• Aucun résultat trouvé

Partage de bande passante dans un réseau : approches probabilistes

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Partage de bande passante dans un réseau : approches probabilistes"

Copied!
76
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Partage de bande passante dans un réseau : approches probabilistes Guy Fayolle, Jean-Marc Lasgouttes. To cite this version: Guy Fayolle, Jean-Marc Lasgouttes. Partage de bande passante dans un réseau : approches probabilistes. [Rapport de recherche] RR-4202, INRIA. 2001. �inria-00072420�. HAL Id: inria-00072420 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072420 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Partage de bande passante dans un r´eseau : approches probabilistes Guy Fayolle — Jean-Marc Lasgouttes (´editeurs). N° 4202 Juin 2001. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--4202--FR. ` THEME 1. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4) 

(5)

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

(9)    

(10)  

(11) ! "

(12)  #%$&#&' ! (

(13) )*,+-.*0/213154769874.-;:'<%=>-7?A@CBD-;EGFH/2)IJIK4LENM74QO PRSIK4Q)?KEUT V WHY[X Z\Y ]_^ `bY[a cdY&eAf.ghY[ijclkQcmi Y[X Z\Y%c noqpKr YsithY[uKeKv `weKx.x pyo iDz{Y o Y[| W Y o | W Y~}€ƒ‚y„U‚^ Kf{†‡}N‚y„U„.]_^ ˆU‚x‰eyŠyY%c ‹ ŽQŒ &’‘ Ž”Œ “_• Y o eKx.x pyo i o Y[x o Y[}{z–f{}—Y"cQY a o †˜Y\z2™šYsa idf—z.Y%c›Z\Y[} Y%a Y%ceKf–clY[†œ}z.fx oqpKr Ysi žŸ{ L¡'¢A£z—eK}—c¤v˜Y |&eyz o o Yz;™¥f{}{Y| p }—clf{v‡i¦eKil† p }i W Y[a Z§o eKid†œ¨©f—p Y›z.Ypyo ª o eA}—|%Y V Y[a v[Y%a | p Z«`j¬®­j£§clf o o v˜Y%cjY[¯7Y[idcwz.Y%cwx p v‡†œid†œ¨©f—Y%cDz{Y x‰e i¦eyŠUY®z{Y!°‰eA}—z{Y!x‰eyclcqeK}ƒiqY¤clf vœY!| Z"x idY[Z\Y[}ƒiDz.kƒ}‰eKZ"†˜¨©f—Y!z2™±f{} Y%a clY&eKf2² ³ }bc%™±†œ}ƒiLY a o Y[cdcdY e¤X f{} o Y%a clY&eKfz{Ywi´kƒx7Y¤µ 2°;Y[cli¶Ys¯ pKo i · pHf"X v¸e!°‰eK}{z{Ywx‰eKcdcqeA}QidYz.†œclx p }{†œ°.v˜Y¹Y%cmi¶z.†œcli o †œ°.f¶Y%a Y z{Y

(14) v¸eZ§½ eK}{† YX o YºY%a ¨©f{†‡i¦eK°.v˜Y

(15) odYsp }Qi o Y

(16) vœY%pcf{il†œvœ†œcqeKidY[f o c%²¼»}ºx—e op il†˜|[f.vœ†˜Y o&½¾p }º| p }—cl†œz YX o Y

(17) v¸eCx p vœ†‡id†œ¨ƒf{YNz.†‡iqY µ ¾Z"†œ}· ¨©o f{†Y%cmio f{W}—YeKx{o x ½;pgQ†‡ZeKp il† }hx7Y%cdcm†œpZ"†˜cmiqYp z.Y›v¸e x vœ†œil†˜¨©o f—Y®|[v˜eycdcm†˜¨©f—Yz;™¿µ Y%a ¨©f{o†œiLYap Z§eAgƒÀÁZ"½ †œ}N· ´² ­!eK}—cvœYx YsZ\†œY | eAx{†œi Y }z }{}—YvœY%c!| }—z.†‡id† }—c_} Y[a |%Y%clcqeK† Y[c›Ysi®clf{Â"cqeA}QidY%c›z2™ÃY Š z.†œ|[†œiLY a eK†œ}{cl† ¨©f—Y›zL†œuUY o c o Y[a clf{v‡i¦eKidcDz{Y®Š o eK}{z{Y%cDz¼Ysa uQ†˜eKid† p }—c[² Ä Y_cdY[| p }{zh| W eKx{†œi o YjY%cmi¹| p }{cqey| o Y a e›X f.}—YeK}—eKvœkQcdYjx p f—cdcQY%a Yz.fcmkQcli YsX Z§Y_Y[}v‡†œZ"†œiqY¶i W Y o Z p z.kƒ}‰eKZ"†˜¨©f—Y ½ Y[}"x‰eW o idp †˜|sf{vœ†œY oje_X oqp x‰e p o il† o z;™ÅpeKx.xo oqp gQ†œZ§eKidX† p }Æ| W eAp Z\x Z p kyY[o }H²ƒÇD}—Y¶} p f.uUY[v‡v˜YDeKx.x oqp | W YDz{Y¶v¸e_x oqp x‰eKŠ©eKid† p } z.fÈ| e cjY%cmijx x cQY[a Y!x f vœY%c¹cmkLcmi YsZ§Y[cj} }NcmkQZÉY[a i †œ¨ƒf{Y%c Ê,Ë‰Ì sÍ¦Î©Ï ŽQŒ “ o Y[a cdY&eAf.g

(18) µ ’°7Y%cmilÀ´Ys¯ pKo ij· ½ Y%a ¨©f{†œiLY_a Z§eAgƒÀÁZ"†œ} ½ x p vœ†œil†˜¨©f—YDZ\†‡} ½ƒÐÑp }—|[il† p }{c¶z{Y Ä k©eKx p f{} p u ½ Š o eA}—z{Y%cjz¼Ysa uQ†˜eKid† p }—c ½.ÐÑp }—|sid† p }—cDeK}‰eKv‡kƒid†˜¨©f—Y[c ½ | W eKZ\xhZ p kyY[}. Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France) T´el´ephone : +33 1 39 63 55 11 — T´el´ecopie : +33 1 39 63 53 30.

(19)  «#& N 

(20) ¾#&

(21)  #&  

(22) _ "C

(23) "

(24)  #%$&#&'#& ' #% !   Ì

(25) Î Ì “ V W †œc o Y[x pyo iclf{Z"Z§e o † %Y%c’ejcdY o †˜Y[c pyÐ cmidf—z.†œY%c´^ x‰e o idv‡k®clf{x{x pyo iqY%z›°Qk›ejŠ o eK}ƒi иoqp Z ª o eA}—|%Y V Y[a v[Y%a | p Z~`j¬®­j^”|&e odo †œY%z p f{i'†œ}i W Y¹thY[uKeKv.x oqpKr Y[|[i ½ eK}—z W †œ| W | p }{|%Y o }Æ°‰eK}—z¹†˜z.i W c W e o †œ}{Šwx p vœ†œ|[†˜Y[c †œ}hz—eKiqe}—Y[i  pyo  c[² ³ }—Yw| p }—cm†˜z{Y o c¼Z pyo Y¹clx7Y%|[† —|&eAvœvœki W Yjc p ÀÁ|&eKv‡v˜Y[z x p v‡†˜|[k ½  W †˜| W †˜c9e›| p }—clY o uKeKil†œuyY_eKx.x oqp gQ†œZ§eKid† p } i p i W Y|[W v˜eycdcm†˜ÐÑ|%pyeKo v !#"Éx p pKvœÐ †˜|skU%² $Á} i pKW o &Y  o cli py| Wo( eAx{½ iqY po&½ }—Y%W |[Y%o clcqe o kÉW eK}—o z cmf{Â"|[†˜Ys}ƒi p | p }—o zL†œid† p }—ce o Y Y%cmi¦eK°{v‡†˜c Y%z 'e ¹†˜z{Y®|sv¸eyclc °7Y%cmilÀ´Ys¯ i¹}—Ysi  c i ŠUYsi Y ¹†œi v˜e ŠUY!z.Y[uƒ†¸eKil† }{c Y%cmf{vœidc%² V W YclY%| p }—zb| W eKx{idY o x o Y%clY[}ƒiqcDe o eKi W Y o YsgQiqYs}—cl†‡uUY®eK}—eKvœkQcl†œc pKÐ i W YwZ p z{Y[vœc†œ}§i W Y o Z p z.kƒ}‰eKZ"†˜|¹v‡†œZ"†œi&² ) p Z\Y}—*Y ,eKx{x odp ey| W i p x oqp x‰eyŠ©eKil† p } pKÐ | W e p cj†œc¶x oqp x p clY%z ÐÑpyo } p }ÈclkƒZ"Z§Ysi o †˜|&eAv2clkQcmiqY[Z\c%² + -Ž ,;(Í . /Ë 10 K“ °7Y%cmilÀÁY[¯ pyo i}{Y[i  pyo  c ½ Z§eAgƒÀÁZ"†œ} Ð eA† o }{Y%cdc ½ Z\†‡}

(26) x p vœ†œ|[k ½2Ä kUeKx p f{} p u Ð f.}—|[il† p }—c ½ v¸e o ŠUY z{Y[uƒ†˜eKid† p }—c ½ eK}‰eKv‡kQil†˜| Ð f{}{|[id† p }—c ½ Z§Y%eK2} —Y[vœz.

