دور المبتكرات المالية في مواجهة المخاطر المالية و تحقيق استقرار المؤسسة الاقتصادية

ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ

ﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﻴﻡ

ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ

ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ

-

ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

-ﻠﻜ

ﻴ

ﺔ

ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

ﻴ

ﺔ

ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻴ

ﺔ

ﻭ

ﻡﻭﻠﻋ

ﺴﺘﻝﺍ

ﻴﻴ

ﺭ

ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﻗ

ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ

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ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ﻥﻤﻀ

ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ

لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ

ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ

ﻡﻭﻠﻋ

ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ

ﺹﺼﺨﺘ

:

ﻝﺎﻤ

ﻴ

ﺔ

ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻭ

ﺭﺎﺘ ﻴ ﺦ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ 12 / 12 / 2015

ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ

ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇ

ﻱﺩﺭﻭﻝﺍ

ﻤﻭﺩﺨ

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ﺔ

ﺤﺭ ﻲﻠﻋ

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ﺔﻨﺠﻝ

ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ

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ﻘﻋ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ

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ﻱﺭﺎ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ

ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ

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ﻠﻋ

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ﺤﺭ ﻲ

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لﺎ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

ﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ

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ﻥﻭﻨﺤﺴ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ

ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ

:

ﻴﻁﻝﺍ

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ﻱﺩﻭﺍﺩ ﺏ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ

ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ

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ﺭﻭ

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ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ

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ﻲﻗﺍﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺃ

ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ

ﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ

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ﺭﻭ

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ﻨﺤ ﻰـﻠﻌﻝ

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ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ

ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ

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" ﺔﻴﻵﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ 11

ءﺍﺪﻫﻹﺍ

ﻳﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﺭ ﱃﺇ

ﻦ

ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﺧ ﻞﻛ ﰲ ﻲﻨﺗﺭﺯﺃ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﺟﻭﺯ ﱃﺇ

ﺐﻴلمجﺍ ﺪﺒﻋﻭ ﺰﻌﳌﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﲔﻴﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻟﻭ ﱃﺇ

ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺭﻜﺸ

لﺠﻭ ﺯﻋ ﷲﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻨ

ﺃ

ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹ ﺎﻨﻘﻓﻭ ﻥ

ﺹﻝﺎﺨﻭ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﺯﺠﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻨﻭ

ﻻﺍ

ﻥﺎﻨﺘﻤ

ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﺭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻜﺩﻝﺍ

ﺭﻭﺘ

ﻲﻠﻋ لﺎﺤﺭ

ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﻑﺍﺭﺸﻹﺎﺒ لﻀﻔﺘ

ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻹ ﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻩﺭﺒﺼﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺢﺌﺎﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ

ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻓﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﺯﺠﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ

.

ﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻋ ﺭﻜﺸ

ﻠ

ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ لﻀﺎﻓﻷﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻰ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻗﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺹﻴﺼﺨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ

.

ﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ

ـ

ﺕﺎ

ﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ـ ﻉﻭ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﻫﻹﺍ ﺏ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺭﻜﺸ ﺝ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ﺩ لﻭﺍﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ﺯ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ﺡ ﻤﺩﻘﻤ ـ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔ 01 ﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼ : ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ 07 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ،ﻪﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ،ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ 08 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ 08 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ 11 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ 13 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﺘ 13 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ 14 لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ 22 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝ 24 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ 25 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ 25 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺎ 27 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ 30 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ 30 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻠﺠﻵﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ 37 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ 44 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ 58 ﺨ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼ 69

ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺁ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺎﺜﻝ ﺙﻝ 71 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ 72 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ 72 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤ 73 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻬﻅ 76 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ 76 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃﻭ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ 77 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ 81 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ 82 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ 82 ﺔﺼﻼﺨ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ 85 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝ 87 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ 88 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ 88 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ 90 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺭﻭﺒ ﻲﻓ 90 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ 96 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ 101 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ 108 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ 112 ﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻤﺎﺨ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝ 114 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻊﻴﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺁﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺁ 115 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺁ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ 115 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠﻹﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ 126 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺁ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﻔﺤﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﺘ ﺭﺜ 128 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻩﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ 136 ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ 136 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﺭﻴﻌﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ 138

ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ 145 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝ 148 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﻹﺍﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ 148 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻸﻝ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻜ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝ ﻲﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ 151 ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ 159 ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ 160 ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ 168 ﺌﺎﻗ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤ 172

ﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ـ لﻭﺍﺩ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻨﻌﻝﺍ ـ ﻥﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ 1 ﺔﻠﺠﻵﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠ 44 2 ﺎﻬﻀﺍﺭﻏﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ 68 3 ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ 97 4 ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ 99 5 ﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ 102 6 لﻴﻭﻁ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ 103 7 ﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁ 106 8 ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ 108 9 ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻴﻝﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻪﻴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﻤ 115 10 ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ 117 11 ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻱﺭﺴﻴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ 119 12 ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻝﺍﺭﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﻤ 121 13 ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﺩﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﻤ 123 14 ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺒﺎﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﻤ 125 15 ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ 127 16 ﺡﺎﺒﺭﺃ ) ﺭﺌﺎﺴﺨ ( ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ 128 17 ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝ ﺔﻅﻔﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻋ لﺩﻌﻤ 133 18 ﻻﺍﻭ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻩﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﻋ لﻜ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨ 134 19 ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ 135

ﺸﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ـ لﺎﻜ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻨﻌﻝﺍ ـ ﻥﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ 1 ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ 34 2 ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ 60 3 ﺔﺼﺭﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺭﺎﺴﻤ 90 4 ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺩﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ 91 5 ﺎﺼ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﻲﻓ 92 6 ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺤﺎﻁﻤ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ 93 7 ﻋ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻭﺍ ﺌ ﻴﺨ ﺩ ﺎ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺭ 93 8 ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﻲﻓﺎﺼ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ 94 9 ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﺨ ﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ 95 10 ﺭﻌﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ 137 11 ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﻡﻬﺴﻷ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﻕﺤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ 138 12 ﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﻕﺤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻊﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﻡﻬﺴﻷ 139

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ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ﻤ ـ ﻤﺩﻘ ـ ﻤﺎﻋ ﺔ ـ ﺔ ﺕﺴﻤ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅ ﺎﻬﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺫﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺸ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺍ ، ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃﻭ ﺕﻻﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﺤ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔ ، ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻡﻴﻭﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﻨ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ . ﻕﻓﺩﺘﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻭ لﺌﺎﻫ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺎﺼ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻬﻅ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨ لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻭﺅﺭ ﺕﻬﺠﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺭﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻋ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻼﻓﻹﺍ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ . ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﺕﻌﺴ ﺔﺌﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺓﺩﻝﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻝﺁ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻴ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈ Management) ( Financial Risk ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺜﺩﺤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎ . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ) Financial innovations ( ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃﻭ ) Financial Engineering ( ﺕﻴﻤﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ) Financial Derivatives .( ﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﺎﺴﺎﻴﻘﻤﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻕﻔﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ . ﻲﻌﺴ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃﻭ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﺏﻴﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺎ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃﻭ ﻡﻬﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺍﺯﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻘ . ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺨ لﻗﺃﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﻴﺴ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ لﻌﺠﺘ ، ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺼﻨﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ

ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻴﺴ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﻷ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺜﺩﺤﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺢﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﻷ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﺕﺩﻝﻭﺘ ﻑﺜﻜﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﺃ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﺩﺤ ﺕﻠﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺕﺜﺩﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺎﺒ ﻑﺼﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺎﻜ 2008 . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺡﺭﻁﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻁﻭﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ : ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻼﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ لﻫ ﻭ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﻌﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ؟ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻁﻴﺴﺒﺘﻝﻭ : • ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ لﻫ ﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﻕﻭﺴ لﺎﻌﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ؟ • لﻫ ﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻴﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ؟ • ﺞﻝﺎﻌﻨ ﻑﻴﻜ ؟ﺎﻴﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺇ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻡﺘ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻔﻨﺁ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻠﻝ : • ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻔﻴ . • ﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗ . • ﺎﻴﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ • ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﺤﺎﺘﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻫﺃ ـ ﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩ ـ ﺤ ـ ﺙ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ : -ﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻠﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ . -ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍﻭ -ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻝﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ لﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴ . -ﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘ-ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻕﻭﺴ . ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻻﻭ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﻀ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺃﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺫﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺨ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻼﻝ ﺏﺒﺴﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ . -ﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ لﺜﻤ ل ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ . ﻴﻤﻫﺃ ـ ﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔ ـ ﺙ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻀﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺩﺎﻓ ﺹﻘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻼﺼﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻤﻨﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻸﻝ لﺌﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ لﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤ . ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ ﻲﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﻥﺇ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﺴﺒ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻡﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻨﻫ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻻﻭﺼﻭ ﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻝﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩ ﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ ﻤ ﻤﺘ ﻠﺜ ﺔ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻡﻬﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ . ﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻡﻫﺃ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ . ﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﻷ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻡﺘ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ل ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﺜ ﻲﻀﺎﻴﺭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ

ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ﺒ ﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺎ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﺇﻭ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ . ﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻫ ـ ﺙ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻓ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻌﺘ لﻭﺼﻓ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻡﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻋ ﻤﻭﻤ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺎ ﺼﺨ ﺎﺼﻭ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ -ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺒ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﻔﺘ لﻜﺸ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋﻭ ،ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ،ﺔﻠﺠﻵﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ . -ﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﻝ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺨﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺈﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻡﺠﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻀ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ . لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺍﺭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺍ ﺭﻌﺘﺴ ﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺽ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻀ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ . لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺱﻤﺎﺨ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻓ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃﻭ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎ ، ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻸﻝ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ، ﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻨ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻜ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ، ﺘ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻀ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺘﺸ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻍﻼﺒﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻸﻝ ﻲﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻸﻝ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻜ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝ ﻲﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﻝ .

ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻼﻁﻻﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺩﺠﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﺕﺴﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ 2008 ﻲﻓ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺒﺎﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻁﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻤﺯ ﺃ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﺒ ﺕﺭﻗ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ : ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻨ ﻥﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ – ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ 2012 -2013 ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﺤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ لﻴﺒﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺙﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻭﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ . ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺤﻔﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻁﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﻝﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻀﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺄﻜ . ﻲﻠﻴﺒﺤ ﻲﻤﺎﺴ -ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﻬﻘﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ 2008 -2009 ﺎﻬﻴﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻀﻤﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﺘ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻻ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻪﺘﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺔﻌﻔﻨﻤ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻭﻜ ﺔﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩ ﺔﻀﻭﻓﺭﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ .

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لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

ﻤ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﻘ ﻷﺍ لﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻤﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻑﻭﺴﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﻬﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ . ﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺒﺒﺴ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ ل ﺔ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝ ﻭﻏﺎﻜﻴﺸ ﻕﻭﺴ لﺜﻤ .

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ،ﻪﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ،ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ل : ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ، ﻪﺼﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺯ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ لﻜﻓ، ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻓ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺎﺴﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺒ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻴﻭ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒﻓ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﻤﺜ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ ﻪﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ . ﻑﺸﺘﺴﻨ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﻨ ﺎﻴﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﻁﺨﻠﻝ : ﺯﻨﻴﺎﻫﻭ ﺯﻤﺎﻴﻠﻴﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ " : ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻲﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺸﻝﺍ " 1 . ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺔﻤﻼﺴ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : " ﻙﻠﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﺯﻼﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺫﺨﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ " 2 . ﻤﺤﻤ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﺘﺎﺤﺸ ﻱﺭﻜﻓ ﺩ : ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ " : ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺎﺴﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺙﺩﺎﺤ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻝ " 3 . ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺼ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﻨﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻁﺒﺭﻴ ﻡﻫﺩﺠﻨ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ : ﺭﻁﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : " ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺢﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺸﻓ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ " 4 . ﻡﻠﻴﻭﺴ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻥﺒ ﻲﻤﺎﺴ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : " ﺓﺭﺎﺴﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻗﻭ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ " 5 . ﻥﺍﻭﻀﺭ ﺭﻴﻤﺴ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ Madura " : ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ." ﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﻴﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﻔﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻤﻝ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﻤﺸﻴﻝ ﺎﻫﺍﺩﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺴﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ 6 . 1 -ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ،ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ،ﻑﺼﺍﻭ ﻲﻗﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ لﺎﻤﺠ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻘﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ، ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ 2005 ﺹ 12 . 2 ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 12 . 3 ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 13 ،. 4 -ﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﺭﻁﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ لﺌﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ،ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻅﻨ ، ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ 2013 ﺹ ، 52 . 5 -،ﺓﺩﺠ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻓ ﻙﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ،ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻠﻴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻥﺒ ﻲﻤﺎﺴ 2007 ﺹ ، 62 . 6 ﺩﺩـﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻑﻠﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻋ ﻥﺒ ﺯﻭﺯﻌﻠﺒ 7 ، 2009 -2010 ، ﺹ 331 -332 .

