 123 IV . 3.4 ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻼﺼﻝﺍ . ... ... 125 IV . 4.4 ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨﻝﺍ ... 127 IV . 1.4.4 ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻴﺯﻴﻨﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ... ... 127 ـــﺼﻼﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔــ ... . ... ... 131 ﻊـــــﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ... 133

ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺯﺎﺘﻤﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺭﺎﻬﺼﻨﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﻗﺎﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﻬﻠﻫﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺎ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻨﻁﺒﻤ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻜ ﻥﺍﺭﻓﻸﻝ ، ﻭ ﺔﻌﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ، ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻤﻝﻷﺍ (Al2O3) ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﻭ ﻡﻭﻴﺯﻴﻨﻐﻤﻝﺍ (MgO) ﻭ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃﻭ ﻡﻭﺭﻜﻝﺍ (Cr2O3) ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻭﻜﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﻭﺃ ﻭ (ZrO2) ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ . ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻭ ﻑﻴﻌﻀ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺩﺩﻤﺘ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺇ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﻗﺎﻨ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﺎﻬﺼﻨﺍ ﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻫ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺘﺤﻹ . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﺫ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻭ (3Al2O3.2SiO2) ﻭﻫ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ Al2O3-SiO2 ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﺒ ﻪﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ SiC ﻭ Si3N4 ، ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ . ﻩﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺤﻨﺃ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻤﻝﺎﻘﺒ ﻍﺎﺒﺩ لﺒﺠ ( . ﺭﻀﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﺓﺩﺎﺠ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﻴ ﻭ ﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨ ، ﻭ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﺔﻗﺎﻁ لﻗﺄﺒ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻊﻤ ، ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻪ ﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺄﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺊﻴﺸﺒ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ، لﻴﺼﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺍﻭﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺘﻹ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ : SiO2 ، Al2O3 ﻭ MgO . ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺼﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺊﻴﺸﺒ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﻭ ، ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﻭ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺹﺼﺨ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻭ . ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ . ﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﻝ ﻩﺎﻨﺼﺼﺨ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺭﻴﺨ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤ ، ﺙﻴﺤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻋ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻭ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻭ ، ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻡﻭﻴﺯﻴﻨﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺓﺩ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺎﻨﺴﺭﺩ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺽﻌﺒ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ) ﻥﻤﺯ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺍ , ﻡﻭﻴﺯﻴﻨﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ ( ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻭ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ .

لو"א$%ــ'ــ()א

$$

*+,-ــ.א$دא0ــ1א$ل02$34+5067

$$

%ــ895

$$

!"#$א א&' ( )*$و)*,

-./א01א دא34א 56 -78אو و -9:); -<א/د

,

>?

@A)"Bא >'CD -E)FGא

H-78IBא دא3J9$ -7A)7J7K$א و -7A).I7#$א

و

و -9JLMN4א -7$وOא دא34א P.0L, QR )*S0T,

و )U"A)"V

)*$و)*, )JW H -*KJ4א )U,X3Y Z$[W

\]^D

-7_)7`$א م3<0$א !7"#M$א 5:

نאI,X

c)`W0J9$ /א3EOא

-7$)M$א

:

SiO

2

H

Al

2

O

3

و

MgO

$$

ﺔﻴﻓﺯــﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭــﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻤﻋ

.I 1 . ﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻴﻠﻴﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻨﻴﻤﻭﻝﻷﺍ ﺎ، ﺔﻬﻴﻤﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺴﺘﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﻜﻴﻠﻴﺴ -ﻴﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻤﻭﻝﻷﺍ ﺔ ﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻻ ﺔﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﻘﺒ ﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻁﻭﺒﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﺕ ﺱﻭﺅﺭﻝﺎﺒ . ﻰﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺒﻜﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﻷﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻪﻌﻤﺠﻝ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻓ . ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻰﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ لﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﺜﻤ ﻥﻭﻴ SiO4 -4 ، ﺒﺭ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻡﻭﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺃ ـ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻋﺎ ﺴﻜﻸﻝ ـ ﻥﻴﺠ ) ﻩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﻴﺠﺴﻜﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺫ ﻊﺒﺭﺃ ﻪﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﺘ ﻱﺃ ( ، ﻥﺃ لﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻤﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﺃ Al+3 ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭ ، ﻭ ﺏﻌﻠﻴ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﻭﻴﺃ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺱﻔﻨ Si+4 ، ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜ لﺜﻤﻴﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﻴﺠﻴﺴﻜﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺫ ﺕﺴ ﻪﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﺘ . ﹰﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻤﻝﻸﻝ ﻥﻴﺠﺴﻜﻸﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ (rAl +3 /rO -2 ) ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘ 0.430 ، ﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ 0.414 ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ . ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ، ﺘﻠﻝ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺘ ـ ﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭ ــ ـﻝ ﻲﻋﺎ SiO4 -4 ) ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍﻭ AlO4 -5 ( ﺎﻜﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺫﺠ لﺜﻤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ( Sim-xAlxOn)-(2n+x-4m) . ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻬﻴﻤﻤ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀ ، ﺍﺫﻭ ﺕ ﺃ ﻜﺸ ﺎ ﻴﺤﺌﺍﺭﺸ ل ﺔ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻝ ﻭﺃ ، ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﻁﺌﻼﺨ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻭ ، ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺒ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻕﻭﻓ ﹰﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ، ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍﻭ (d) ﻥﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ 1 : ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ d ( A°) ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ Al2Si2O5(OH)4 7.1 ﺕﻴﺍﺯﻭﻝﺎﻬﻝﺍ Al2Si2O5(OH)44H2O 10.1 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻓﻭﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ Al2Si4O10(OH)2 ﻥﻤ 9.2 ﻰﻝﺇ 9.3 ﺭﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴ (Mg,Fe ….)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8

.I 2 . ﺔﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ .I 2 . 1 . ﻲﻨﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﹰﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ، ﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ، ﻡﻜﺤﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺎﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺯﺘﺭﺍﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨ ﻪﻨﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﺏﺘﺭﻤﻭ ، ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻴﺴﺎﻜﺃ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺯﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺔﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﻷ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻤﻝﻷﺍ Al2O3 ﺔﻨﺴﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ، ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺏﺴﻨ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺎﻓ (Al2O3 < 30 % wt) ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﹰﺎﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺠﺂﻜ ، ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻝﻻﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ (Al2O3 > 40 % wt) ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘﻓ ﻥﻴﻁﺒﺘ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻁﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ) ﺕﻨﻤﺴﻹﺍ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﺘ ﻥﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ .(... I . 3 . ﻜﻝﺍ ـــ ﻥﻻﻭﺎ I . 1.3 . ﻌﺘ ـ ﻑﻴﺭ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺘﺸﺃ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺼ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ، ﻡﺘ ﻥﻴﺃ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﻷ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ، ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﻑﺯﺨﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﻠﺼ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻻﻭﺴﺭﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻀﻏ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﻘﻝﺍ ، ﺽﻴﺒﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻝ لﻴﻤﻴ ، ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﺭ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺘﻔﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺴﻜﺘ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨ ﻱﺃ ﺕﺘﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻬﺴ 2 ـ 4 . ﻬﺘﻐﻴﺼ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺎ : Al2Si2O5(OH)4 ﺎﻬﻨﺯﻭﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﻤﻝﺍ : 258 g/mol . ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺘﻜ : ρth=2,6 g /cm3 ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺭﺎﺨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ Al2O3. 2SiO2. 2H2O ، ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﻴ : 39,5 % "$ %&زو Al2O3 ﻭ 46,6 % "$ SiO2 ﻭ 13,9 % $ " H2O ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍﻭ 48,5 % "$ %&زو Al2O3 ، ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﻴ ﺍ ﻲﻤﻅﻋﻷ ، ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻪﻨﻷ ﺏﻝﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺌﺍﻭﺸ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ 3 . 4 .

ﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﻗﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﺠ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕ 0.1 ﻭ 10 µm ﻙﻤﺴﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻭﺼﺤﻤ 400 ﻭ 1200 A° ، ﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺩﺒﻴﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺩﺴ ﺢﺌﺎﻔﺼ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻕﻭﻓ ﺔﺼﻭﺼﺭﻤ . ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ Al2O3 ﻭ SiO2 ﻭ H2O ﻙﺎﻨﻬﻓ ﺏﺌﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺏﺴﻨ ، لﺜﻤ ﺩﻴﺴﺎﻜﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻡﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫﻭ MnO ﻭ Fe2O3 ﻭ CaO ﻭ Na2O ﻭ K2O ، ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺨﺴﺘﺒ لﻭﺯﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ) لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) I . 1 ( .( ﺔﻋﺯﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺏﺌﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺨﺼﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺎﺨﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﻷ ﹰﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﹰﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ . لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) I . 1 ( : ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﻭﻷﺍ % SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 TiO2 CaO MgO Na2O K2O P .F ﻭﺎﻜ ﺎﻴﺠﺭﻭﺠ ﻥﻻ 5 45,7 38,5 00,4 01,4 00,2 00,1 00,05 00,1 13,5 ﻲﻨﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ 3 46,80 38,1 00,7 0,05 00,2 00,2 00,1 01,5 12,5 ﺩﺭﺎﺴ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜ 3 53,3 31,0 02,5 01,5 00,1 00,1 00,2 00,2 11,1 ﺭﺼﻤ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜ 47,07 33,93 0,96 02,2 02,22 01,01 00,7 0,04 12,16 ﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜ لﻴﺯﺍﺭﺒﻝ 95 45,56 35,02 00,58 -0,28 -00,05 0,86 13,42 ﺭﺎﺒﻭﻜ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜ 58 48,4 37,00 00,25 0,02 0,31 0,05 00,13 0,46 13,0 I . 2.3 . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ I . 1.2.3 . ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﺔﻴﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁ ﻯﺩﻤﻝ ﻱﺭﺫ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻭ لﻴﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒ لﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺢﻀﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻠﻝ ) I . 1 ( 5 ، ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻨﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻙﺴﺎﻤﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺱﻝﺍﻭﺭﺩﻨﺎﻓ ﻯﻭﻗ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺏﺫﺎﺠﺘ ﻯﻭﻘﺒ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ، ﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﻠ ـ ﻬﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﻭ ـ ﺎ

ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺩﺴ ﺢﺌﺎﻔﺼ . ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ لﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﻼﺜ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻙﻠﻤﺘ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﺨ : a= 5,155 A° ﻭ b= 8,945 A° ﻭ c=7,405 A° ﻩﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯﻭ = 91,7° α ﻭ = 104,86° β ﻭ = 89,82° γ ﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﻷ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺌ ، ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﻰﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ . ﻲﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺎﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻴﺴ ـ ﻥﻴﺠﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺠﻭﺘ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺫ ﺩ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻴﺴ (Si+4) ) لﻜﺸﻝﺍ I . 2 . ﺃ ( ﺓﺭﺫ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺱﺃﺭ لﻜ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﺠﻴﺴﻜﺃ (O-2) ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺫ ﻊﺒﺭﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝ ﻥﻴﺠﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺅﻓﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺩﺠﻭﺘﻓ ، ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺯﺨﻝﺍ (SiO4) ﹰﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁ ، ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﺃ ﻲﺴﺍﺩﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﺅﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺯﻭﻤ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﻴ . ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻗﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﺍﺩﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﺒ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ [(Si2O5) -2 ] ، ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺫﻫ ﻴﺅﻓﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺒ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﻥﺎﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻴﺒﻝﺎﺴﻝﺍ ـ (H+) ﺭﺭﻜﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ : 4OH 4Si 6O ﻪﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺠﻨﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ Al2(OH)4 ﻥﻭﻴﺃ لﻜﻓ Al+3 ﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻌﻀﻭﺘﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ـ ﺯ ﻤﺜﻝﺍ ـ ﻲﻨﺎ ) لﻜﺸﻝﺍ I . 2 . ﺏ ( . ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻫﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﺅﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻤ ، ﺔﻗﺎﻗﺭﻭ ﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺔﻘﺒﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﻪﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻷ Al+3 ﻥﻭﻴﻷ ﻥﻴﺘﻘﺒﻁﻭ (OH-) ﺎﻴﺭﻅﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻌﻀﻭﺘﻤ ، ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺭﺭﻜﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﻁﻝﺎﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ : 6OH 4Al 6OH