(27)     

(28)     -       !"#    %$ &. '. (*),+.-. †œ†‡†. /10324/5276. Ä Y"x o Y%a clY[}ƒi o eKx{x pyo i®Y[cli¤f{}Cz p |sf{Z\Y[}ƒiz.Y"cmkƒ}Qi WHY%X clY| p }QidY[}‰eA}Qi¤vÁ™¥Y%clcdYs}Qil†˜Ysv¾z{Y%c®i o eGuKeKfLg o Y&a eAvœ†˜cQY%a c®eKf id†‡i o Ywz2™±f{}—Y®ey|sid† p }| p o }Qi o ey|sidodf—p YsvœvœYwX x‰eyclcQY[a Y!Y[}ƒi o Y®ª o o eK}—|[Y V o Y[a v[Y%a | ½ p Z `jX ¬®­ Y[i¶oqp v5™98;:=<>8¸¡p ² $Áv2c%™ÃeyŠy†œo cdcdeK†œi9x o †‡}.À ½ |[†‡x‰eKv˜YsZ§Ys}ƒiz2™šY[a oilf—z.†˜Y o&Xv˜Y[cwx °{v YsZ§Y[cz2™±p†œ}—Š'Y[a }{†œY †œYz.fi e {p | v‡o†[p BY[a c e§vÁ™±†œ}ƒi z.f—p |[ilo † }Nz.o f cdY uƒ†˜|[Y p ¡@o ?A< e {}z{Yz¼Y%a Š©eyŠyY z{Y[c Y%ŠKv˜Y%c_z{YÆz.†œZ\Y[}{cl† }{}—Y[Z\Y[}ƒi_Y[i!z{YÆ| }ƒi v˜Yz.YDC{f.g

(29) x f v˜Y%c Y%a clY&eKfLg ¯ eK}ƒi f{}hiqY[v0clY o uQ†œ|%YK² Ä Y¤z p |sf{Z§Ys}ƒiw| p Z"x o Ys}—zÈz.Y[f.gu p v˜Ysiqc¶x o †œ}—|s†œx‰eKfLFg E £ v˜Y!x o Y[Z"†˜Y Ho o G | W eKx.†œi o Y J] I x o Y[a cdY[}ƒidYz{Y[c o Y%a clf.vœi¦eAiqc¹x oqp °‰eK°{†‡vœ†˜cmiqY[c¶x p f o z{Y%cDi p x p v p Šy†˜Y[c¶z{Y o Y[a cdY&eAf eyclcdY ¤Š'Ysa }¶Y a eKv˜Y[>c K £ v˜Y_pKo z{Y[f.gQ† Y[X Z\Y G | W eKx.†œi o Y¤L‚ I X Y%cmiD| p }{cqey| o Y¤a eKf.g Y[a idf{z{Y%cjY[M} $ %;" NO P1  RQOS ½ |y™¥Y%cmilÀ eAX À´z.† o Y v cd¨©f—Y!v˜ei¦eK†‡vœv˜Ywz{Y%cjclkQcmi Y[Z\Y%cweKf—ŠKZ§Ys}QidYy² Çj}—Y®x‰e o idp †œYz{pyY®o |%Y[c o Y%| W Y o | W Y[p c G Ys}Èx‰e o idÄ †œ|[f{v‡†˜Y o v˜p Y[cDcdY%|sid† p }—c®]U²Å‚ ½ ]UU² T ½ ‚L² ]¤Y[iw‚L²ÅL‚ o I¶e Ð eK†œi¶v5½ ™ p ° r Y[iDp z2™±f{}—Y x{f{°{v‡†˜|%W eKidpK† o } †œY[}ƒiLY[a Y µ iLYsa v[Y%a | Z · WV XY3² e\cdY[|[il† }‚L9² T"Y%cmiwv˜e"cmf{°—cliqeK}—|[Yz{Y®vÁ™Ãe il†˜|[vœNY V[ZY eKfÈ| }ƒidY[}ƒf x{vœf{cDi Y a †˜¨©f—YK² Ä Y%ci o e&uKeKf.g p }ƒi Y[a iLY a o Y&a eKv‡†˜cQY[a ceKfcdY[†‡}ºz.fx oqpKr Ysi

(30) ž_Ÿ— L¡’¢ z{YvÁU™ 8;:=<>8¸¡ ½›eÉX v5™ÅeA†˜z{Y

(31) z.Y ZÉY[a i W—p z{Y%cz{Y Z p z¼Ysa vœ†˜cdo eKid†pyp o }®ZeAi W Ysa ZeKil†˜¨©f—Y ½ v˜Y%c o Y[a clf{v‡i¦eKidc p °{idY[}ƒf—c›Ysa i¦eK}ƒivœY иo f{†œi'z.fi o e&uKeK†œvQ| p } rmp †‡}Qi'z{Y¼| W Y o | W Y[f o c z{Y®z.†œuyY c Š©eK}{†œclZ\Y%>c E £ ª o eK}{|  ­Y[vœ| p †œŠy}—Y ]½ \ f.kª‰eGk p vœvœYY[i_ yY%eK}.ÀmtÈe o | Ä eycdŠ p f{ididY%c G 8;:=<>8¸¡ ½ x odpKr Y[i_žŸ{ L¡'^¢ IK £ _ o }‰eKf—z z.Y Ä e

(32) ª pyo idY[v‡v˜Y G SŸ :=a

(33) b ½ Z"†˜c eNX z.†œclx p cl†‡id† p } ehX vÁU™ 8;:@<>8¸¡ x‰e o v˜Y Z"†œ}{†œcli YX o Y"z{Y§v5™šY[a ¨ƒf.†œx7YsÀ ` Z\Y[}ƒi IK £ V W—p Z§eycj­Y[}{Y[f.g G cliqeyŠy†¸eA† o Y_z{Y!vÁ™Å

(34) Ÿ :=c®`Df{Y¤z;™ÅÇDvœdZ Is² X |%YsvœvœYsÀ´|s†Á² _wfÈz¼Y[a °.f{i_z.Y¤| W ey¨©f—Y›clY%|sid† p } ½ c p }ƒiDZ\Y[}ƒid† p }{} Y[a c¶v˜Y%cjeKf.iqY[f o c¹x{vœf{cjcmx Y%a |s† —¨©f—Y[c e. e=egfihkjOlmnl.

(35) †œu.  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(36) AO %. P.  e .

(37)     

(38)     -       !"#    %$ &.   ). 6.  ). u.

(39)  0 .6 -.  €Ì JËË   ‹ºŽLŒ %'Ï Ì . Ì   JË   SÏS Ì ŽQ Ž Œ Ž Œ

(40) .  . ]y²‡] n o %Y a clY[}ƒi¦eKil† p }Èz.fhZ p z YsX v˜Y®²›²®²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ] ]y² ‚ ) †œZ.f v¸eKil† p }§z{Y o Y%a clY&eKf.ghYs}ºYsa i p †‡v˜Y G      $%$&I ²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²  ]U² ‚Q²‡] ) †‡Zf{v˜eKid† p }bz{Y!v¸ex p v‡†œid†œ¨©f—Y_Z"†œ}º²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ! ]U² ‚Q² ‚ ) †‡Zf{v˜eKid† p }bz{Y!v¸ex p v‡†œid†œ¨©f—Y_Z§eAgƒÀÁZ"†œ}²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² X ]y9² T • p }—z.†‡id† p }—c¹z2™¥Y o Š p z.†œ|[†‡iLY a G#" " %$  A    P$%$&D   "    I~²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ]T ]y²Ã \!o eK}—z{Y[c¶z¼Y[a uƒ†˜eKid† p }—c¼x p f o f{} o Y[a cdY%eKfY[} Ysa i p †‡v˜YD} p }bcmkQZÉY[a i o †œ¨ƒf{Y G  

(41) $ $&!1  A     $%$&JI ²¤²¤²›²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ]#! ]U²Ã.²‡] ) eAidf o eKid† p }hz.f o Y%a clY&eKf ²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ]X ]U²Ã.² ‚ V W Y a pyo&YsX Z§Y®z{Y®Š o eK}—z{Y[cwz¼Y[a uƒ†¸eKil† p }{ch²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ]Z ]U²Ã.9² T ) eAidf o eKid† p } p x{id†‡ZeAv˜Y²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ]'& ( )wŒ Ì  0 ŽQ * ,0‘ 0ÌGË—Ì *20ŽL (,+ ‚Q²‡] Çj}—Y W Y[f o †˜cmid†œ ¨ƒf{Y x p f o z{Y%chŠ o eK}—z{c o Y[a cdY&eAf.gclkƒZ Ysa i o †˜¨©f—Y%c G   P^$%$&     $%$&D  "  kR JI§²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚K ‚L²‡]y²‡] Ä Y!Z p z YsX v˜YcmkQZÉY[a i o †œ¨ƒf{Y ²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚K ‚L²‡]y² ‚ »a ¨©f‰eKil† p }—cDz{Y o Y%a |[f odo Ys}—|%Y ²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚-! ‚Q² ‚ `bY[a c p v‡f{id† p }b}ƒf{Z Y a o †œ¨ƒf{Y¤z.Y%cY%a ¨©f‰eKil† p }—c G      $%$&I\²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚Z ‚Q9² T »a ilf—z{Y›eK}‰eKv‡kƒid†˜¨©f—Y G   P$%$&    "    I²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²4TLT ‚L9² TL²‡] ÇD}—YY%a ¨©f‰eKil† p }h†œ}ƒiLY[a Š o eAv˜Y_x p f o v˜e ÐÑp }—|[il† p }Š'Ysa } Y a o eKi o †˜|[Y ²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤4 ² TLT ‚L9² TL² ‚ ) f o vœY!| p Z"x pyo idY[Z\Y[}ƒijeyclkƒZ"x{i p id†˜¨©f—Y®eAf{i p f o z./Y .0 ],²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤4 ² T©ˆ ‚L9² TL9² T `DY[Z§e o ¨©f—Y[cDY[ij| p Z"x{v[Y[a Z\Y[}ƒiqc ²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² {] ‚Q²Ã Çj} o Y%a clY&eKf”Y[a i p †œv[Ya x‰e o id†˜YsvœvœY[Z\Y[}ƒi¶cmkQZÉY[a i o †œ¨ƒf{Y G   P$%$&D   "    I ²›²¤² {]. e=egfihkjOlmnl.

