مركز مجلس الأمة في النظام الدستوري الجزائري

(1)

ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ

ﻨﺗﺎﺒﺑ ﺮﻀﳋ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ـ

ﺔ

ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ

ﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻗ

ـ

ﺔ

ﻱﺮـﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻱﺭﻮـﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﺎـﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔـﻣﻷﺍ ﺲـﻠﳎ ﺰـﻛﺮﻣ

ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ

ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

:

ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇ

:

ﺔﻠﻴﻘﻋ

ﺧ

ﻥﺎﺒﻀﻏ ﻙﻭﱪﻣ ﻲﺷﺎﺑﺮ

ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ

23 ﻱﺎﻣ

2010

ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧﻮﻜﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ

:

ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ

:

ﻣﺎﺟ ﻂﻳﺮﺷ ﲔﻣﻷﺍ

ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻄﻨﺴﻗ ﺔﻌ

ﺎﺴﻴﺋﺭ

ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ

:

ﻥﺎﺒﻀﻏ ﻙﻭﱪﻣ

ﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣﻭ ﺎﻓﺮﺸﻣ ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﺔﻨﺗﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

-ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ

:

ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋﻮﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ

ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﻲﻗﺍﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺍﻮﻀﻋ

-ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ

:

ﻲﺸﻳﺮﻗ ﻲﻠﻋ

ﺔﻨﺗﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ

ﺍﻮﻀﻋ

-ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ

:

ﻱﺭﺰﻋ ﻦﻳﺰﻟﺍ

ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ

ﺍﻮﻀﻋ

ﺴﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺔﻨ

2009

/

2010

(2)

ﻡﻴﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺴﺒ

""""

ﺖﻧﹶﺃ ﻚﻧﹺﺇ ﺎﻨﺘﻤﱠﻠﻋ ﺎﻣ ﱠﻻﹺﺇ ﺎﻨﹶﻟ ﻢﹾﻠﻋ ﹶﻻ ﻚﻧﺎﺤﺒﺳ ﺍﻮﹸﻟﺎﹶﻗ

ﻢﻴﻜﺤﹾﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﹾﻟﺍ

""""

ﺓﺭﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ

﴿

ﺔﻴﻵﺍ

32 ﴾

(3)

ﻫﺇ

ــــ

ﺀﺍﺩ

ﻪﹼﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺫﺇ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻱﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﻝ ﻥﻴﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ

لﺠﻭ ﺯﻋ

...

ﻥﻴﻤﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ

.

ﺀﺎﻋﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﻝﻭ ﺎﻨﻭﻋ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺕﺨﺴ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ

.

ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻑﺭﻋ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ

.

(4)

ﻥﺎــﻓﺭﻋﻭ ﺭــﻜﺸ

ﻙﻭﺭﺒﻤ لﻀﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻋ ﻡﺩﻗﺃ

ﺍﺭﺸﻹﺍ لﻭﺒﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻥﺎﺒﻀﻏ

ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻭ ،ﻲﺘﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑ

ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﻬﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻓﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﺠﺒ ﻲﻨﺜﺃ

ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻑﻴﻁﺴﺒ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﺭﻓ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ

ﻲﺸﻗ ﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ

.

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻏ ﺽﻭﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻀﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ

ﻁﻴﺭﺸ ﻥﻴﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ

.

ﺕﹼﻠﻅﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﻁ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻲﻨﺘﻌﻤﺠ ﻥﻴﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻜﺫﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻁﺒ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻅﻔﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﺭﻜﺍﺫ

ﻲﺴﻴﻭﻤ ﺩﻴﻌﻠﺒ

ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺏﻭﻬﻴﺸ ﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍﻭ

ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

.

(5)

لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻭ ،ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒﺒ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ

ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺎﻴﻀﻭﺒ

.