I . 2.2.3 . ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ لﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺒﺤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭ ،ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻻ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ 22 % ﻻﻭ ﻥﻋ لﻘﺘ 2 % ﻲﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 6 . I . 3.3 . ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻋﻭﻨ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﺒ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺯﺎﺘﻤﺘ ـ ﺎﻤ ﺎ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻫ ﻭ ﻤ ـ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) I . 2 .( I . 4.3 . ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺎﺨﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﺏﺴﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝ لﻜﺸ (Lignite) ﻥﻴﺨﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺘﺨﺘﻭ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻤﺭ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻜﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﺒ ﻡﺤﻓ ﻭﻫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻭ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺼﻘﻨ ﺏﺒﺴﻴ ﺎﻬﻗﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺨﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺠﻌﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻓ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻭﺩﻠﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺸﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺎﺨﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻭﻠﺒﻻ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺕﻗﺭﺤﺃ ﻥﻭﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻭﻠﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﺭﻭ ،ﺽﻴﺒﻷﺍ . I . 5.3 . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻴﺸﻨ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻁ ﹰﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ، ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﺫ ﺭﺤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃﻭ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﻌﺘﻝ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻜﻜﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺎﺒﻭﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺕﻴﻝ :

( )

OH

 °

T

→



Al

Si

O

+

4

SiO

+

6

H

O

↑

O

Si

Al

3

_{2 2 5 4 6 2 13 2 2} ﻭ ﹸﺘ ﻻ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ َﺅ ﺜ ﺭ ﻊﻤ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﻭﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺽﻤﺤ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺽﺎﻤﺤﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ SiO2 ﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ : 2 6 3 2

6

HF

2

H

O

SiF

SiO

+

→

+

+

−

ﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ لﻌﻔﻜ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ : 4 2 2

2

C

2

Cl

2

CO

SiCl

SiO

+

+

→

+

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) I . 2 :( ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ 3 ﺔﻴﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ (MPa) ﻥﻤ 50 ﻰﻝﺇ 210 لﻤﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ (MPa) ﻥﻤ 1050 ﻰﻝﺇ 4220 ﺘﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻨﺜﻠﻝ ﺎﻬ (MPa) ﻥﻤ 250 ﻰﻝﺇ 420 ﺓﺩﻼﺼﻝﺍ (GPa) ﻥﻤ 2 ﻰﻝﺇ 2,5 لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﺼﺎﺼﺘﻤﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻤ 10 ﻰﻝﺇ 20 % ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻤﺘ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ (700°C-20°C) ﻥﻤ 5 ﻰﻝﺇ 7 x 10 -6 (1/°C) ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﻗﺎﻨ (cal/cm.s.°C) ﻥﻤ 0,004 ﻰﻝﺇ 0,005 ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻺﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺓﺯﺎﺘﻤﻤ ﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻲ (Ω/cm3) ﻥﻤ 12 10 ﻰﻝﺇ 14 10 ﺔﻴﻤﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺘﻜ (g/cm3) ﻥﻤ 2,6 ﻰﻝﺇ 2,63 ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ لﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ ﻥﻤ 4,5 ﻰﻝﺇ 6,5 لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﻰﻤﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ °C 1300 ﻰﻝﺇ °C 1700

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ) I . 1 ( : ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ 5 لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ) I . 2 :( ﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺜ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝ ) ﺃ ( ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺏ (

I . 3 . 6 . ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺨﺴﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﺒ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ 7 ، ﻯﺭﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺒﻭﻁﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﺒ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﺃ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ـ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺹﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎ ﻋﺎﻔﺘ ـ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺹﺎﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺃ ل 100 °C ﻭ 110 °C ، ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻱﺩﺅﺘﻭ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻗﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺒﺤﻝﺍ ﺵﺎﻤﻜﻨﻻﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﻜﻝ ، ﻭ ﺍﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺇ ﻥﻤ °C 500 ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺹﺎﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ، ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﺎﺘﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻋﺩﻴ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻪﺒﺒﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺭﺨ ، ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻵ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺘ 8 ، ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﹰﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﻑﺼﻭﻴ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ 9 :