(42) uĠ.  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(43) AO %. P. ‚Q² ! • W / eKZ" x

(44) Z p kyY[} z{YclY%| p }—z pyo z o Y›x p f o f{} Š o eK}—z o Y%a cdY%eKf clkƒZ Y[a i o †˜¨©f—Y G   $ $&!1  A    $%$&JI ²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚L² !Q²‡] »a ¨©f‰eKil† p }—cDz{Y o Y%a |[f odo Ys}—|%Y!£ pyo z o Y ] ²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚L² !Q² ‚ »a ¨©f‰eKil† p }—cDz{Y o Y%a |[f odo Ys}—|%Y!£ pyo z o Y›‚º²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚L² !Q9² T  eKv‡†˜z—eAid† p }}ƒf{Z Y a o †œ¨ƒf{Y

(45) ²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚Q9² X Ä †‡Z\†‡iqYi W Y o Z  p z. kƒ}‰eKZ"†˜¨©f—Yx p f o z{Y[c§cmkLcmi YsX Z§Y[cZe (o Up uƒ†˜Ys}—c\} p } clkƒZ Y[a i o †˜¨©f—Y[c G   P$%$&D  "  kRI ²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚L9² XL²‡] no Y[a cdYs}QiqeKid† p }Èz{Y!v¸eZ Ysa i W—p z{Y ²¤²›²¤²¤²›²®²¤²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚L9² XL² ‚ _jx{x{vœ†œ|&eKil† p } eX f{}ÈclkQcmi Y[X Z\Y›eGuyY%|®°‰ey|  ° p }—Y ²›²¤²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤²®²›²¤²¤²›²¤²›²¤² ‚L9² XL9² T ÇD} o Y%a cdY%eKf

(46) z.Y UeK|  c p }e&uyY%|¤z{Y%c¹iqYsZ\x{cjz.Y¤clY o uQ†œ|%Y®} p }hYsgQx p }—Ys}Qil†˜Ysv˜c ²¤²›²¤²   ÏSŽ 0 ŽQ  € ŽL    Ï  Ë 

(47) , ю N˗ Ì .Ì  Ë  . X. X ƒ ˆ & U! ‚ U! ‚. !T. !Z  + .  e .

(48)     

(49)     -       !"#    %$ &.    6 O). - 6. /1032. ].   )  - 6 - .  6  7 +   03). ³ } c%™±†œ}ƒiLY a o Y[cdcdYNz—eK}—c\|%Y

(50) | W eAx{†œi o Y eX f{} o Y%a clY&eKf”Š'Y a o eK}ƒi\z{Y%c C p iqc\z{YNz p }{} Y[a Y%c§x p f o x{vœf{cl†˜Ysf o c f{il†‡À vœo †œcqeKidp Y[f o c ½ z—eK}—cvœY%¨©f—Y[vp eKf—|sf{}—YŠ©e o eK}ƒid†œYNo z{Y

(51) clY o uQ†œ|%Y

(52) }H™¥Y%cmi pyp o ¯7Y o iq½ Yy² Ä YÈZ p p z Y[X vœYÈz.Y

(53) cdY o uƒ†˜|[Y

(54) v˜YÈx.vœf—c eK†œc }.X o}‰eK°{vœYz—eK}{c|%YÆ| o }ƒiqYsgQidYÆY%cli_v˜YclY o uQ†œ|%YÆz.Ð †‡i›G µ ¼p °7o Y%cmi!o Y[¯ i¤· ¨ƒf.†eKo v‡v f— Y®v¸e"°‰eK\ }—z{Y›x‰eyocdcdeK}ƒiqY z{Y ZÐ eA}{½ † Y Y Y%a ¨©f{†œiqeK°{vœYo Y[}ƒi p Yp vœY%cwf.id†œv‡†˜cdeKiqYsf cjey|sid† c u o † x‰e odYsp gLY[Z"X x{v˜Y ½ Y iqclY eycYsi eKvœv˜eyŠUY VÅ]nY Is²;»} eK†œi †‡v‰kex{v‡f—cl†œY[f c¼} id† }—c z2™´Y%a ¨©f{†‡iLY!a z—eA}—c¶|%Y_ŠUY[} Yz{Yx °{v Y[Z\Y v¸e›x.vœf—c¶|sv¸eyclcl†œ¨ƒf{YhY[a iqeK}ƒi¶vÁ™´Y%a ¨©f{†‡iLY a ZeJgQÀ5Z\†‡}H² t Y[B Z\YÆclo † p } | p Z\Z\Y[}—|[Y e§X °{†œY[} p | p ioZ\p B x o Y[}{z o p Yv˜e\Z§eKp }{† ½ YX o Y›z p }ƒiv¸e °‰eK}—o z.Yx‰eycdcdeK}ƒo iqYÆY[cli o Ysa x‰e o ido †˜Y¤x‰eo o v˜Y[p c z.†‡¯jY a Y[}ƒidc¼Z Y%a |&eA}{†˜cmZ§Y[c¼z{Yw| o }ƒi vœYwpz{Y_o | }—ŠyY%o clil† } ½ eKp cdcd*Y _x7Y[fbz{Yji o eGuKeKfLg\x7Y Z§YsididY[o }ƒi¶z{Y Yso

(55) }— z Y | X Z"p x{ido Yjz.Yjp v5™¥†‡Z\x‰eK|[iz{YD½ v¸e}‰eAidf YweAv[Y&a eAi † Y¶z.f\i e —| } i¦eKZ"Z\Y[}ƒi¾clf v¸e!¨©p f‰eKv‡o †œiLY¹a z{YwclY uQ†œ|%p YDx;Y |sf—Yy²½ _ } i Y"| }{}‰eA†˜cdcdeK}—|[Y f{}—Y"z{Y%c¤cdYsf{v˜Y[c Ysa idf—z{Y\Y[}|%Y"cdY[}{cY%cmi|[Y[v‡v˜YÆz{Y\` °;Y iqc¤Y[itNeKcdc f{vœ†[ Y a VÅ]J‚ Y p p p o o ¨©f{†'eK}‰eKv‡kLclY[}ƒiDf{}—Y!i x v Šy†œY_z{Y Y[a cdY%eKfNv‡†œ} Y%a eK† Yy² wp i o Yhx oqp x p c\Y%cli§z2™šY[a idf{z.†˜Y o z{Y[c§i p x p v p Šy†˜Y[cÆx{vœf—c\| p Z"x{vœYsgLY%c\c p f—c\z.†œ¯DY a o Y[}ƒiqceK}—ŠyvœY%c%²9ÇD} Z p z YsX v˜Y Zo e oUo p uƒ†˜pYs} eyclcd*Y §Š'Ysa }¶Y a o eKv9z{Y o Y%a clY&eKp f p µ ¹p °7Y%cmi½ Ys¯ pyo io · Y[cliX xo o Y%a clY[}ƒiLY\o a Y[}cdY%|sid† p } ]U²p ] K2†œv¾Y[cli›z{Y%cmido†‡}¶Y a e X Ys}—z YD| Z\x.iqY¹z{Y¶v5™¥†‡Z\o x‰eK|[iz.Y¶olÐÑv¸pye_o i x v Šy†œY z{Y%o cx‰e eKZ Y[i Y%cz.YDi e {p |¹Y[i¾z{Y¶v˜e_x o v‡†œilp †˜¨©f—Y z.o Y¶x‰e iqeyŠUY z{Y›p °—eK}—z{p Y¤x‰eycdp cdeK}ƒiqYcmf v¸e"x7Y p Z§eK}—Ä |[Yy²€­pY%c Y[a clf{p v‡i¦eKidcwz.o Yclp †‡Zf{v˜eKid† }hz2™¥f.o}—Y›uyY cm† p }

(56) z.f p Y%a cdY%eKf o Y[} Y[a i †œvœYNc }Qiz p }{} Y[a chYs}ºcdY%|sid½ † } ]U² ‚Q² p Y%cb| ½ }—X z.†‡id† }—cz2™¥Y Š W zL†˜|[†‡iLYÈa z{Y|%Y Y%a cdY%eKfºc }ƒih| }—cl½ †œz Yp a Y%a Y%c z—eK}—c®v¸ecdY[|[il†o } ]UÐ U² T. ²’p »} {} v¸ebcdY[|[il† } ]U²Ã o o ev5™ÅeKo †œz{YÆz{Y iqY[| }{†˜¨©f—Y[cz{NY ( 

(57)   p     1 zp }{p }—Y z{Y%co †œz¼Y%a Y[cclf v¸e e | }   $&bz{Y§cqeKilf Y v˜Y Y%a clY&eKf Y[iZ§YsiY[}~Ysa uƒ†˜z{Ys}—|%Ybv˜Y[c›x cdcm†œ°{vœY%cŠ f{v iqc z2™šY[a i eK}—ŠyvœY[Z\Y[}ƒi&² .  !"$#&%' (') *+%,(.- /0. ³ } | p }—cm†˜z YX o Yf{} o Y%a cdY%eKf| p Z"x o Y[}‰eK}ƒif.}CYs}—cdYsZ°{vœY21,z{Yvœ†œY[}—c[² n v‡f—cl†œY[f o cc p f o |%Y[cY[a i¦eA°{vœ†œcdcdYs}ƒi!z{Y%c | p }.}—YsgQ† p }—cv˜Y§v p }—ŠÈp z{Y o oqp f.iqY%co ¨ƒf.W †¹Y[Z"x o f.}QidY[}ƒi o |%Y[cvœ†œY[}—p c[² ³ }Ép c%™±†œ}ƒiLY a o Y[cdcdY ½ eÈX v˜e Ð e | p }ÉX z{Y§x‰e o i¦eKŠUY o v¸ebp °‰eK}—z.Y\x‰eyclcqeKp }ƒidY p ¯7Y iqoY x‰e | ey¨©f—Y\v‡†˜Ys}Ys}Qo i Y v˜Y[c›| }{}—Y gL† }—cey|[il†œuUY[c eK†œ}{cl†¾¨©fH™ ehp vÁ™¥Y[X ¯7Y[i›z{Y v¸e xo vœ†œil†˜¨©f—Y¤z2™ÃeKp vœv |%eKG id† }No cmf v˜e§z.pHkƒX}‰eKZ"p †˜¨©f—YzLf oqp Y%a clY&eKf2²Hp Çj} Y g.Ysp Z\x.v˜Ycm†œo Z"x{½ v˜Y›z2™¥f.o }oiqY[v'Z z Ysv˜YY[cli!f{} Y[a cdY&eAodfNp Ys}”p Ysa i †‡v˜Y —Šyf o YÆ]U² ]U² ]JI fbp i f{iqo Y[c¶v˜Y[c odp f.iqY%c¹c }ƒWiDz{Yv }—Šyo f—Ysf W ‚ ¨ƒf.† Y[p x Y%a clY[p }ƒiqY¤eypyclo cdY* ®°.†˜pKY[o } f{} Š c| Z"G Zf{i¦oeAiqY[f e&uUY[|z{pyY"o } Z° Y[f—clY%cW f{idY%oqc%p ² • ey¨©f—Y\p ° eKpy}{o | W Yz{X Y"vÁ™šY[a i p †œv˜YÆ| Z"x o iqY\eKW v c z{Y[fLgbvœ†œY[}—c µ 'Y[}ƒi eK}ƒij· 0Y[iµ 'c i¦eK}ƒij· ;I Ysi¹| ey¨©f—Y f{iqYY[cli¹†œc Z x Y ef{}h| f{x{v˜Y!z.Y° eK}{| Y%c[² ) p †‡ i 3 vÁ™¥Y[}{cdY[Z°{v˜Y\z{Y%c odp f{iqY[cz.f o Y%a cdY%eKfH² ³ } } p iqYbeAv pyo c 465v˜ehv p }—Šyf—Ysf o z2™±f{}—Y odp f{id'Y 798:3 Y[i 7 G J] I;<=<=<!;>7 G 465Ijv˜Y[cwvœ†œY[}—cw¨©fH™ÃYsvœvœYY[Z"x o f.}QidYy² Ä Y[c| p }.}—YsgQ† p }—c!c p }ƒi®| o Y€a Y[a Y%c®clf o |%YsidiqY odp f{idYcdYsv p }f{} x o oqp |%Y[o cdcmf—co z{Y n'p †œcdc p }