(6)

ﺔﻤﺩـــﻘﻤ . ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﺩﺘ ﻑﺸﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺠﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺴﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻻﺯﻨ ﻤﻼﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻑﺴﻨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻐﺜﻝﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺢ ﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺭﺃ ﺽ ) 1 ( ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﻹ ﺔﺤﻠﻤ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺒﻓ ، ﺔﻴﺘﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻠﻝ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﺘ ﺤﺼﺘ ﻭ ﻹﺍ ﺢ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻼﺘﺨ . ﻙﻝﺫ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻌﺴ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ) 2 ( ﻹ ﺫﺎﺨﺘ ﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨ لﺎﻤﻜﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺭﺎﺴﻤ ) 3 ( . ّلﻌﻝ ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺎﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻴﻜﺸﺘ ، ﻲﻓﻭﺃ ﺍ ﺼﺎﺼﺘﺨ ﺘﺎ ﺎﻬ ، ﻓ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﻤﺴ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺈ " ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ " ﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ، لﻜﺸﻴ ﻴ ﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﺘﺴ ﺔﻴﺩﺠﺒ ﻲﺼﻘﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺨ ، ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺨﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﻭ ) 1 ( ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻘﻨﺎﺨ ﺔﻤﺯﺃ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ، ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ﺏﺎﻴﻐﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻹﺍ ﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﻬﻨ ﻹﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﻭﻔﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ( ، ﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ : ،ﻲﺸﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺴ » ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ « ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ) ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ( ﺕﻭﺃ ، 1999 ﺹ ﺹ ، . 187 -560 . -،ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ » ؟ﻥﻴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ « ، ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ 271 ، ،ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ ﺭ 2001 ﺹ ﺹ . 11 -27 . -ﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻭﺴ ،ﻲﺸﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻊ ﺭﺼﻤ ، 1999 ﺹ ﺹ ، . 41 -55 . ) 2 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ـﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ﻡﻗﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ، 76 ﻲﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ، 8 ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ 1996 . ) 3 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﻝ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻱﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ، 1996 ﺔﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺹ ، ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ . 3 .

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ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ، ﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺫ ﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻼﻘﺘﺴ ﻡﺎﻋ 1996 ﺎﻤﻜ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻴ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ، ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﻴﺒﻝﺍ ) 1 ( . ﻹﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﺒ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻪﻌﺘﻤﺘ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﺴﻴ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻠﻝ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﺒ ﺇ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻼﻘﺘﺴ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ . ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺒ ﺇ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ ، ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻯﺄﻨﻤﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺴﺠﻤ ﺙﻠﺜ ﻥﻴﻴ ) 1 / 3 ( ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﹼﺘﺤ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ لﻴﻫﺄﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ لﻭﺤ ﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺯﻬﺠﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰ ﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻩ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺈﺒ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻡﻀﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺩﻷ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺌ ﻝ ؟ﻪﻠﻤﻌ . ﻭ ﻤﻝ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎ ، ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻰﺘﺄﺘﻴ لﺒ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﺩﺤﺒ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻩﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺴﺭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﺼﻘﺘ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﺠﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﻡﻜﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻭ ،ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ لﻭﺤ . ﻭ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ لﺎﻔﻏﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻌﺒﻁ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺤﻠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻭ ،ﺱﺴﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻔﻜ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺞﻬﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ . ﺒﻓ ﺈ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋ ﺃ ﻥ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻤ ﻻ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﺘﻴ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ لﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺭﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺎﻗ . 1 -ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ : ﺎﺘﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺃﺩﺒﻴ ﻹﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺘﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺎﻔﺘ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ) 1 ( ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻜ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻘﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ .

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ﺅﺴﻤ ﻪﻘﺘﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻹﺍ ﻕﺤ ﻪﻝ لﺒ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺩﻴﻘﻤ ﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨ ﻪﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﻪﻤﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻔﺼ ﺔﻴﺄﺒ ﻡﺯﻠﺘ ﻻ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍﻭﺃ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻌﺴﻠﻝ ﺔ . ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ 98 ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ) 1 ( ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻀﺤﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ، ﻥﺎﺴﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇ ﺭﺴﻔﺘﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﻴ ) ﻥﺎﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ( ﻥﺎﻌﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﺎﻘﺤ ﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻫ لﻫ ﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺓ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺃ ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺫﺌﺩﻨﻋﻭ ، ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ؟ . 2 -ﻲﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ : لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﺒ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻊﻠﻁﻀﻴ ﺒ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺈ ﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴ ﺎﻬﻨ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﻤﺘﻠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ . ﻩﺫﻫ ﻹﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﺘ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴ ﺇ ﻻﺎﻐﺸﻨ لﻭﺤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﻴ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺘﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ، ﺭﻴﻅﻨ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ لﺤ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ، لﺫﺨﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻓ ﺔﻤﺭﺎﺼ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ؟ . ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ،ﻲﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ 1996 لﻴﺩﺒﻜ ﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻴﻏﻭ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ، ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻹ ﺎﻨﺘﻌﻓﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻫﺭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ . ) 1 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﻨ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ 98 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 1996 " : ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻫ ﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ . ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﻭ " .

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ﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺇ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ . ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺇ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ : -ﻙﻝﺫ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﻝ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﺩﻴﺅﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺤﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﻴ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺙﺍﺩ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﺃ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻑﻀﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﻥﺴﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ، ﻩﺅﺎﻐﻝﺇ ﺏﺠﻴ لﺒ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ . -ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ، ﻴﺎﻤﺤﻭ ﺔ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺩﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ . ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃﻭ . -ﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘ ﻡ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﺒ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ، ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﺜﺘﻭ . ﺹﻭﺼﺨﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺏﺒﺴ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ، ﻓ ﺩﺭﻤ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻭﺃ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩ ، ﻻﺇ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻤﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻹﺍ ،ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ﻲﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ،ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ،ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ . . . ﺇ ﺦﻝ ) 1 ( . ) 1 ( ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ، ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭ ) ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﺃ ﺏﻭﺫﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ : " ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ لﻤﺸﺘ لﺒ ، ﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﻭﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﻘ ﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺌﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺴﻴﻝ ﺕﺎﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻴﻭ ﻝﻭ ﺔ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ . " ﺩ / ﻤ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻭﺫﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ) ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ( ، 2000 ﺹ ، . 85 .

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ﻹﻭ ﻡﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﺘﺴ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺤ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻨﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻌﺒﻁ ﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ،لﻜﻜ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﺘﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﻱﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﺘﺤ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺱﻭﺍﺭﺘﺴ ) 1 ( ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺎﻬﻜﺘﻔﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ، . ـﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥ ﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋﻭ ،لﻤﻋﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﻭﻨﺴ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺹﻭﺼﻨ . ﺏ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ . ﺇ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻥ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﺔﻘ ﻹ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋ : -ﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﻭ 1996 ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ،ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﻌﻓﺩﺘ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ . ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻠﻝ ﺩﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺯﺭﻔﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤﻭ ،لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻌﺒﻁﺘ . -ﻭﺨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﺭﺒﻴ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺱﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ، ﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﺠﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﺤﺍﺭﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴ ﻴﻝﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻴﻋﺍﻭﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﻲﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﻪﺘﺎ ؟ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ . ) 1 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ :

- C. L. Straus, Anthropologies structurale, édition polon, Paris, 1958, p.307, « in » Marcel Prélot, Op. Cit. , p. 31.

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ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻼﻋﺎﻓ ﺎﺒﻁﻗ لﺜﻤﻴ ،ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﺔﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺭﺃ ﺕﻴﺒﺜﺘﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﺼﻘﺘ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻴﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻗ ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝ لﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﺇ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ 1996 . ﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﺭﺜﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﺠ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﺭﻁﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ . ـﺠ -ﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ـ ﺔ . ﻥﺇ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺡﺭﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻀﻓﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ : » ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻪ ﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺔ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ؟ « . ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺽﺨﻤﺘﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻌﺒﻨﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ، ﻭﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒ ﺒ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺇ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺎ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، ﻡﺜ ﻝﺍﺘ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ لﻭﺤ لﺅﺎﺴ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﺇ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻜ ﻩﺩﻭﺠﻭ ، ﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻠﻝ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻭﻬ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ؟. ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ـﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻘﻋ ﺞﻬﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺎﻤ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ﻌﻴﺃ ، ﺩ ﻅﻨﻝ ﻼﺜﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒﻜ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﻴ ﺍﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺎﻌﻀﻭ ﺫﺨﺄﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ ،ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓﻭ ،ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ؟ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ . ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻠﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭﻭ ﻪﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔ ، ﻯﺭﺘ ﺎﻴ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺘﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻪﻠ ، ،ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃﻭ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ لﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻜ ﺯﺯﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻩﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ، لﻫ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﺒﻭ ﹼﻜﺸ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻥﺃ ل ؟ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﺃ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ .

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ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻰﹼﺘﺤ ،ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﻡﺘ ﻹﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻬﺘﺴ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ، ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﺀﻼﻤ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ . ﺩ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ . ﻹ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻻ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋ ﻡﺘ ﺍ ﻤﺘﻋ ﺎ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺩ : ،ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻹ ﻲﺠﺎﺘﻨﺘﺴ ﺭﻫﺍﻭـﻅﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔـﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭـﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺒ ﺔـﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻕـﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎـﻤﻴﻓ ،ﺔـﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﺼﻘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ . ﻭ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﻷ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ . ﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻪﻔﻠﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒ لﻜ ،ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﻵ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻓ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻻ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ . ـﻫ -ﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ـ ﺕﺎ . ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺒﺎﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ، ﺔﻠﻤﺎـﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ، لﻘﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﺃ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﻌﻨﺍ ، ﻹﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺍﺩﻁﺼ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻪﻝ ﺓﺭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺕ ، ﺎﻤﻜ ﻭﻫ ﺍ ﻺﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﺤﻝ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺍﻭﺠﺘﺴ ، ﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﻩﺩـﺤﻭﻝ ﺎـﻫﺭﺯﻭ لـﻤﺤﺘﻴﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻤﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻪﻴﺯﻨ ﻲﻤﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻡﻜﺤ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼ ﺎ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ . ﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻌﻓﺩﺘ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻭﺅﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻪﻠﺘﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ لﻭﺤ لﺼﻔﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻁﺨ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﻭ ﻁﻴﺴﺒﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺒ ) 2 ( ﺇ ﻥﻴﻨﺜ .

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ﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨ . ﺹﺼﺨﻴ ﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ل ﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺴ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻡﺘﻴ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﻹ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ . ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺩﻴﺴ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ، ﺔﻠﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ،ﻪﺌﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘ ؟ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻪﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ . ﻓ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻴ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜ ، ﻲﻓ ﻡﺠﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﺇ ،ﻲﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻍﺭﻔﺘ ﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ لﻭﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻴ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ .

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لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ

.

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ﺒﻝﺍ ــ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎ : ﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ ــ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺕﺎ . ﺕﺠﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 20 ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ 1962 ، ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻪﻝ ﺕﺩﻨﺴﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻼﺒﻠﻝ ) 1 ( ، ﻲﻓ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ 10 ﺒﺴ ﺭﺒﻤﺘ 1963 ، ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ) 2 ( . ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ) ﻪﻨﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ( ﹼﻝﻭ ﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﺠﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺯﻨ ﺏﻼﻘﻨﺇ 19 ﻥﺍﻭﺠ 1965 ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﺒ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ لﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﻥﻠﻋﺃ 10 ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺠ 1965 ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺕﻴﻤﺴ " ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﺒ "، ﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﻌﻤﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ، ﻲﻗﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺒﺈ ﻡﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ . ) 1 ( ﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﺌ ﻡﻭﻴﻝ ﻲﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺤ 26 ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ 1962 ﻥﺃ " : ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻜ ﻲﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻤﺘﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ لﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﺎﺤﻭ ". -ﻤ ﺫﻭﺨﺄ-ﻤ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻥ : ﺩ / ﻥﻤ لﺍﻼﻘﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ،ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺇ ﺍﺭﻜﻭﺒ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ، لﻭﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ 2009 ﺹ ﺹ ، 3 -43 . ) 2 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ 27 ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻥﻤ 10 ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ 1963 : " ﺏﻌﺸﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﺎﻤﻴﻭ ﻪﻝ ﻥﻴﻠﺜﻤﻤ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺠ ﻡﻬﺤﺸﺭﺘ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺒ ﻥﻭﺒﺨﺘﻨﻴﻭ ﺈ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﻱﺭﺴﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﻗ ﻥﻴﻨﺴ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ." -ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ 64 ﻲﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ، 10 ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ 1963 ) ﺏﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﺩﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﹼﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ 1964 ( ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺎﺒﻭ ، : ﺩ / ﻴﺭﺩﺇ ﺍﺭﻜﻭﺒ ﺹ ﺹ ، ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ، ﺱ . 43 -57 . ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻝﺍ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺩﻤﺠ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ، ﻻﺇ ﻡﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ 13 ﺎﻤﻭﻴ ، ﺒ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﻌﻔ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝ ﺔﻠﺒ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻕﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ 59 ﻪﻝ ﺭﺭﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺇ ﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘ ﻡﻫﺍﺩ ﺭﻁﺨ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﺸﻭ .

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ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ 22 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1976 ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻬﻋ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﻲﻤﺴ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ " ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ") 1 ( ﻅﻭﻜ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻴ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻜ ، ﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ـ ﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻁ ـ ﻴﺒ ﺕ ـ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ﺩ ، ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ ﺕﺤﺘﻭ ) ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺠ ﺏﺯﺤ ( ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺴﺃ . ﻤﻤ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﺎ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻠﻝ ، ﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺕﺩﻜﺄﺘ ﺕﻤﺨﻀﺘﻭ ﺕﺒﻌﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺏﻌﺸﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻠﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻡﻠﻓ ﺘﺤﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻨ ﺎﻬ ﻓ ، ﺈ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﺠﻔﻨ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ) 5 ( ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻭﺘﻜﺃ 1988 ﻥﻋ ﺔﻨﻠﻌﻤ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻸﻝ ﻥﻴﻔﻴﻨﻋ ﺏﻀﻏﻭ ،ﺽﻓﺭ ) 2 ( . ﺀﺍﻭﺘﺤﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺘﺤﻹﺍ ﻡﺘ ،ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺀﺎﺘﻔﺘﺴﺍ لﻴﺩـﻌﺘ لﻭـﺤ ﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭ 23 ﻱﺭﻔﻴﻓ 1989 ) 3 ( ﻥﻋ ﺽﺨﻤﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﺘﻔﺘﺴ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ،ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﻠﻁﻨﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻕﺤﺒ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ، ﻭﺤﻨ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺇ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ﺍ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻹﺍ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸ . ﺩﻘﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺍ ﻅﻔﺘﺤ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺎﻋ ﻡ 1989 ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺩﻬﻋ ﺫﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ﺭﺭﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ 4 ﻲﻔﻨﺎﺠ 1992 ،ﻪﻠﺤ ﺩﻗ ﻡﺜ ﻭﻫ ﻡ ﻪﺘﻝﺎﻘﺘﺴﺍ ، ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﺏﻴﻐﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺏﻴﻐﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ) 1 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ 126 ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﺒ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ 22 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1976 : » ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻴ . ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﻪﺘﺎﺼﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻲﻓ ، ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜﺒ ﻊﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ . ﻴ ﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻭﺼﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒ « . ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ 22 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1976 ، ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ 94 ﻲﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ، 24 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1976 . ) 2 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺸﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ، ﺹ ﺹ . 42 -50 . ) 3 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 23 ﻱﺭﻔﻴﻓ 1989 ، ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ 9 ، ﻲﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ 1 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ 1989 .

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،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﺘ ﻪﺒﺸ ﺩﺤ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺔﻘﻨﺎﺨ ﺔﻤﺯﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻭ ، ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺃ ﺕﻤﺍﺩ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﻋ . ﻲﻓﻭ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ﺏﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻹ ﺀﺎﺘﻔﺘﺴ ،ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺢﺼﻓﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﺒ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ) 1 ( ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ، ﻠﻘﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺈﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺎﻫﺎﻤﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺙﺩﺤﺃ ) 2 ( ، ﻥﻋ لﺀﺎﺴﺘﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻪﺜﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ ) لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ (، ﻪﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻥﻋﻭ ) ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ . ( ) 1 ( ﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻴ ﺭﻅﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭ : -ﺸ ﺎﺒﺭﺨ ﺔﻠﻴﻘﻋ ﻲ ، » ﻲﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ 1996 « ، ﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺘﻨﻤﻝ 3 ، ، ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ) ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ (، ﻱﺎﻤ 2006 ، ﺹ ﺹ . 34 -47 . ) 2 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ 98 ﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ـ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ .

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ﺼﻔﻝﺍ ـ لﻭﻷﺍ ل : ﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ ــ ﺎ ﺕ ﺇ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤ . ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻥﺇ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺴﺠ ﺎﺤﻴﺭﺼ ﺎﻨﺍﺫﻴﺇ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ) 1 ( ﻥﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ) Monocamérisme ( ) 2 ( ﻥﻤ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﻷ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻥ ، ﻲﻓﻭ لﻅ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ) 3 ( ، ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ )

(

Bicamérisme ، لﺩﺠ ﻪﻝﻭﺤ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺍﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﻅﻔﺤﻴ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒ ﻲﻗﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻭﻗ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ) 4 ( . ﻴ ﻭ ﻨﻀﺭﺘﻌ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺎ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ، ،ﻥﻴﺴﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ، ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯﻻﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ، ﺥﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ،ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺒﺠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻨﻓ ، ﻐﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﻭ ،ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺠﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻘﻨﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ . 1 -ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ : ﺎﻅﻨ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡ ﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ . ﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻏ ﻥ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻴﺎﻐﺘﻤ ) 5 ( ، ﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺩ ) 1 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﻲ ـﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 . ) 2 ( ـﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﻨ : Monocamérisme ou Monocaméralisme ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻭﺫ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺩ / ﺠ ﺩ ، ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻭﺒ / ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺩﺍﻭﻋ ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ . 686 . ) 3 ( ﻡﺘ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ 10 ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ 1963 ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺜ ، 22 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1976 ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ، ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻲﻓ 23 ﻱﺭﻔﻴﻓ 1989 . ) 4 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ :

-Sophia Mappa, Pouvoirs traditionnels et Pouvoir d’Etat en Afrique, édition Karthala paris, 1998, pp. 165-183. ) 5 ( ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ../... .

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ﻲﻫ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻨ ﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻥﻼﻜﺸﺘ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺎﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ 1 ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ، 2 ( ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ، ﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻋ لﻭﻘﻨﻓ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻓ . ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻑﺭﺼﻨﻴ ﺍﺫﻝ ، ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺄﺒ ﻻ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻭ ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﺴﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ . ﻹﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻕﻼﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻅﻔﺤﺘﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻝ ﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯ ﻪﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ لﻀﻔﻨ ل ﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻹﺍ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﺃ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻴﻭﻀﻋ لﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻫﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺯﺠ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤ ﻭ لﺒ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ، ﻱﺃ ﻲﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ لﺯﻌﻤﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ . ﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻹﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻁﺎﻘﺴﺇ ﻥ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻨﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﺇ 1996 ﺔﻴﺭﺤﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻬﻤ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﺘ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠ ﺫﺇ ،ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﺀﻼﺘﻴ …/… « Bicamérisme / Bicaméralisme [N.M]: système politique fondé sur un parlement composé de deux chambres distinctes (par ex: chambre des députés et sénat, chambre des lords et chambre des communes en G.B- de Bi: deux et camera: chambre. »

- Dictionnaire de la langue française [Encyclopédie et Nom propres], édition 83, imprimé en Italie, 1994, p.133. ﻭ ﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻬ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺠ ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻭﺒ : ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﻴﺒﻝﺍ : Bicamérisme ou Bicaméralisme لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ) ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝ ﻥﻴﺴﻠﺠﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﻲﻀﻘﻴ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺏﻫﺫﻤ .( ﺩ / ﺩ ،ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻭﺒﺠ / ﺃ. ﻙ . ﻋ لﺼﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ،ﺩﺍﻭﻋ ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒ ] ﻲﺒﺭﻋ ،ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻓ [ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻼﻤﻠﻝ 1995 ﺹ ، . 120 . ﺎﻤﻜ ﻋ ﺭ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺏﻴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﻤﺎﻜﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻓ :

« Bicamérisme ou Bicaméralisme: est un système d’organisation politique qui divise le parlement en deux chambres distinctes, le mot introduit au XIX siècle, et constitué de « bi » (deux) et « camera » (chambre en latin), les deux termes (bicamérisme, bicaméralisme) sont strictement équivalents en français. » .

-ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻘﻨ :

- Sans auteur, « Bicamérisme»,[www.recitus.qc.ca/histoire/2003-2004/equip45/bicamérisme .htm].

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ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ) 1 ( ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ، ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺭﺨﻴ ﺢﻴﺤﺼ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻗ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ لﻔﻜﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻹﺍ ﻉﺯﺎﻨﺘ لﺤﺒ ﻉﺯﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨ ﺃ ﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻷﺍ ) 2 ( . ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ لﻭﺤ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻭ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﻴ لﺒ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﺼﺎﺨ ﻻﻭ ،ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﻙﺴﻤﺘﻤﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﺩﻴﺅﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﻤﺴﻘﻨﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ . ﻩﺩﻼﻴﻤ ﺕﻘﻓﺍﺭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺙﻌﺒﻨﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻪﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻪﻌﻗﻭﻤﻭ ﻪﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﻤﻋ لﻴﻌﻔﺘﻭ ،ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻋﺩ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻭﺃ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺯﻔﻘﻠﻝ ﻪﻠﻐﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺍﺫﻔﻨﻤ لﻜﺸﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ، ﹼﻅﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺔﻤ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺕﺯﻴﻤ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ 1963 ﺭﺨﻵ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺘﻭﺎﻔﺘﻤ ﺏﺴﻨﺒ ) 3 ( . ) 1 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝ 152 ـﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 . ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ : -ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ 98 / 01 ﻲﻓ ﺥﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ 30 ﺎﻤ ﻱ 1998 ﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ 37 ﻲﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ، 01 ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺠ 1998 . -ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ 98 / 02 ﻲﻓ ﺥﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ 30 ﻱﺎﻤ 1998 ،ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺠ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭ 37 ﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅ 01 ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺠ 1998 . ) 2 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ 98 / 03 ﻲﻓ ﺥﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ 30 ﻱﺎﻤ 1998 ،ﻉﺯﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺠ ﺓﺩﻴﺭ ﻝﺍ ﺭ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴ 39 ، ﻲﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ 07 ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺠ 1998 . ) 3 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﺩ / ﺴﺭ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ،ﻁﻴﺭﺸ ﻥﻴﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎ ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺱﺭﺎﻤ 1991 ﺹ ﺹ ، . 387 -562 . ﺩ / ﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ،ﺭﻴﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺫ ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ 1984 ﺹ ﺹ ، . 202 -381 . ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻔﻗﻭﺒ ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 1963 ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ، ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ 1997 ﺹ ﺹ ، . 112 -230 . ../... .

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2 -ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ : ،ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺥﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ، ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻨ ﹼﺘﺭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻕﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻥﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺏ . ﺥﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﺃ ، ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،لﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﻭﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻝﺩ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝ ﺢﺸﺭﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻥﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﺄﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻓ ، ﻥﺴ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻔﺘ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺔﺨﻭﺨﻴﺸﻝﺍ ) 60 ( ) 1 ( ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺩﺼﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇ ﺦﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺩﺼﻴ . ﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻨ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺌﺎﻜ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻼﻁﺇ ﺎﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺩﻌﺒﺘﺴﻤ ﺍﺫﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺒﻋ ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﺅﺭ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺭ " ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﺒﻌﻝﺍ " ) 2 ( . ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺄﺒ ﻻ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﻑﺩﺍﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ . …/… ـﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺸﺎﺒﺭﺨ ﺔﻠﻴﻘﻋ 28 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1996 ،ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ﺭﺒﻭﺘﻜﺃ ،ﻑﻴﻁﺴ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ 2004 ﺹ ﺹ ، . 5 -120 . ) 1 ( ،اا ،ا ت!"#$ا نا"&د ،()ا *+! إ -./ ،ي"1! 1999 ص ص ، . 19 -47 . ) 2 ( ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ لﻭﺃ ﺓﺯﻌﻤﻭﺒ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﺩﻴﺴﻠﻝ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ : " ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻨﺴﻠﺠﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺥﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺽﻓﺭﺃ ﺎﻨﺃ sénat ﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻘ sénat ﻑﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻐﻜ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺩﻋﺎﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻗﺃ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺥﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻭﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻯﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺎﺨﺒ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺩﻗ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ لﻜ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻡﺘﺄﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﻫﺎﺠﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﺩﻫﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺩﻘﻝ ﻑﺭﺸﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺭﻘﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻤﻀ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻓ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﺒﻋ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ " . - ﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻘﻨ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺕﻻﻭﺍﺩﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷ ، ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ 1 5 ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ 1998 ﺹ ، . 14 .

