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NATIONAL STRATEGIES IN THE FIELD OF HIGHER
EDUCATION: CONTENT, TYPES, SUBJECTS
Kostina N. B.
Doctor of Sociology, Professor, Professor of Theory and Sociology of Management Department of the Ural Institute of Administration – branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (Russia), 66, 8 Marta Str., Ekaterinburg,
Duran T. V.
Candidate of Sociology, Associate Professor, doctoral student of the Faculty of Political Science, University of Liege (Belgium), 7, Place du 20-Août, Belgium 4000, [email protected]
Purpose. To defi ne the specifi c features of formation and implementation of the national educational strategies and
their differences from the business strategies.
Methods. The author’s position is presented through the use of the process, situational and evolutionary approaches
and the comparative analysis of development and implementation of strategic projects by public authorities and by busi-ness organisations.
Object. Methodology of developing and implementing national education strategies, identifi cation of types of national
strategies in the fi eld of higher education depending on conditions and subjects of implementation.
Novelty. Comparative analysis is carried out of the process of development and implementation of strategies by national
bodies and by business organization management. Conditions and subjects of national strategies in the fi eld of higher educa-tion are identifi ed. The ratio of strategic and current educaeduca-tional policy is provided. Opportunities and limitaeduca-tions are revealed of applying the ideas and practices of strategic management of business organizations for strategic management at universities.
Results. The article justifi es that the subject of strategic management of education at national level is the state policy in the fi eld of education itself. The national strategies are identifi ed as subject goals, objectives-states adopted by the gov-ernment in the fi eld of education. The following differences have been formulated: strategic and reforming plans, strate-gic and administrative planning. The perception of national strategies concerning universities is proposed as a project to grant universities the right of taking strategic decisions regarding potential problems. The typology of national strategies in the fi eld of higher education is provided depending on distribution of powers between the subjects of management of universities in future, on the powers of public bodies. Strategies as part of the strategic project at university level are con-sidered, their specifi c features as compared to the strategic projects of business organizations are revealed.
Key words: national educational strategies, types of strategies, strategic management subjects, strategic project of
a university. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟ-ɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢ-ɱɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ. ȼ ɩɨɫɬɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶ-ɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢ-ɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɚ-ɬɢɜɧɚɹ (ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ) ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɢ, ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢ-ɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼɢɞɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɞɨ-ɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ-ɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ-ɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ, ɧɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɟɳɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɨ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ-ɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɜ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɤɨɥ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɢ, ɢɯ ɜɢɞɵ [1] . Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ-ɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɥ-ɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɟɟ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɮɨɪ-ɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜ-ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɸɫɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɢɧɭɫɵ. ɉɥɸɫɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɢ, ɦɢɧɭɫɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɦɟɪɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɫɮɟɪɟ. ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɚɞɟɤ-ɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ-ɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɟɨ-ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭ-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ – ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨ-ɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ [2]. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ? Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɫɬɪɭɤ-ɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ [3]. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɵɧɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨ-ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭ-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-ɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɨɛɦɚɧɱɢɜɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨ-ɦɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ, ɬɨ, ɪɚɞɢ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢɯ ɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ɇɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɚ-ɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɟ. ɇɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɟɟ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ ɫɮɟɪɟ, – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ (ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɣ) ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ. Ȼɭɞɭɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɢ-ɧɚɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɹ (ɬɨ, ɪɚɞɢ ɱɟɝɨ). ɇɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɰɟɥɢ-ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚ-ɟɦɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ɐɟɥɢ-ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ-ɳɢɦɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ) ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɯɨ-ɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢ-ɱɢɟ ɫ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ȼ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɜɧɟɲ-ɧɢɟ (ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ), ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ – ɨɞɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ. ȼɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɫ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɜɧɭ-ɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚ-ɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɭ-ɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ. ɋɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ: 1) ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢ-ɬɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ; 2) ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɨɛɥɚ-ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. ȼ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜ-ɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɚɤɬɢɜ-ɧɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭ-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɥɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɥɢɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ (ɩɥɚɧɵ-ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢ-ɡɧɚɤɚɦ? ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬ-ɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɥɶ; ɞɨɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɫɨɢɡ-ɦɟɪɢɦɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-ɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɱɟɝɨ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟ-ɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟ-ɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨ-ɦɢɤɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ. ɋɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɨɛɴ-ɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɩɪɟ-ɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɟɦɭ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ) ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ-ɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ⱦɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɪ-ɬɢɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚ-ɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɬ-ɫɤɢɟ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ-ɬɚɦɢ ɚɪɯɚɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟ-ɧɨɫ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɨɡ-ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɬɟɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭ-ɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-ɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɬɟɯ-ɧɢɤɢ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜ. Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɫɬɟɣ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ» ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ), ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-ɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚ-ɰɢɹɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɂ. Ⱥɧɫɨɮɮɚ, Ɇ. ɉɨɪɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ. [4]. ɂɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹ-ɬɢɹ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ» ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ, ɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɜɹ-ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ [5]. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨ-ɟɤɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ⱦɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-ɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭ-ɩɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɥɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡ-ɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɛɳɟ-ɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. ɋɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-ɡɚɰɢɣ ɧɟɨɬɞɟɥɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬ-ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɢɡ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢ-ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ-ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɨɪ-ɦɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɝɨɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ-ɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧ-ɫɬɜɚ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɧ-ɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜ-ɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɴɟ-ɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɹɯ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ – ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ. ɐɢɤɥ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɚ ɜɦɟ-ɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ – ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ (ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɨ-ɪɢɢ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɚ. ɂɡ ɬɟɨɬɟɨ-ɪɢɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ (ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ), ɜ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɲɟ-ɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɸ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ, ɱɢɫɬɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ. ɗɬɚ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹ-ɰɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭ-ɸɳɭɸ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɥɚ-ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨ 20 ɥɟɬ, ɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɝɪɭɛɨɣ, ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶ-ɲɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨ 3 ɥɟɬ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɋ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɥ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ» ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɥɚ-ɧɚɦ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤ-ɲɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɚɤ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚ-ɬɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ: ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶ-ɫɤɨɟ) ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɞ-ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ. ȼ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɢɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦ-ɩɚɧɢɢ, ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨ-ɜɢɹɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟ-ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɟɪ-ɦɢɧ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ» ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟ-ɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɹɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɨɦ (ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɲɢ-ɧɨɣ) ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɟ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɭɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɭɪɨ-ɜɟɧɶ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɢ ɬɟɪ-ɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ, ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɚ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ – ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɧ – ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬ-ɧɟɝɨ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ. ɗɬɚ ɠɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɪɚɫ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨ-ɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ «ɞɨɝɨɧɹɸɳɢɣ» ɩɥɚɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ 10 ɥɟɬ, ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɹɬɢ-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ – ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹ-ɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ 10-ɥɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟ-ɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱ-ɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦ. ɗɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱ-ɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-ɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɪ-ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. ɇɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦ, ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ: ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚ-ɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɚɞɦɢ-ɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ, ɩɪɨ-ɞɭɤɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ: ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɨɦ-ɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠ-ɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɚ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜ-ɧɹɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚ-ɸɳɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɜɵɫɬɭ-ɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟ-ɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɪɢ-ɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ – ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ. Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨ-ɞɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ: ɩɥɚɧ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞ-ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢ-ɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɶɝɨɬɚɦɢ
ɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬ-ɧɢɤ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɧɨɰɟɧ-ɬɪɢɡɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚ-ɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɨ-ɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛ-ɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɪɢɟɣ, ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɧɚɤɥɟɢ-ɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ «ɫɬɢɤɟɪɨɜ» ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɠ-ɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ: ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚ-ɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ. ȼ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ (ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ) ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɫɦɵɫɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɞɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɜɵɫ-ɲɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɭɡɵ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫ-ɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ. ɂɞɟɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ – ɫɜɨɟɝɨ. ɉɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ ɧɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ (ɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɨ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ, ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɢɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɫɩɟɰɢ-ɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɫɩɟɰɢ-ɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɚ-ɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɭɡɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɟɣ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ-ɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨ-ɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɵ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɢ-ɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɫɬɪɚ-ɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚ-ɡɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ) ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨ-ɦɨɱɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ – ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ – ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɢ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢ-ɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɉɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ: ɫɭɛɴ-ɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɋɭɛɴ-ɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ: ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ (ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸ-ɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ), ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɪɚɛɨɬɨ-ɞɚɬɟɥɢ). ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ, ɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ: ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢ-ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ – ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ – ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɢ-ɬɢɤɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ: ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ-ɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ 1/1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ 1/2 – ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ 2/1 ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚ-ɛɨɬɤɭ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, 2/1 – ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟ-ɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤ-ɬɨɜ, ɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɢ ɡɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ, ɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ – ɧɟ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶ-ɧɨɟ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɞɜɟ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɧɚɡɨɜɟɦ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ: ɢ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ, ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ, ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ – ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-ɞɢɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ – ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. Ȼɟɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨ-ɱɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡ-ɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤ-ɬɨɜ – ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ: 1) ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ 2) ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ, ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟ-ɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ, ɧɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ. ȼɭɡɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ. ɉɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɧɨ-ɦɨɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɟɥɟɝɢ-ɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɭɡɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɭɱɟɛ-ɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɜɨ-ɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɚɦ ɤɨɦ-ɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ: ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɟ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜ-ɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɭɡɚɦ, ɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɭɡɨɜ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɪ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-ɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥ-ɧɢɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɪɨɥɢ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨ-ɡɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɩɪɨɝɧɨ-ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɚɡ-ɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟ-ɱɟɧɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ: ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-ɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ; ɜɤɥɸ-ɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ; ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɭɡ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ. ɉɪɢ-ɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-ɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ: ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɟ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, Ɍɚɛɥ. 1. ɉɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɉɥɚɧɨ-ɜɵɟ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢ- ɡɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɵɟ Ɇɨɬɢ- ɜɚɰɢ-ɨɧɧɵɟ Ʉɨɧ- ɬɪɨɥɶ-ɧɵɟ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ 2/1 2/2 2/3 2/4 Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ 3/1 3/2 3/3 3/4 ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ [6]. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟ-ɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ – ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɤɫɬɪɚ-ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɜɭɡɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɭɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɟɳɶ, ɚ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɢ ɰɟɥɶ, ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢ-ɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬ: ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-ɫɬɜɨ. ɋ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ: ɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧ-ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. Ɋɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ–ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ, ɷɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɭɫɥɭɝɨ-ɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜɭɡɨɜ – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ: ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɢɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɉɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɣ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ 1 – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ 2 – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ, ɧɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ (ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ). ɋɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɹ 3 – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ 4 – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɭɡɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧ-ɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ. ɍɱɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɟɨɛ-ɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ. ɋɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ: ɪɨɫɬ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɢ-ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨɥɢ-ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ 12 ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ: ɪɨɫɬ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ: ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɍɫɬɨɣ-ɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɭɫɬɨɣɍɫɬɨɣ-ɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɫɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɭɡɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɦɚɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɜɭɡɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ Ɇ. ɉɨɪ-ɬɟɪɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦ ɢ ɥɢɞɟɪ-ɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɥɢɞɟɪɥɢɞɟɪ-ɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɯ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜɚɠɧɵ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨ-ɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ (ɭɫɥɭɝɢ) ɩɪɟɞ-ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɦɵ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚ-ɧɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ, ɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɠɟɲɶ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧ-ɬɨɜ ɭɱɚɬ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-ɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚ-ɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɠɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭ-ɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ, ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ (ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹɯ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ). Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-ɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɯɚ-ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɦɟɯɚ-ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧ-ɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ. ɧɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵ-ɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɮɢɤ-ɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɨ-ɠɢɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: 1. ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɟɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ; 2. ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚ-ɬɭɫɭ: ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ.