(58) z2p ™±†œ}ƒidY[}—cm†œiLp Y a ?@5%² • W p ey¨©f—Y›| p }.}—YsgQ† p }

(59) p Y%cmiwZ§p eK†‡}QidY[}ƒf—Y r f—cd¨©fH™ p e§X e&u p † o i o eK}—clZ"†˜c e X i eGuyY cjvœY Y[a cdY&eAf

(60) z{Y[cjz }{} Y[a Y%cDz }ƒiDv˜Y_u vœf.Z§Y!cmf{†œi¹f{}{Y®v †2Y gQx }{Y[}ƒid†œY[vœvœYz{Y!Z kyY[}{}{Y A@5&²—Çj}vœ†œY[} e=egfihkjOlmnl.

(61) ‚.  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(62) AO %. P. connexion. lien.     

(63)       "!#%$ &(')+*-,/.1032*.1450(61* 7878*.:90<;>=?0@9BADCFE#.:90.17GE 953H0 4ICJ*KGK8E#LM@H0 0O*N P@0(A EQ0.R0S7G9T.1U 95SH0 0  V =XWZ] Y\[ ;>= ^ _8b/_%c ? = a _8` A"*d78U efeg*98E#U .h@H0 9*.:9i0jk0@P@98,SH0 0l7m,/Kn98U ,/980S7nA#0S7oKU,/90@7n,/9GE#A#E#7*.:9A#0pA EQ0.R& kq>r * st,10pKU ,590pu-45EQ7m6kU 7G0R* N P r * st,10pE#.17m9*.:9B4ICF,/.103v"K*P@98E#U .xw _ 4/03AQ*y2*.14/0(6* 7G7*.:980<45E#7G6zU ./E 2/AQ0  N ,/.~E#.17m9*.:9>'€ h0@7G9‚4@H0 ƒ/.5Ez6* K?A#0B./U el2/K80n4/0TPSU./.10„ E#U .17*P@98E L 0@7‚7G,5K‚P r *s:,/0 { CmH0 9*9?45,O7m|}7m9%0N eg0d*p Y\[ Ž Š 8‹10@9BAQ*ls:,1*.:98E#95H0 KU ,590‡†‰ˆ _Š 8‹ c ul'‡ŒR WZ]+ Ž = Š 8‹‘WD] Y’[ ^ ˆ _“Š 8‹ _8` = K06/K5@H0 780@.:980<AQ0”./U el2/K80p450pP@U ./.10„ EQU .17B7m,/KBAQ0”A#E#0@.O&3'‡)  { 0(L 0SP90@,5K Ž Š 8‹?0S7G9B,/.•6/K8U}P@0S787m,17i450l–•*K8— U“LR45U .:9TA#0S79GK*.17mE#9GEQU .17?6kU 7G7GE 2/AQ0@7T7GU .:9

(64) ˜ *KGK8E#LM@H0 0p4kC™,/./0pP@U ./.10„ EQU .x7G,/KB,/./0pK8U ,/903u *%L 0@PpE . 980@.17mE#95H0 a _›š ˜ 4‚H0 6*K89T4ICF,/.10pPSU./.10„ E#U .‡7m,/KB,/.103KU,/90(u 1*%L 0SP(E#.:980@.17mE#95pH0 w _%Š Ž Š 8‹G‹8œ b/_  ¢ € ( { 0p‘@H0 .H0 K*980@,/KBE#.5ƒ/./E#95SH0 7mE#eg*AI45,•6/K8U}P@0S787m,17T7SCmSH0 P@KGE#9S/6kU ,5Ko,/.10(vžU .1P@9GEQU .O980S7m9(Ÿ

(65) €  B¡£¤ ¥yŸ Š Ž ‹ WD] Y\[ ^ _¨§ Ÿ Š Žª©¬« _ ‹‘­Ÿ Š Ž ‹® a _8¦ ¡ ˆ _ w _%Š Ž ‹ § Ÿ Š Ž ­ « _ ‹¯­°Ÿ Š Ž ‹ ® c © ^ _8¦ ¡ b/_ ±"²¯³±ž´.

(66)     

(67)     -       !"#    %$ & T. p0fX 5wY[cliDv˜Y7GÀÁ† Y[X Z\Y_uUY[|[idY[f o z{Y!°‰eyclY¤z.Y $ `¹² Kf—cd¨©pfH™±†˜|s† ½ } p p f—c¤}2™Åe&u o p }—c¤x—eyc®)z.†˜cl|[f{iLY a G v˜eZeK}.† YX o YÆz{Y o Ysa x‰e o il† o v˜e§°‰p eK}—z{Y p x‰eyclcqeK}ƒidp Y\z.†œclx o p }{†‡°{v˜YYs}ƒi ½ o Y v˜Y[c| }.}—pyYso gQ† }—c!Y[} x o Y%a cdYs}—|%YK² † 0 5 ;>7.83 Ijz Y%a cm†˜Šy}—Yf.}—Y eKvœv |%eKid† }h¨©f—Y[vœ| }—¨©f—Y Y&a eKv‡†˜cqeA°{v˜Y †‡v uƒ†˜Y[}ƒiweKv c¶} Y[a |%Y[cdcqeA† YsZ§Ys}ƒi  5 G I5 G G I I ; 8 1"; G ]U² ]U² J] I 5

(68) e&uUY%| ½ x—e o | p }ƒuyY[}ƒid† p } ½ 5 G G I I 0„Æv pKo cd¨©f—Y 5 G I 0„.² Çj\ }”|%eK}—z.o †œz—eKi§eycdclY

(69) p }‰eKilpf o YsvY[cli§vœYÈx o †œ}—|s†œx7YÈz;™ O QO %p  rmp !#"o  G u p † o x‰e o Y gLY[Z"x{v˜Y Y o iqcdY  eycbY[i eAvœv¸eKŠUY V ]OY IE{v5™ÅeKv‡v |&eKil† }!Y%cmijidY[v‡v˜Y¨©fH™±†œv0Y gL†œclidY®i f f c¹f{}hvœ†˜Ys}5¹iqY[v0¨©f—Y  5  G I% 5  G G I I 0& " ;  5  G G I I 0ºZ§eAg  5  G G I I < G ]U² ]U²ÅL ‚I 5 '  (  . " 5 ! "$#. B p p o p o p X ½ X X ot Ysv¸Y[eKZ\il†œYuUYscmZ§†|%YsYs}ƒidiwidY†‡}—| YsgQ}{i oz.†˜†œ|%ileK† °{}

(70) v˜Y[c ey½ cdcmz¼f Ysa x;YYs}—v5™¥z—f.eK}{}ƒ†˜|si!†œiLz.Y¤a Y¤z{Z§Y)eK }{† YX ox Y®fŠyv p i°‰eKf{vœY!iz{cmkQY›clv5i ™šYsYsa Z§i¦eKY'ij.z.}{f † o Y%Y[a clv‡v˜Y&Y®eKf2Z ² Ys j}—Yp f—e§chz.Ysa Y%idf—c!zL|&†˜eAY v˜od|[p f.}—v˜cc zp0p X }—|x o †œ}{p |[†œx—eKv˜Ysp Z§Ys}Qi9o v¸e¤x p v‡†œilp †˜¨©f—YDz.o†œidYz.f

(71) o µ 'Z"†œ}b· ½ x oqp x p cQY%a Yx‰e o¹Ä ².tNeyclc p f.vœ†[Y_a Y[ij .².` p °7Y o iqcVÅ]U]OY ½ ff{}—Y®| }.}—YsgQ† }Ncmf 7cdY®u †‡ijeKidi †‡°{f—Y f.}Nz¼Ysa °{†œi G ]U² ]U²UTI +5 *-,/. G G I I

(72) 020143 Z" 5†œ5 }   G I <. $Áv¾Y%cmi Ð eK|[†œvœYÆz{YÆu p † o ¨©f—Y6 *-,/. cqeKil†˜c Ð eA†œi G U] ²‡]y²‡]JI_Ysi®¨©f—Y\|[Y[iliqYÆx p vœ†œil†˜¨©f—Y\µ Z"†œ}C· 9Y%cmi®i p f rmp f o c®c p f—cmÀ. p x{il†œZ§eKv˜Yjx‰e oDo eKx.x pyo i eX vÁ™šY%a ¨©f{†œiLYa ZeJgQÀ5Z\†‡} ½ eKfNclY[}—cjz.fhv˜YsZ\Z\Y|[† ÀšeKx o&Y%X c. 7$8:9;98=<?>@<?>@<?>B A !1