( )

OH

T

500

C

2

Al

Si

O

4

H

O

E

O

Si

Al

2

_{2 2 5 4}





≥





°



→

_{2 2 5}

+

₂

−

∆

ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ : ∆E = 145 kJmol-1 ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺹﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ °C 500 ﻭ °C 550 ، ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺒﺘ ﻁﻐﻀﻭ ﻥﻴﺨﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ لﺩﻌﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ ﻱﻭﺠ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺕﺤﺘ 10 ، ﺩﺤﺃ ﻅﺤﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ 11 ﻲﻠﻀﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ) لﻜﺸﻝﺍ I . 3 ( ، ﺹﺎﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻀﺒﻨ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝ °C 580 ، ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜ ﻥﻴﺨﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ °C 10 ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ لﻜﻝ . ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨ ﻥﺇ ﺎﺸﺎﻤﻜﻨﺍ ﹰﺎﻌﻴﺭﺴ ، ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﺩﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﺎﺘﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﻔﺘﺨﺎﺒ لﻜ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﺍ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻝﺍ ، ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻌﻨﻻﺍ ﺎﻜ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴ ، ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ °C 950 ﻭ °C 980 ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﻉﺎﻴﻀ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﺌﺠﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ، ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺤﺭﻁ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺴﻔﺘ 12 . 13 . ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﺎﻨ ﻑﻴﻌﻀ ﺽﺒﻨ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ °C 1200 ﻭ °C 1250 ﻭﻫﻭ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻋﺩﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ،ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ لﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻬﻓ ﺕﻴﻝﺎﺒﻭﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺒﻨﻝﺍ °C 1350 .

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ) I . 3 ( : ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﻲﻠﻀﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤ 11 I . 3 . 1.6 . ﻁ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒ °C 980 ﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﺇ ﺓ ﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻅ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ °C 980 ، ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﺠﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﻪﺒﺒﺴ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺎﻴﻀ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﺤﺭﻁ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺩﻋ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﺼﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻴ ) ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ ، ﻲﺴﻴﻁﺎﻨﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺭﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﺫﻓﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ (.. ﻭ ، ﺕﺤﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺡﺭﺸ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺒﻨﻝﺍ لﺼﺃ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ : * لﺎﻨﻴﺒﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻭﺫ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ (Al,Si) ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻨﺘ ﻭﺃ 14 ـ 20 . * ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ γ-Al2O3 ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﹰﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ 5 . 21 . * ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﻠﺒﻼﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ 22 . ﻥﺇ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﺒ لﺎﻗ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ γ-Al2O3 ، ﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻅﺤﻭﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ـ ﺓﺭﺍﺭ °C 950 ﻭ °C 1000 ﻙﻝﺫﻭ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻅﺤﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ Roy ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 23 ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ 1955 لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻱﻭﻴﻨﺒ لﻜﺸ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﻐﺼﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﺎﺘﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﺠ ﻡﻁﺤﺘ ﺫﻓﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ γ-Al2O3 ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ °C 855 ، ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﻴﺍﺯﻭﻝﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ °C 670 ، ﺕﻴﺍﺯﻭﻝﺎﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺤﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﹰﺍﺭﺸﺎﻨ ﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻲﻠﻀﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ °C 980 ﻱﻭﻨﺘ ﻪﺒﺒﺴ ﺽﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺭﺒﻭ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ .

ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ LEMAITRE ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 15 ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ 1976 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻨﺘ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺽﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ γ-Al2O3 ، ﺭﻬﻅﺃﻭ COMER 24 ﻴﺠ ﺓﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺍﺩ لﻬﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺃ GUALTIERI ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 20 ، ﻝﺎﻗ ﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻝﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻠﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﻘﺘ ﺍﺩﻴﺠ ﺭﻭﻁﻝﺍ لﺼﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻨﻴﺒﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻭﺫ ﻲﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﺃ ﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﻘﺘﻓ ﺔﺒﺘ . ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻁﻌﺘﻝ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﺎﺘﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﺭﺨﺁ ﹰﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺡﺭﻁﻓ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻨﻭ لﺎﻨﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻭﻁ ، ﻪﺘﺒﺜﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ NAKAHIRA ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 25 لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺝﺍﺭﻌﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻠﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ ، ﻨﻴﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﹰﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻤ ﺏﻌﻜﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﺎﺘﻴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺩﻨﻋ لﺎﻨﻴﺒﺴﻠﻝ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﺃ LI ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 12 ، ﺼﻭﺘﻓ ﻼ ﺩﻨﻋ لﻜﺸﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ °C 980 ﻭﻫ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﻥﻤ Al2O3 ﻩﺭﺩﻗ 70 % ﹰﻻﻭﻤ ، ﻕﻓﺍﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ SANZ ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 21 ، ﻻﺎﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻴﺃ لﻭﺤﺘﻝ ﺓﺭﺭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ Al ﻲﻫ ﻲﺴﺍﺩﺴ ﻕﺴﺎﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ °C 980 ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ لﻬﺴﻴ ﻕﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ . لﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻨﻴﺒﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻭﺫ ﺭﻭﻁﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺙﺤﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﺘ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﺎﺘﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺠﻨ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ :

( )

4 3 12 2 C 980 2 7 2 2 C 550 5 2 4 2

OH

Si

O

2

Al

Si

O

4

H

O

Al

Si

O

Si

O

Al

2

→

+

→

+

° ° لﺎﻨﻴﺒﺴ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﺎﺘﻴﻤ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜ

[

2 3 2

]

2 C 1150 12 3 4

Si

O

₃

2

3

Al

O

2

Si

O

5

₃

Si

O

Al

→

⋅

+

° ≈ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤ ﺕﻴﻝﺎﺒﻭﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ لﺎﻨﻴﺒﺴ I . 3 . 2.6 . ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ لﻜﺸﺘﻴ لﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔ 26 ـ 28 ، ﻪﻠﻜﺸ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻓﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺤﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺔ 29 . 30 ﺠﺭﺩﻭ ـ ﺤ ﺔ ـ ﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﺍﺭ ـ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭ

ﻅﺤﻼﻓ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﺘ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ Liu ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 24 ، ﻥﺃ ﺼﺤﻤ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻠﺒ ـ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻭ 20 ﻭ 30 nm ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ 4 ﻋﺎﺴ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﺎ °C 1150 ، ﻥﻜﻝ Moon ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 22 ﻅﺤﻻ ﺎ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺡﻭﻀﻭﺒ °C 940 ﻊﻤ ﺫﻓﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻻﺍ ﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺸﺭﻤ ، لﻴﺴﻜﻭﺭﺩﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﺸ ﻥﺇ OH -لﺨﺍﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﺎﺘﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻨﻴﺤ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻨﻔﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺌ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ 22 . ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻋﺩﻴ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺨﺁ لﻜﺸ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ، ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ﺠﻭﻝﻭﻓﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ 31 ، ﺩﺤﺃ ﺏﺴﺤﻭ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻲﺌﻭﻀﻝﺍ ، ﺔﺒﺘﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ 100 A° ، ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻻ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺝﺍﺭﻌﻨﺍ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻜﻝ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺍ ﻻ ﻑﻼﺘﺨ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﻤﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻌﺸﻷﺍ . ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻤ ، ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺒﺤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻔﺨﺒ ﺭﺒﻜﺘ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ، ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻤﺘ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﻴﺒﺤ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺤﻨﺍ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ 32 ، ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺒﺤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ . ﺩﺩﺤ Chen ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 33 ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﻨﻴﻤﻭﻝﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻠﺨ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎ ﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ لﻠﻘﻴ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﻤ . I . 4 . ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ I . 4 . 1 . ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺯﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺘﺸﺍ Mull ﻪﻨﻭﻝ لﻴﻤﻴ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻠﺘﻭﻜﺴﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﻨﻠﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﹰﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺭﻀﺤﻴﻭ ﺽﻴﺒﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﻡﻭﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻤﻝﻷﺍﻭ ﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺨﺴ ﹰﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ، ﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺍ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺩ ، ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﻑﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺩﻤﺘﻝ ﹰﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻜ ﻑﺤﺯﻠﻝ ﺘﻠﻝ ﻪﺘﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻭ لﻤﺤ ﺔﻌﺴﻭ ﺂ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻜ ، ﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﺯﻋﻭ ﺩ ﹰﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻭ ، ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ) ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺯﺍﻭﻋ .(... ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻐﻴﺼ : Al Si!O"# ﻪﺘﻠﺘﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﺤﻝﺍ : ρ=3,16 gcm$³