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ﻓ ﺩﻌﺒﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﺓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺘﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺎﺘﻠﻜ ﻥﻷ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﺘ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺭﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺨﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺯ ﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻹ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨ . ﻥﺇ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﻘﻨﺍ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺯﻜﺭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻁﻠﺴ لﻜ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﺴﻘﻨﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﻜﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻹﺍﻭ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘﻝﺎﺒ لﺒ ،ﺝﺭﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ﻹﺍ ﺯﺯﻌﺘﻴ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋ ﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ 1996 ﻴ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺩﺼﻘ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ 98 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 1996 " : ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ " ﻅﻔﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻬﻝﺍﻭ ، " ﻪﻝ " ﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻥ ﻤﻝﺍ ﹼﻜﺸ ﻥﻤ ل ﻥﻴﺘﻓﺭﻏ . ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﺢﻠﺼﺘ ، ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺠﻭ ﺎﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻓ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻋ ﻡ 1976 ﻡﺘﻭ ، ﺘ ﺼﻨ ﻴ ﺏ لﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﻲﺒﻌﺸ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻹﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨ ﺓﺍﺭﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ 1997 ، ﻲﻔﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻡﺜ 1998 . ﻋ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠ ﻲﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﻅﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺜ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺄﻴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻴ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻭ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ . ﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻯﺭﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤ ﹼﺘﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰ ﺇ ﺍﺭﺎﺴﻔﺘﺴ ﺩﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ؟ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ لﻭﻝ . 3 -ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ -ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ لﻭﻝﺩﻤ . ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﺫﺇ ،لﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻱﺃ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ﻻ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻹﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ،ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﻴ ﺔﻤﺃ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 1 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ :

-Montesquieu, de l’esprit des lois, tome1, ouvrage présenté par: Djillali liabes, Entreprise nationale des arts graphiques (ENAG), Algérie, 1990, pp. 179-209

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ﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ لﺒ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﻝﻭ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺭﺒ ﺔﻤﻸﻝ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻫﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻥﺎﺘﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤ ﻉﺯﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﺘ ﺏﻌﺸﻠﻝ ) 1 ( . ﻤﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﻤ ﻻ ﺎ ﻹ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋ ﻹﺍ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨ ) ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ( ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻭﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﻝ ، ﻲﺜﻠﺜ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻨﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ) 2 / 3 ( ﻕﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻪﺌﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﺜﻠﺜ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﺘﻭ ، ) 1 / 3 ( ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ) 2 ( ﻭﻫ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻤﻸﻝ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ لﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ : ﺔﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺃ ؟ﺩﺼﻘﻨ . ﻥﺇ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻗﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﻘﻴ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﻴ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻭ ،ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝ ﻥﻴﻌﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻫﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺤﻭﺭﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ) 3 ( . ﻻ ﺎﻤﺯﺠ ﺔﻤﻸﻝ ﻲﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﺒ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩﻝ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺎﺼﻨ ﻑﻴﺼﺎﻨ ، ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻝﺎﻜ ﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺸﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤ ) 1 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ :

-Marcel Prélot, institution politique et droit constitutionnel, 5ème édition, Dalloz, France 1972, pp. 649-66 ) 2 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ 101 / 2 ، 3 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 1996 " : ﺏﺨﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﺜﻠﺜ ) 2 / 3 ( ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻹﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﻗ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻲﺌﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ . ﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺙﻠﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ﻥﻴﻌﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ . " . ) 3 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻭﻫ ﻪﻴﺭﺩﻨﺃ ﻘﻤ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ،ﺔﻴ ﺩﺍﺩﺤ ﻕﻴﻔﺸﻭ ﺩﻠ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ) ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ( ، 1977 ﺹ ، . 98 . ﺩ / ﻁﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺅﻓ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺎ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ) ﺭﺼﻤ ( ، 1975 ﺹ . 126 .