(73) %  1  %  $&  -$&A$& !k   G I DPJ  A N  $   A^ $&   " ! U S DC  $%$&!   1   !"  RQO N  FE      !k  *-,/. G I !  S1

(74) -  G A  *-,/.  HJI28:K$L+8> ) f{x.x p c p }—c¤¨©f—Y ½ x p f o f{} z p }{} Y a ½Hp }CeK†œi   G IM  *-,/. G I ² _wv pyo c ½ e&uUY%| v˜Y[c} p iqeKid† p }—c. z{Y!vÁ™šY%a ¨©f‰eKil† p } G U] ²‡]y² ‚LI ½.  5  G  G I I. 0 Z 5 !OeJN g "  52 G.  G I I P  ] G I  5  G I 5  G   G I I N " 5 !QN 0  RN!"  N "G I P  RN!" G I N!*-" ,/. P  5 *-,/. G *-,/. G I I <. $Áv’Y%clijz p }—| Ð eK|[†œvœYz{Y¤| p }{cli o f{† o Y!x‰e o | p f.x{v¸eyŠyYv˜Y%c¹x odp |[Y%clclf—c G   G I; S „I Ysi G -* ,/. G I; TS „I¶z{Y Ð e | p } e X eyclclf o Y o ¨ƒf{Y   G I  *-,/. G I¶x p f o i p f{i S „.² e=egfihkjOlmnl.

(75) .  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(76) AO %. P. Çjp }—Y"z{Y o }{† YX o YÆx odp x o †[Y[a iLY a eyŠ o Y&a eK°{p vœY p G Z§p eK†˜c_¨ƒf.o¾†o }—Y cdpyY oo ehX x‰eKc¤zL† o Y[o |[idY[Z\X Y[o }ƒi!½ f{id†‡vœ†œcQY%a Yx—e o v¸ebclf.†œiqY I_z{YÆv¸e x vœ†œil†˜¨©f—Y¶Z"†œ} Y[cli¼¨ƒf2™ÃYsvœv˜YDY[cli9Z } i }{YDx—e eKx{x i e®cdY[c9x—e eKZ Y[i Y[c eKf\cdY[}{c z.f"v˜YsZ\Z\Y¹clf{†‡uKeK}ƒi&² 7$8:9;98=<?>@<?> >    H H$  N1A 1    !"  RQOS Skk S „   *-,/. G I  ! 1&   

(77) !H$  !1

(78) %  1 %  $&  *-,/. G  „ I . . 1   

(79) !H$&  DC     ? 5 $728 3  ! 1&   

(80) !H$& $ N NP^   1   A@5 $728 3   ! 1&    

(81) !$& ! ! %  $    -8 1  HJI28:K$L+8> ³ }›f.id†œv‡†˜clYv˜Y Ð eK†œi2¨ƒf{Y 5 *-,/. Y%cmi'f.}—Y ÐÑp }—|[il† p }¤z¼Y[a | oqp †˜cdcdeK}ƒiqY9z{Y  ² • Y[v˜eDx7Y o Z§Ysi ½ | p Z\Z\Yz—eK}—c v˜Y¶o vœY[Z"Z§Y x o Y%p a |€Y%a z{Ys}ƒi ½ z{p YDo | p }—cmi po f{† o Yjz.Y%c¾| p f.x{v¸eyŠyY%½ cZe rmpyo eK}ƒidc G3p f Z"†œ} pyo eK}ƒiqoqc p Is² •o Y o eA†˜c o p }{}—Y[Z\Y[}ƒG i¾p }—Yo cdY eK†‡iwx‰eKcjx cdcm†œ°{vœY!x f v˜ex v‡†œil†˜¨©f—YZ§eAgƒÀÁZ"†œ} x{f{†˜cl¨©f—Y  }H™Ãe"x‰eKcjvœY%cDx x †[Ysa iLY[a c Y%¨©f{†˜clY%c u † !  & .   . x‰e o YsgLYsZ\x{vœYNV ]nY%I ² »} {} ½ v¸eclY%|sid† p }b‚L²UX.²Å‚ÈY[a ilf—p z.†˜Y¹f{}{Yj|sv¸eyclcdYDz{Y¹x odpp vœ†‡pKid†˜o ¨©f—p Y[cz.†‡iqY%c µ 2YsoqÂ"p |&ey|[Y%c¾· ½ o ¨©f{†‰| p }ƒid†œY[}ƒi¾} p i¦eAZ\Z\Y[}ƒi vÁ™šY%a ¨©f{†‡iLYa Z§eAgƒÀÁZ"†œ}Y[i¹v˜ex v‡†œil†˜¨©f—Y_z;™šY[a ¨ƒf.†œiLY®a x x id† }{}—YsvœvœYw†œ}ƒi z.f{†œidY_x‰e YsvœvœkMV ]&„YLE 8 <?>@<?> > A S$ % RQOD % Y[Â"|&eK|%YN #$%$& S OA  $&   k     1  > .   

(82) 

(83) . . . . SH  k. . 7 %$ ( #& T5 8 7 .  . $@QOS. . 5 '( "+        . S  $  $     . .  #  $ C $%$&!  1 . . $&  5 0  5 . $7  . S . . . 5

(84) . 5  G I 5  G G I I 0  " . .  O  d. .   .   $  !1 ( . 5 G I 5 G G I I ; . ]U² ]U²¥^I G. K.    . d!  ! % . G. ]U² ]U² !LI. . • Y[iliqY|sv¸eyGclcdY¤z{Y›x p odvœp †‡id†œ¨ƒpyf{o Y%cDp | p Z"x o ½ Y[}—zȽ |%Y[v‡v˜Y[cw¨©f{† p x{il†œZ"†˜cdYs}ƒijf.}—Y ÐÑp }{|[id† p }{}—YsvœvœY¤c p f—cw| p }{i o eK†‡}{iqY¤z{Y |&eKx—ey|[†‡iLY a Y[a ¨ƒf.†œiLY!a x x il† }{}{Y[vœvœY ²‡² ²9I Z§eK†˜c¹eAf—cdcm†HvÁ™šY%a ¨©f{†œiLYa ZeJgQÀ5Z\†‡}H²  . !. # * )/0"$#&%  (2    2). #".     ! % # /  ]. ³ } | p }{cl†˜z YX o Yhf{} o Y%a cdY%eKf Ys} Y[a i p †œvœYhz{eK}—c\vœY%¨©f—Ysvwv˜e °‰eA}—z{YÈx—eycdcdeK}ƒiqY

(85) Y[cli§x—e o iqeyŠ'Y%a YhY[}ƒi o YNvœY%c vœ†˜Ys}—c cdYsv p } f{}—Yo x p v‡p †œid†œo ¨©f—Ð Y›Z"o †œ} p fo Z§BeAgƒo ÀÁZ"†œ}2² o Ä eoq| p p Z\o x.v˜YsgQ†‡iLYa Z§eKi W Y[a Z§eK½id†œ¨ƒf{p Yz{YÆ|[Y%o c!Z p z YsX v˜Y%cwpy†œZ"ododpx p pKclYo z{Y v˜Y[c"o cm†œZf.v˜Y W x p f WHX eK† YhG eKx{o x—e e i Yv˜Y[f cÆoqpx x †[Y[a iLp Y[a c ¨ƒf—eKvœW †‡i¦eKp il†œuUY[c z }Qi vœp Y%c Y%a cmf{vœiqeKiqc | ° Y[}ƒi |%Y i¦eA†œ}—Y[c kƒx i Y[cdY[c x—e YsgLY[Z"x{v˜Yv˜ex x—eyŠ©eKil† }z.fÈ| e cjz.Y®v˜ecdY[|[id† }

(86) ‚L²‡]Is² $. . %'& (*),+-(/.10. . &32 +146587:9'.;),+=<<+.  e .

(87) !.     

(88)     -       !"#    %$ &. wp f{c®eGu p }—cx odp |€Y%a z¼Y a eX z.Y%c!cQY a o †œY%cz{YÆcm†œZf.v¸eKil† p }—cjclf o z{Y%c!cQY a o †˜Y%c!z.Y o Y%a clY&eKfLgclkƒZ Y[a i o †˜¨©f—Y[c®e&uUY%|Æf{}. } p Z° o Y®z{Y!vœ†œY[}—c¶uKe o †¸eK°{vœY G T e X TU„U„LI ½ x p f o z.†‡¯jY a o Ys}QidY%cDuKeKv˜Ysf o c¹z{Y!v˜e | W e o ŠUY .—² Ä Y%cD} p i¦eAid† p }—c¶clf.†œuKeK}ƒiqY[cwclY oqp }QiDf{il†œv‡†˜cQY[a Y%c¹z—eA}—c¹v¸ez{Y[cd| o †œx{il† p }hz{Y[c_eAv˜Š pyo †œi W Z§Y[c>E £    E{eKvœv p |%eKid† p }bz{Y®z¼Ysa °{†œi¹x p f o f{}{Y¤| p }{}—Y gQ† p } G  ; IK £  020 1'3   #      E.z Y[a °{†‡ijz2™¥f.}Èv‡†˜Y[}  K £ 

(89)  020 143         E—z¼Ysa °{†œi¹Z p kUYs}H² #   "!#%$'&)(+*  -,+$'. !/%01*23& <?> >@<?>@< 46587 ?I :9 98 Ä ™ÅeKvœŠ pyo †œi W Z§Ywz{Y!v¸eÆcl†‡Zf{v¸eAid† p }Y%cmiwvœY!clf{†‡uKeK}ƒi E ; =<5 =>?< • W Aey¨©@ f—YN½'pHvœ†œX Y[}   o o Y | o p †œi | p }{}—W Y gQ† p }—c ½ vœp Y%c ½ Æc p p }ƒi§z{Y%c§uKp e o †¸eK°.p v˜Y%c"eKv[Y&a eKi o p † o Y%c †œ}—z¼Ysa À p x;Ys}—z—eK}ƒidY%c z{Y§v † p ‚ f p Ysp x Y[a cdo Y[}ƒ idYo vœY§| eAZ\ÐÑpyx o Z kUY[} ½ z p}ƒio f{}{W Yc v‡f{id† }}ƒ½f{ZÉY ao †˜¨©f—YbeºY[a iLY a |&eKvœ|[o f{v[Y%a YCB%² • Y%c ¤| }.}—YsgQ† }—cc }Qi Ysa x‰e il†˜Y[c›f{}{† ZÉY[a Z\Y[}ƒi x f | ey¨©f—Yv‡†˜Y[=}  cmf vœY%cEDGF ] eKf{i Y%cDvœ†œY[}—c[² H KI/5 8 _ X | W ey¨©f—Y9†œiLY a o eAid† p } p }x odp | Y%X z{Y eKfil† o eKŠUY¾z2™¥f.}cqeAf{iz.f›x oqp |%Y[cdcmf—cz{Y tNe (o Up uc p f—cšÀ r ey|[Y[}ƒi&² J <5=I K5"K K (8:9ML>N?K 8O>P< K Ä YiqYsZ\x{c¤z.YÆcqeKf{i¤Y[cli®f{}—YÆuKe o †˜eK°{vœYYsgQx p }—Y[}ƒil†˜Y[v‡v˜Yz.Y x—e o eKZ Y[X i o Y ?RQ. 