I . 4 . 2 . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ I . 4 . 1.2 . ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﻝﺍ Al2O3-SiO2 ﺔﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﺒ ﺯﺎﺘﻤﻴﻭ ( Orthorhombique) ) لﻜﺸﻝﺍ I . 4 ( ، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻁﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺼﻭﺘ : a= 7,54 A° ﻭ b= 7,69 A° ﻭ c=2,89 A° ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ لﺴﻼﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘﻭ M(1)O6 ﺙﻴﺤ [M(1)=Al] ﺍﻭﻤ ﻱﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺯ – C ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﺔﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤ لﺴﻼﺴﺒ ﺎﻴﻀﺭﻋ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ لﺴﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘﻭ AlO% ﻭ SiO% ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ لﺴﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺡﻭﻁﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ( ﺕﺍﺭﺫ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﻩﻭﺸﹸﺘ ﻥﻴﺠﻴﺴﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﺭﺩﺎﻐﺘ ﺃ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴﻓ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻴﺴﻜ ) ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻓ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻴﺠﻴﺴﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺫ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻐﻤﻝﺍ ( 34 . 35 . ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ : Al![Al2+2xSi2-2x]O10-x ، ﻥﻴﺃ x ﺩﺩﻋ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺫ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻐﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﺭ ﻥﻴﺠﻴﺴﻜ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻠﻝ ، ﻊﻀﺍﻭﻤ لﺘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﺸﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻴﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻭ لﺜﻤ AlO6 ـ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜ AlO% ﻭ SiO% ـ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭ ، ﻱﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺯﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻋ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﻭﺃ ـ C ، ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﺡﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﺸ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ Cr+3 ﻭ Fe+3 ﻭ Ti+3 ﺓﺩﺭﺎﺸ ﻊﻤ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﺘ Al+3 ﻲﻓ M(1) ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ، ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﺤﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﻠﺼﻝﺍ Na2O ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﺎﻤﺃ Schneider 36 ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﺸﻠﻝ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﺘﺴﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ (Na+) ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺤﻘﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻱﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺯﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻘﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ـ C . لﻭﺨﺩ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻥﺃ ﹰﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﺇ (Na+) ﺩﻨﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ، ﺝﺎﻤﺩﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺤﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺌﺎﻓﻭ (Na+) لﺩﺎﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ لﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺫ Si ﺕﺍﺭﺫﺒ Al .

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ) I . 4 ( : ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ – ﻁﺎﻘﺴﻹﺍ ) 001 ( 34 ـ 37 I . 4 . 2.2 . ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﺒ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺯﺎﺘﻤﺘ ﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻓ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻭ ﺔ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺼﺨﻠﻨ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) I . 3 ( . I . 4 . 3.2 . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻱﺃ ﹰﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﻁﻴﺸﻨ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻻ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻻﻭ ﻙﻜﻔﺘﻴ ﻨﺨﺎﺴﻭﺃ ﹰﺍﺩﺭﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺤﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ، ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻪﻨﻤ لﻴﺯﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻁﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺽﻤﺤ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻤ ﺽﺎﻤﺤﻷﺍ SiO! .