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﻨ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ : 1 -ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﻲﺸ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨﻻﺍ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﻭﻏﺭﻤ . ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻭ ،ﻪﺜﻭﺩﺤ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻤﺎﻅﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻨﻤﺯ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻤﺠﺤ . 2 -ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨﺍ ﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺙﺩﺤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺌﺎ ﻋ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺞ ﻥ ﺎﻤ ﻗ ﻴ ﺩ ﻊﻘ ﻼﻌﻓ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﺃ ، ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝ ﻩﺫﺨﺘﻴ ﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺒ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﺤﻭﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻪﻨﺄ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﺘﻴﻭ : * -ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ : ،ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﻑﻼﺨﺒ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﻬﻓ لﻭﻘﻴ ،ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﻴ ﻻ " ﻥﻭﺠ ﺯﻨﻭﺍﺩ " :" ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺴﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺴﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ " 1 . * -ﺎﻬﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ : ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺜﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺜﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻻﻭ ﻪﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ . لﻴﻫ ﻥﺭﻭﺜ لﻭﻘﻴ " : ﺎﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻁﻨﻴ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺎﺴﻴﻝ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﻁ ﺎﻤﻬﻤﻭ ،ﻪﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺜﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﺜﺩﺤﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻌﻓ ،ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ " 2 . 1 ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻲﻠﻋ ﻥﺒ ﺯﻭﺯﻌﻠﺒ 2009 -2010 ﺹ ، 312 . 2 -،ﺓﺩﺠ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻓ ﻙﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ،ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻠﻴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻥﺒ ﻲﻤﺎﺴ 2007 ﺹ ، 62 ..

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨﻭ Bob Ritchie " : ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺡﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺎﺼ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻘﺘﻔﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨﻭ " 1 . ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ : ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻝﺁﻭ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻨﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﺼ . ﻕﺭﻁ ﻝﺍ ﺘﻌ ﺎ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤ : ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻫ : ﺃ -ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺠﺘ : ﻜ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻓﺭ ،ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺽﻭﺭﻗ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺏﻨﺠﺘ ﺎﻴﻠﻜ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻠﻝ . ﺏ -ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ : ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺜﻤﻭ ﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ﻹﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝ ﺔﻁﺎﺤ ﺒ ﺊﺒﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤ لﻠﺨ لﻭﺼﺤ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ لﺜﻤﻴ . ﺝ -ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ : ﺩﻌﻴ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤﺭ ﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﻝ ﺍﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﻼﻜﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻗ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻑﺭﻁ 2 . ﻤ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺏﺤﺎﺼﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻭﻫ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻡﻴﻤﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﻴﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﻤﺄﻤﻝﺍ ﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺭﺸﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺈﺒ ﻪﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻪﺜﻭﺩﺤ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺎ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ . 1 -،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻹﺍ ،ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ،ﻱﺩﻨﻫ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺭﻴﻨﻤ 2011 ﺹ 250 -251 . 2 ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺎـﻬﺘﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺴﺤ ﻥﺍﻭﻀﺭ ﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﻤﺴ ،ﺭﺼﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ 2009 ﺹ ، 314 -315 .

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ 1 : ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ،ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﺇ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﻷ ﻲﻓ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤ ﻪﻠﻓ ﻪﻝ ، ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﻻﺍ لﻫﺃ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻏ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺫﻨﻤﻓ ، ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺯ ﻨﺍﻭ ﻩﺩﺩﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﺕﻤﻅﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻭﺩ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﻪﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ، ﺎﻫﺄﺸﻨﺃ ﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺵﻴﺎﻌﺘﻴﻝ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ، ﺓﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﺒ ﺕﻤﺴﺘﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺠﺘﻨﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﻤ ﺔﺤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﺎﻨﻭﻫﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻔﻓ ،لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻬﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻤﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺍﻭﻤﻨ ﺩﻬﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻪﻨﻘﺘﺘﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺴﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻼﻓﻹﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺩﻬﻤﻭ ﺍﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﻪﻝ ﺓﻭﺭﺜﻠﻝ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﺩﻜﺃ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻬﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻷﺎﺒ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻙﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﺴﻓ ﻉﺩﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ . 2 -ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﻨ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ . ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺏﻴﺒﺤ ،ﻥﺎﺨ ﷲﺍ ﻕﺭﺎﻁ : " ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻑﻴﺭﻌ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﻭ ،ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ " 1 ، ﻭ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ " ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﻋﺩﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻡﻀﻴ لﻤﺎﺸ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻲﻫ ﻓﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺼﺭﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴ " 2 . ﻱﻭﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻫﻭ ﺩﻝﺎﺨ : " ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ : ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ؛ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ،لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻬﺘ " 3 . 1 ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ،ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﻱﻭﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻫﻭ ﺩﻝﺎﺨ 2011 ﺹ 30 . 2 ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 28 . 3 ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 10 .