(90)  ½ J <5=I K5"?K 8S>T> U< => WV K$8#> ³ }Y[} o Y%ŠK†˜cli o YÆv˜Y[cuKe o †˜eK°{v˜Y[c o Ysx o Y[a cdY[}ƒiqeKid†‡uUY%c¤z.f o Y[a cdY&eAf ½ Y%cdclY[}ƒid†œY[v‡v˜Y[Z\Y[}ƒi v¸eÆz.†œcli o †œ°.f{id† p }bz.fh} p Z° o Y®z{Y®| p }.}—YsgQ† p }—c¹x‰e o vœ†œY[}H² X IY<

(91) ?7 8ZK K[>P< K Ä Ywil† o eyŠUYDz.fbcdeKf{i¼| pyolo Y%cmx p }—z e¤X f{}{Yw†œZ"x{v[Y[a Z\Y[}ƒi¦eKil† p }Æx—e o il†˜|[f.vœ† YX o YDz.f§ŠY[a } Y a o eKidY[f o z.fx oqp |%Y%p clclf—c z{p Y!tNG e oUp u€²{ÇD}—YDo } p f{uyY[vœvœYw| p }{}—Y gQ† p } @ G G  ;P\ I¾eKx{ x‰e o e B ½©i¼p0e&XuUY[ |_†œ}ƒidY[}—cm†œiLY a ? p @G D]o FCJ] I Y[i9p f{}—Yj| p }{}—YsgQo† } 

(92) ;% \ IY%³ cli cdY o uƒ†˜Ywe&uUY%|jodo †œ}ƒiqYs}—GSclo †‡iLY®a ] 

(93)  ^ o  I f odp  Y%cli9v˜Y¹@} G Z° Yjz{Y |GSo }{}—YsgQ† }—c@ cmG f vœY¼vœ†œY[} K² }il† Y9f{}—Y e †œu¾Y%a Y Y[clxH²Af{}Æz¼Ysa x‰e i I'e&uyY%|¶x °‰eK°{†‡vœ†‡iLY a ? ?_QR 

(94)  I Y%cmxH²`  ?NQa 

(95)  I Is² £      E¶v¸e–| p }{}—Y gQ† p }z2™Ãe odo †œu¾Y%a YY[clihid† o Y%a Y

(96) f{}.† ÐÑpyo Z Ysa Z§Ys}Qiclf o v˜Y[cx‰eK† o Y%c G  ;P\ Ibe&uUY%| c0 b ?\ K £ $  ½Up SE p } o id† o Y¶f{} p vœ†œY[} ¹p eGuyY%G |¹f{}—Y¹x odp °‰eK°.†œvœ†‡iLodY9a p x oqp x pyo id† p }{oq}—p Y[v‡pyv˜oY¼eKp f"z¼Y[a °.†œiX  z.@f G v‡†˜Y[}  K x{ f{†œc G}"il† Y f{}—Y¹| }{}—Y gLp † }  p ; \ Ie&uyY%o |Df{}—Y¶x °‰eK°{†‡vœ†‡iLY¼a x x il† }.}—Y[v‡v˜Y e    

(97)  ^ 

(98)  I z¼Y[a °{†‡iDz{Y%c    | }{}—Y gL† }—cjY[}ƒi Y ®Y[i  \ I ² d 8:9 = > 8f<Te g KI?K 8#>hK 8i U> Ä Y%cz¼Y[a °{†‡iqc6 

(99)  Y[ij  c p }ƒi} Y[a |%Y[cdcqeA† o Y[cx p f o v˜Y®id† o eyŠyYz{Y[ccqeKf.iq>c E;†‡v Ð eKf{iDz p }—|!v˜Y[c o Y[Z\Y[ili o Y e X rmp f o ² l lk nmpo Ymrq fsq q nm"m nf q tmpu Pvtvxw w v nfyo {z f|v }o Ym ~w pm {q nfJf Pq P€| Pq8=m f vƒ‚ f|z f „u ?m nm stw m m v 8v ^f |cw q8 6vƒ‚ ?†u‡ lˆ f nm „u stw m f sw f‡m tv {q nfFl l . .

(100) 

(101). 

(102).

(103) . 

(104) . . . . . . . .

(105). 

(106). 

(107). . $.

(108). +. &. . +. . 5 <+ (/.. (*<);5). & 46+. e=egfihkjOlmnl. 

(109) . ) 5< +. =5<. (*<. ;9 (. ). (*). + .. <+. (*+. :9'(3.. 2 (. /5. 5. + < + .;+ .. <5. =9. 89 + + ,). +-. '+. /. + ;+. =+. ) +. '+ .. +. < +=) 5 ). ;+ =) 9. ;);5) 9 &. /5 .;+. 5. /+. /5. +. ). /5. < +.

(110)  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(111) AO %. X. P. d 8#> K5 U< U> VHoqp †˜cDi´kQx7Y%cwz{Y o Y%a cmf{vœiqeKiqcjc p }ƒiwi o eA}—cd| o †œidcwcmf o —| W †˜Y o c>E7z2™±f{}—Y›x—e o ijf{}—Y¤x‰e o il†˜Y®z{Y[cwi o eAÀ r Y%|si p † o Y%c\z.f cmkQcli YsX Z§Y[c G vœY%c   G I I ½ Y[i§z2™ÅeAf{i o YÈx‰e o i\vœY%c"cliqeKid†œclid†œ¨©f—Y%c o Y%|sf—Y[†‡vœv‡†˜Y%c ½ |y™¥Y%cmilÀ eAX À´z.† o Yv¸e z.†˜cmi o †œ°{f{il† p }z.Y%c   Ysi¹v¸eÆz.†˜cmi o †œ°{f{il† p }z.fÈi p i¦eAv   

(112)  ² <?> >@<?> d 8#> K5 U< U>cK8Z58<[> 9K58< Ä Y%c o Y%a cmf{vœiqeKiqc¹z.Y%cjcl†œZf{v¸eKil† p }{c c p }QiDx o Y%a clY[}ƒiLY[a c_z—eK}{cjvœY%c —Šyf o Y%c®]U²Å‚L² ]s£€]U²Å‚L²UT.² ³ }Cz p †œi o Y[Z§e o ¨ƒf{Y o ¨©f—YvœY%c_uKeKvœY[f o cz p }{} Y%a Y%c¤eKfLgNv‡†˜Y[}{c_v pyo c_z{Yv5™¥†‡}{†œil†¸eKv‡†˜cdeKid† p }b}—Y| p }—z.f.†˜cdYs}ƒi Ysa uƒ†‡À z{Y[Z"Z\Y[o }ƒix‰eKp c e_X | p }—cl†œz¼Y a o Y o o ¨ƒf{Y v˜Y p o Y%a clY&eKfY%W cliY[} o Y%a Šyp †‡Z§Y9cliqeKid† p }{}‰eK½ † o YK²K­™ÃeK° py½ o z ½ B v pyo cl¨©f—Y'D Y%clix;Ysid†œi X ½ v¸ez.†˜cmi o †œ°{f{il† }z2™´Y%a ¨©f{†‡vœ†‡° Y Y%cmX i›v †œ}½ z.f| p eKZ"xZ p kUY[} K’Y[}{clf{†‡iqY vœY%c®vœ†˜Ys}—c Z Y[Z\Y cl†9†œvœciqY[}{z{Y[}ƒi e z{Y[uyY[}{† †‡}—z¼Ysa x;Ys}—z—eK}ƒiqcDz{Ysf.g eÆz{Y[fLg }—Y®c }ƒieK°{c v‡f{Z§Ys}ƒi¹x‰eyc¹Zf{ilf—Y[v‡v˜Y[Z\Y[}ƒi¶†‡}—z¼Ysa x;Ys}—z—eK}ƒiqc[² Ä Y%c¾|&eKvœ|[f{vœcc p }Qi¾Ys}ƒi¦ey| W Y[a c¾z2™¥f.}—YD|%Y o i¦eK†‡}—Y¶†œZ"x o Y%a |[†œcl† p } ½ |&e o v5™ÃY gQx¶Y a o †˜Y[}{|%Y¶Z p }ƒi o Y ¨ƒf{YDv˜e_| p }QuyY o ŠUY[}—|[Y uU Y o c¼v5™šYsa i¦eKi¾cmi¦eKil† p Ð}.}‰oeK† o Y¹odY%p cmi¼o i o&Y%X c¾v˜Ys}ƒiqY ½ °7Y&eAf—| p f.x§x{v‡f—cv˜Y[}ƒidYw¨©f—YDvÁ™Ãeyclx7Y%|si¹µ 2v‡†˜clcdY¹· €z{Y[c¼z.†œcli o †œ°.f{id† p }—c 