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) I . 3 ( : ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ 34 . 38 ـ 42 ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻓ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻝﺍ (g/cm3) 3,16 ρ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻤﻅﻌﻝﺍ (°C) 1700 Τ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻼﺼﻝﺍ ) ﺱﻫﻭﻤ ﻡﻠﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ( 7,5 ﻎﻨﻭﻴ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ (GPa) 150 E ﻥﻭﺴﺍﻭﺒ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ 0,25 υ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺤﻨﻻﺍ (MPa) ﻥﻤ 150 ﻰﻝﺇ 200 f σ ﺔﻨﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ (MPa.m1/2) 2,2 K1C ﺩﻨﻋ لﻤﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ 1200 °C (MPa) ﻕﻭﻔﺘ 400 ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺜ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ لﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﺎ 1 MHz 6,6 r ε ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ 20 °C (Ohm.cm) ﻥﻤ 1010 ﻰﻝﺇ 1013 σ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ (kV/mm) ﻥﻤ 9 ﻰﻝﺇ 10 ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ (J/Kg K°) 6,6 r ε ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ (W/m K°) ﻥﻤ 1010 ﻰﻝﺇ 1013 σ ﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻝ ﻥﻤ 20 °C ﻰﻝﺇ 1000 °C (1/K°) ﻥﻤ 5 ﻰﻝﺇ 6 × 10 -6 α ﻥﺎﺒﻭﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ 10 °C ± 1890 T

I . 5 . ﺭﺍﻭﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺘﻹ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ I . 5 . 1 . ﺔـﻴﺌﺎـﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﺔـــﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ I . 5 . 1.1 . ﻡﺎــــﻅﻨﻝﺍ Al O!-SiO ﻥﺇ ﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺱﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺃ ـ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭ Al!O#-SiO! ﻤﻫ ـ ﺎ Bowen ﻭ Greig 43 ، ﺔﻨﺴ 1924 ) لﻜﺸﻝﺍ I . 5 ( ، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﻡﺎﻫﻭ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺎﱠﻨﻴﺒ ﺩﻗﻭ 3Al!O#&2SiO! ، ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻲﻤﺴ ، ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺏﻭﺫﻴ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﺠﺘﻨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ، ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ ﻪﺒ لﻤﻋﻭ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺒﹸﻗ ، ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓﻭ 1951 ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻡﺩﻗ Toropov ﻭ Galakhov 4 4 ، ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺏﻭﺫﻴ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺎﻗﻭ ﹰﺎﺴﻜﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤ ، لﻭﺤ ﺙﻭﺤﺒ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﻪﻨﺎﺒﻭﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﻝ ﻥﺎﺒﻭﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ، ﻭ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰﻼﻴﻭﻁ ﺎﻨﻤﺯ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻭﺤ لﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻥﺃ Aramaki ﻭ Roy 45 ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﹰﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤ Al!O#-SiO! ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺎﻘﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ 1962 ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻴﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ) I . 6 . ﻭ ﺃ I . 6 . ﺏ ( ، ﻴﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻨﺎ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺏﻭﺫﻴ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ 1850 °C ﺩﻨﻋ ﺢﻁﺴﻤ ﻊﻤ 94 % ﻥﻤ ﹰﺎﻨﺯﻭ SiO! ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ 1575 °C ﺢﻁﺴﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ 1840 °C ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺯﻭ 22 % ﻥﻤ ﹰﺎﻨﺯﻭ SiO! ، ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓﻭ 1967 ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭﻤﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﻁﺃ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ Al!O#-SiO! ، ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ Kuwabara ﻭ Horibe 46 ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺏﻭﺫﻴ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ـ ﻨﻋ ﺔ ـ ﺠﺭﺩ ﺩ ـ ﺤﻝﺍ ﺔ ـ ﺓﺭﺍﺭ (1890 + 5 °C) ) لﻜﺸﻝﺍ I . 7 ( ، لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻜﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ Al!O#-SiO! ﺕﺎﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﻲﻘﺒ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﻭﺫ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻤﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ Aksay ﻭ Pask 47 ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺏﻭﺫﻴ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ (1828 + 10 °C) ﻥﻴﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ) I . 8 . ﻭ ﺃ I . 8 . ﺏ ( ﻓ لﻭﺤ ﹰﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﻭ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻡﺩﻗﻭ Pask ﻪﻘﻴﺭﻓﻭ 48 ـ 52 ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝ ـ ﺔﺒﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺒﻠﺼﻝﺍ ـ ﺭﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ، ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺕﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ لﻭﺤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﺍﺯﺘﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻠﻝ Al!O#-SiO! ﺕﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎ ﺔﻨﻜ ﻲﻠﻀﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻘﺴﻠﻝ ، ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺊﻁﺎﺨ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﺫﻠﻝ لﺒﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻴﻠﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