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻔﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﺎﺠﻤ " : ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍﻭ ،ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻠﻝ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ." لﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﺍﻭﻀﺭ ﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﻤﺴ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ 1 ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ " ﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻫ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﺘﻵﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ : ﺃ -ﻥﻴﻨﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻋﺩﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ . ﺏ -ﺩﻴﺩﺸﺘ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺃ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﺌﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻬﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺎﻜ . ﺝ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ لﻜﻝ ﻲﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅ ﻡﻭﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻭﻴ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ، . ﺩ -ﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ-ﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻤﺄﺘﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻨﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﻘﺘﻭ ﺭﺌﺎﺴﺨ-ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤ-ﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌ-ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ، ﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻬﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺭﻴﺩﻤﻭ . ﻩ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻪﺘﺩﺩﺤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻺﻝ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨ . ﻭ -ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻠﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻨﻤ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺜﻭﺩﺤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺌﺎﺴﺨﻝﺍ لﻴ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺎﺴﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺜﻭﺩﺤ . ﻥ -ﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﺒ ،ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻨﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻋﺩﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺹﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻋ ﺭﺌﺎﺴﺨ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺡﺎﺒﺭ ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺤﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ " 2 . ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﺒ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺹﺨﻠﺘﺘ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺓﻭﺠﺭ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ . 1 ﺭﺍﺩ،ﺎـﻬﺘﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺴﺤ ﻥﺍﻭﻀﺭ ﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﻤﺴ ،ﺭﺼﻤ،ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ 2009 ﺹ ، 309 . 2 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻥﺴﺤ ﻥﺍﻭﻀﺭ ﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﻤﺴ 307 -308 .

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻥﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻨﺴﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ . ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻯﺭﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ 1 ، ﺴﻘﺘ ﻡ ﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻰ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

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ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺜﺅﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ، ﻡﺎﻋ ﻪﺠﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴ ﻠﻏﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻀﻴﺭﻋ ﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﻕﺤﻠﻴ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﺘﻭﺎﻔﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻕﺤﻠﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺴﺴ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻡﻜﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺎﻀﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ " : ﺎﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺇ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ ؛ﺎﻬﻤﻬﺴﺃ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﺤﺎﺒﺭﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻪﺠﻭﺒ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ " 2 .

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ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ : ﺕﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻅﻨ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻪﺘﺍﺫﺒ ﻲﻝﺎﻤ لﺼﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ " : ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﺏﺍﺭﻀﺇ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ،ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺫﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺘﺨﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻭ " ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻏ ﺔﻴﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻌﻠﺴ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻤﻌﻤ ﺭﻴ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ 3 . 1 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﺭﻁﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 58 . 2 ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻝﺍ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﺭﻁﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 2013 ﺹ ، 58 . 3 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 59 .

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺘﺌﻻﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ . -ﻴﻏ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺤﺘ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﺃ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ 1 . ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻜﻤﻴ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻥ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺩﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘ 2 . ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻕﺭﻁﺒ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻀﻔﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻠﻝ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ل ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻠﻌﺠﻴﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻱﺃ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃﻭ ، . ﺯﺠﻭﻤ لﻴﺼﻔﺘﺒ ﻲﻔﺘﻜﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ،ﻪﺘﺒﻭﻌﺼﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﺘﺒ ﻲﺤﻭﺘ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﻡﺘﻬﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻡﻫﻷ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻝ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻭ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﻷ ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ . ﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭ ﺃ -لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ : ﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎ ﺏﺤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺙﺩﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ : ،ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻴﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗﻭ ﺃﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻡﻤﺫ ﺩﺎﺴﻓﻭ ﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻡ ﻲﻓ ﺄﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ، ﻡﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺎﺒ ، ﻭ ،ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﻏ " ﻲﻓﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺕﻼﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﺤ 1 -لﺯﺎﺒ ﺔﻋﻭﺴﻭﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻠﻴﻝﺩ ،ﺩﺎﺸﺤ لﻴﺒﻨ 2 ﺔـﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎـﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﺍ ، ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، 2005 ﺹ ﻡ 21 . 2 -ﺨ ﷲﺍ ﻕﺭﺎﻁ ،ﺏﻴﺒﺤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ،ﻥﺎ " ﺭﻁﺎـﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ : ﺔﻴﻤﻼـﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎـﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎـﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ " ﻡﻗﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻗﺭﻭ ، 5 ، ،ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺠ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﻝﺍ 2003 ﺹ ،، 29 -30 .