(113)  }{Y®x7Y[f.ijvœY eK† Y!| † Yy² <?> >@<?> =>?I K

(114) >?> ?K 8#> I 8S> K5 U< U> $Áv¹Y%cmi°{†œY[}Éc f B o i p f rmp f o c o †˜cl¨ƒf Yba z{Y Ð eK† o Y§z.Y%cÆz¼Y[a z.f—|[il† p }{c eNX x‰e o il† o z{YŠ o eKx W †œ¨ƒf{Y%c ½ Y[ivœY%c| p f o °7Y%c p °{idY[}ƒf—Y%c!clY odp }ƒiclf o i p f{if{il†œvœ†œcQY[a Y%cD| p Z"Z\Y›Šyf.†˜z{Y®x p f o v˜e\clf.†œiqY¤z{Y|[Y[iliqYYsa idf—z.Yy²2»}

(115) x—e o il†˜|[f.vœ†˜Y o&½—p } x;Ysf{i o YsZe o ¨©f—Y o v˜Y[c¶x p †œ}ƒiDclf{†‡uKeK}ƒiqc>E £ Ä eG Z\p Y%cmo f o Y cmi¦o eKil† p }{}—eK† o Yz.f} p Z° X oo Y z{Y | p }{}{YsgQ† p p }{c¤x‰e o vœ†˜Ys}| oqJp o B i¤e&uUY[|"vœY} p Z°o o Y z{YÆvœ†˜Ys}—oc D p u p † p {Šy½ f YN]U² ‚Qo ² ‚LI ² • Y%|[† clf—ŠyŠ Y p Y§o ¨©fH™±†œv¼Y%pycli›o x cdcl†‡°{v˜Y"o z2™šY[a o ilf—z.†˜Y o vœY%ccmf{W †œido Y%c›z{Y Y%o a cdY%eKf.gCx‰e Z } ½Hip }{†˜Y odoYsix7Y Z\Y[iÆp eKf—cdcm†¹z2™Ãe&u † z{Y%p c° X }—Y%cÆcmW f{x Y a †˜Ysf p Y[cÆclf v˜eNo&| X e ŠUoqYbp z.W f Y[a cdY%eKfHp ²­X Y x{v‡f—c } uyY ehYs}clY%|so id† }–‚QG ² ‚¨©f—YÆr v˜YZ z Y[v˜Yp Y[}C|o pyeKo Z"xCZ W kUY[o }Y[cli¤i Y[c!x p | Y z.f Z z Ysv˜Y vœ†‡Z\Ðц‡p iqY¶o ¨©f‰eA}—zAD pKY%cmo i¶Š eK}—z o |%Ywo ¨©f{†Ð f—clil† —X Ywe®x cmiqo Y † †—v˜Y[c Ysf †œclil†˜¨©f—Y%c9¨©f{† }ƒi"Ysa iLYDa f{id†‡vœ†˜cQY%a Y[c I Y[i f }{†‡i¶f{}—Y®° }—Y!cmf{x Y a †˜Ysf Y ey|[†‡v˜Y eYsa uyeAvœf—Y ² £ ÄHpyo o cl¨©fH™¥†‡v’Ä c%™ÃeKx{x o odp | W Yz{Y¤v˜e"W cdpyeKo idf o eKil† p } G . p  J] I ½ vœY o Y%a clp Y&eKfe"f{} ÐÑp p }—|[il† p }{}{Y[Z\Y[}ƒiDZ o p z—p eKvHo i o&Y%X c Z§e ¨©p f YKa ² Y[o c e Šyf{Z\Y[@ }ƒG iqc¾i Y a ½ †˜¨©f—pY%c¼z¼Y[a uyY[v o x{x Y[a c¼o x{v‡f—c9o v p†œ}"Ys}p cdY[|[il† }b‚Lo ²9T!v¸eA†˜cdclY[}ƒi¾x Ysa u p † ¨©f—Y |%YDZ z{YDclY k@ eAG †œi9Y[}  ³ ]}F .ItB Ysi }"Z\p Y%clf Yjclo f v˜Y[c p Y%a c pKvœf{o il† }{c¾}ƒf{ZÉY a †˜¨©f—ÐÑY[p c¼¨©f—Yjv¸eZ kyY[}{}—Y Y%cmi¾Y[o }"„ ;Å-ˆ ! ]`F .ItB&² }ÆZ\Y[iG eK†œ}{cl†.vœY z½ †˜Šyi'clf f.} | Z"x B iqYsZ§Ys}ƒi¨©o f{†{Y[cli }{z—eKZ\Y[}ƒi¦eKvœY[Z\Y[}ƒi z.G †‡¯jY a  Y[}ƒp i ½ z{Y%c {v˜Y[c z2™ÃeKididY[}ƒiqY t yt L] ²‡² 9² I9|[v˜eycdcm†˜¨©f—Y[c Y[i¼Z YsZ§Y[c¼z.Y%c Y%a cdY%eKf.g§z{Y {v˜Y[c z2™ÃeKididY[}ƒiqY UeK| c } ²‡² 9² Is² . . . . . . . . . . .

(116). '

(117) . '

(118). . . 

(119) . . $. {.  "!#%$'&)(+*  -,+$'. !/%01*2 x3& <?> > >@< 46587 ?I :9 98 Ä ™ÅeKvœŠ pyo †œi W Z§Y"z{Ybv¸eNcm†œZf.v¸eKil† p } Y[cli clY[Z°{v˜eK°{vœY eX |%Y[v‡f{†¹z.fÉZ"†œ} G | Ð ²clY%|sid† p }]y² ‚L² ]U² ]JI ½ ZeA†˜cv˜eN}‰eAÀ idf o Yz{Y¤v¸e"x p v‡†œid†œ¨©f—Y!v˜Y o Y[}{z

(120) x{vœf—cw| p Z"x{vœYsgLY›Ysi!clf o i p f{i_°7Y&eKf{| p f{xx.vœf—cjv˜Y[}ƒi%² Ä Y[cz.†œ¯DY a o Y[}—|[Y%cc p }ƒi ½ Y%clcdY[}ƒil†˜Y[v‡v˜YsZ§Ys}Q>i E . . .

(121) .  e .

(122) ˆ.     

(123)     -       !"#    %$ & 0.035. N=3 N = 10 N = 30 N = 100 N = 300. 0.03. distribution. 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0. 20. 40. ]U²Å‚L²‡]E W=  k$    1M DC  . 8. . 60 80 100 nombre de connexions.  1 A 1 1. 120. 140. .  0 „ ; &U„1D 1   O$&   .        %$&# S  % D R    A A! .   NO A $&F$  1. 1   A!. !. N=3 N = 10 N = 30 N = 100 N = 300. 0.9 0.8. loi cumulée. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0. 20. 40. 60 80 100 nombre de connexions. 120. 140. ]U²Å‚L² ‚E W=  k$    1 D C       1%$& # S . 0º„ ; &y„ }D 1   O$& $&1&D!  $&1&   O$&  !1&   

(124) ! D ´]G„ '% (  1     $   1 . 8. . e=egfihkjOlmnl. . k$i . .

(125)  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(126) AO %. Z. P. 0.025. N=3 N = 10 N = 30 N = 100 N = 300. distribution. 0.02. 0.015. 0.01. 0.005. 0 0. 50. 100 150 200 nombre de connexions. 1. 250. 300. N=3 N = 10 N = 30 N = 100 N = 300. 0.9 0.8. loi cumulée. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0. 50. ]U²Å‚L²9TkE WF  $    1 D C  . 8. 100 150 200 nombre de connexions. . . 1   ' 1       1   1   1      1     „ ;ńUˆU‚U‚ 1  "]G„  ( . 250. 300. D 1   O$&  k !R  1  (# 13 D$    ¹]%ƒˆ ; Z  1        

(127) ! TU„U„ $   $ d! " . . 0 „ ; &.       %$& Sk LT !"   $& A O NP  !" W NP  ! A !    AH!   A!H!  &   H  A   N $    R F$  # A! F    A! A  $ ! W  

(128)   % . . 1  12   O$&. . " QOS .  $    1  e .

(129)     

(130)     -       !"#    %$ &. &. ; =<5 =>?< jp f—c!}—Y cqe&u p }—c›x—eyc®|&eKvœ|[f{vœY o z{YÆx p vœ†‡id†œ¨ƒf{YY[}C| W eKZ"xCZ p kUYs}K2v˜Y o Y[a cdY&eAfY[cli›z p }—| X d o p œ† }{†‡id†˜eKvœ†œcQY a e €Y a ² H KI/5 8 • p Z\Z\Y p }"}—Y¹cqeA†œix‰eyc o Y%|&eAv˜|[f.v˜Y oo eKx{†œz{Y[Z\Y[}ƒiv˜Y[cz¼Y[a °.†œiqc 

(131)   ½ x p f o ¹z p }{} Y a ½ †œv Ð eKf.i¾z p }—| cli p |  Y o Y[i o Y[|&eKvœ|[f{vœY o ^¤v˜Y[cDz Y[a °{†‡iqc    e X | W ey¨©f—Y o YsZ\†œcdY e X rmp f o ² »}\} p i¦eK}ƒi 5 V o Y%cmxH²  5 Y.v˜Y¶z¼Ysa °{†œiFV op Y[clxH²©| p }{}—Y gQ† p }—c Y o Y%cmi¦eK}ƒi G †œ}{†‡id†¸eAvœ†˜cQY a eÆX ] V o Y[clxH²  Y I ½ v5™ÅeAv˜Š pyo †œi W Z§Y z{Y®|&eKvœ|[f{v0z.Y%cDz¼Y[a °.†œiqcDY g9Y[a |[f{idY›v˜e° f{|[v˜Y!cmf{†œuKeK}ƒidY E £ |&eAv˜|[f.v0z.fNz¼Y[a °{†‡i¹Z\†‡}{†œZ§eKv‰x‰e o | p }{}—YsgQ† p }Z 0 5 @  5 ½ £ |&eAv˜|[f.v0z.fÈv‡†˜Ys}bvœ†œZ"†œiqeK}ƒi _iqYsv0¨ƒf{YT 0ºZ"†œ} „ ½ £ x p f o i p f{c¶v˜Y%c¹v‡†˜Y[}{Rc ?\ o Y%cmi¦eK}ƒiqcDx‰eyclcqeK}ƒijx‰e o  E £ºeKv‡v p |&eKil† p }§z.fNz¼Y[a °{†‡i 03  03 ½ £ o YsZ\†œcdY e X rmp f o z.Y%cjz Y[a °{†‡iqc o Y[cliqeK}ƒiqc 5  5  F  ½ £ o YsZ\†œcdY e X rmp f o z.Y%cj| p }{}{YsgQ† p }{c o Y%cmi¦eK}ƒiqY[c  5    5  F 3² £ Y[a v‡†œZ"†œ}‰eAid† p }z.fhvœ†œY[}  K p }h| p }ƒid†‡}ƒf—Y!i¦eK}ƒij¨©fH™¥†‡v o Y[clidY›z{Y[cw| p }{ }—Y gQ† p }—c G 5 S „ I ² Ä ezL†œ¯jY a o Ys}—|%YZ§e r Ysf o Yx‰e oo eKx.x pyo i e§X vÁ™ÃeKvœŠ pyo †‡i W Z\Y!Z\†‡} o Y[a cl†˜z.YÆz—eK}—cv˜e§| p Z"x{vœYsgQ†œiLYa z.f|&eKvœ|[f{vz{Y%c z¼Y[a °.†œiqc 

(132)   ½ ¨©f{†0| p }—z.f{†‡i eX f{}{Y¤| p Z"x{v˜Y gL†‡iLY!a Ys} G DZB I | p }ƒi o Y G D Is² _wf| p f o c_z.fNz Y[a uyY[v p x{x;YsZ§Ys}ƒi ½ v˜Y%cweKvœŠ pyo †‡i W Z\Y%c p }QiY[a iLY a c p X †˜Šy}{Y[f—G clY[Z\Y[}ƒi o p x.ido †œZ"†˜cQY%a c ½ |%Y¤¨ƒf.†e x;W Y o Z"o †˜c. o G p o ½ p o z{Y›o x—eycdclY x p f Z\†‡

(133) } o I z.Y›cm½ †œZf{pyv˜o eKid† }—cDe&uUY[|§]G „ Dil† eKŠUY%c eÈ]& „ ½ |%Y¤¨ƒf.† Y[x Y%a clY[}ƒiqY¨©f—Ysv˜¨©X f—o Y[c Y[f Y%co clf f{}—Ycmi¦eK½ il† }bz.Y_i eGuKeK†‡;v I eKv pKo c¼¨©f—p Y!z{½ eK}—c p vœYw|%eyp c Z§eAgƒÀÁZ"†œ} o®&LZ

(134) X z.f§iqo Y[Z"x—c¶Y[cli¶x—eycdcQY a e Y[|&eKvœ|[f{vœY z{Y%cjz¼Ysa °{†œidc Y[}Èz¼Ysa x{†œiDz{Y[c_eAZ Ysa vœ† eKil† }—c Y[i }hz †‡iDcdY!vœ†‡Z\†‡iqY e]G„  id† eyŠUY[c%² <?> > > d 8#> K5 U< U> Ä Y%c o Y[a clf{v‡i¦eKidcz{Y[c!cl†œZf{v¸eKil† p }{cjc p }ƒi!x o Y[a cdYs}QiLY%a c®z—eK}{cv˜Y%c —Šyf o Y%cÆ]U²Å‚L²¥bY[iÆ]y² ‚L² !L² ³ } z p †œi o YsZe o ¨©f—Y o ¨©f—p Y¼o v5™¥†‡}{†œil†¸eKv‡†˜cqeAid† p } e X €Y a odp p }—Y ½ Ð eKf—clcdY¼x—eyc’vœY%c’clX iqeKid†œclid†œ¨©f—Y%pyc o ½ x.f{W †˜cl¨ƒo f2™ p }}—Y¼| p }—cm†˜z YX o Y ¨©f—Y9v˜Y[c &U„jz{Y o }{†˜Y o c x f |[Y[}ƒiqcjz{Y!v¸eÆcl†‡Zf{v˜eKid† } Y[iD¨©f—Y®v˜Y!clkQcmi Y[Z\Y¤Y%cliweKv c¹| e Š'YKa ² <?> > > =>?I K

(135) >?> ?K 8#> I 8S> K5 U< U> B o o p o o p ÐÑ_wp uy}—Y%z¼|§Y[a Y›vœY%cmc®f Zo z{YsZ§Y%cDY[Š c o eKY%xa cdW Y †œ¨©uyf—Y%cÆY%c ¨©½ f—v¸eÆYclz—†‡ZeA}—f{c¤v¸eAvœidY\† p |%}eyccdYsz.ZY\°{v¸vœebY®x Z p vœ†‡}ƒidi †˜o¨©Y f—o YvœY%Z"c¹†œx}Cp cl†œf}ƒiqc¹v˜Y[cmf{c›†œuKz{eKeK}ƒ}—iqŠUc Y cz.Y\v¸ez¼Y[a z.f—|[il† } £ Çjod}p Z p p z.Y®eK½ x{x‰e o e B i\Y%a Š©eAv˜Y[Z\p Y[}ƒiDz—eA}—G c¶v¸ex p vœ†‡id†œ¨ƒf{YwZ§½ eAgƒÀÁZ"od†œp } ½ pKZo eA†˜p c z.Y Ð e X | p }b@G }—YsididY[Z\Y[py}ƒo iDZ p †‡}—c x } X }—|€Y%a Y x{W f{†˜o cl¨©f—YG v¸e\Z kU½ Ys}{p }—Y o vœY›vœ@ †œGY[fzLfx.†˜| Ip Y[o cli!x x ³ id† }{}—p Ysv e

(136) ] ] F p .Ijv cl¨ƒf{Yv˜Y clkQcmi Y[Z\Y®cdY| e ŠUr Y .  J] I | @G }ƒi YÆ] ½ ]+F .I B¹x f p v˜YwZ"†œ}2² }b} idY¨©f—Yv¸e¤Z X okUYs}{}—p Y!z2™±f{}—Y {vœY t yt Lp ]§Y[cli f—clidY[Z\Y[}ƒ½ i§] B ]jF .I Y[ip ¨©f—Y"v¸ebx vœ†œil†˜¨©f—YZ§eAgƒÀÁZ"†œ} p }H™¥Y[}–z.†œ¯ ½ Y Y\z }—|\¨©f—Y o x‰e f{}—Y›| }—p cmi¦eK}ƒidYy

(137) ² _w†œ}{cl† Z p Y[Z\Y›cm†'v˜e x v‡†œid†œ¨©f—YZeJgQÀ5Z\†‡}}H™ÃY[clix—eyc x.id†œZ§eKvœY Ysvœv˜Y!}H™¥Y[}

(138) Y%cli x‰eycjeKf{cdcl†!Ysa v †œŠy} Y%a Y_¨ƒf{Y¤v˜ex v‡†œil†˜¨©f—Y_Z"†œ}H².

(139) 

(140). 

(141). 

(142) . . . . . . . . . .

(143). . . '

(144) . $. . e=egfihkjOlmnl. . .

(145) ]G„.  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(146) AO %. P. 0.07. N=3 N = 10 N = 30 N = 100. 0.06. distribution. 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0. 10. ]U²Å‚L²ÃE !#"     $    1 D C  . 8.  .  A!  . . !". 20 30 40 nombre de connexions. .  1 1 1. .        %$& S  W NP^ M   A A!  .  . . 50. 60. . 0º„ ; &U„pD 1   O$&  d!1  ". 1. N=3 N = 10 N = 30 N = 100. 0.9 0.8. loi cumulée. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0. 10. 20 30 40 nombre de connexions. 50. 60. ]U²Å‚L² !E !#" >  $   1 S .0„ ; &U„ „D 1   O$& $&1&! $   N! 1&  A!  D A  O$& '^    R   QOSD - H$& !D  ´]G„  % (  1    k$  ". 8.  1 .  .  e .

(147)     

(148)     -       !"#    %$ &. ]U]. £ ¼ do †œp Y[} ¨©f—Y"v˜Y } p Z° o o Y\B Z p kUY[}–z{o Y| p }{}—p YsgQ† p }—cclY[Z°.v˜G Y§| oqJp o B i o Y§e&uUY[|§v˜Y p } p Z° o Y\z{Y\v‡†˜Y[}{c ½ |%Ysidp iqY | ˜† clcqeK}{|%Y}H™ÅeAx{x‰e e iÆx‰eKc\cmf v˜Y%cÆv †˜cÆ|sf{Zf{v[Y%a Y%c —Šyf YC]U²Å‚L² !LIs² • Z\Z\Yb†œv¶}2™¥k e

(149) x‰eyc } } x{W v‡f—c¶z{YjZ p p } p i p o }.†˜Yjcli p | W B eyo cmid†œ¨ƒo&f{X Y!c p f—c¼v¸e¤x X p v‡†œid†œ¨©f—p YjZ§o eAo gƒÀÁZ"†œ} ½ v¸e›| p }ƒuUY o ŠUYs}—|%Y!uUY o c¶f{}{Y_v p †7z{Y | eKZ"xhZ kUYs} †˜cl¨ƒf{Y¤z;™ Ysi Y!i Y%cjz.†‡Â\|s†œvœY eÆz Y[a Z }ƒi Y ² £ Ä Y%c’|&eKvœ|[f{o vœcHc p }ƒi'Y[}ƒi¦eK| pW Y%a c'z2™¥o f.}—Y¼|[Y o o&i¦X eK†‡}—Y†œZ"x o Y[a |[†˜cm† p } ½ |&e o v5™ÃY gQx¶Y a o †˜Y[p }{|%YZ p p }Qi o o Y¾¨©f—Y¾v¸e¹| p }ƒoquyp Y o À ŠUYs}—|%Y uyY p cvÁ™šY[a i¦eAicmi¦eKil†½ }{}—eKo † Y¼Y[clpii Y[cv˜Ys}QidYy

(150) ² o ¼†˜Ys}p ¨©f—Y p vœY%ccm†œZf.v¸eKil† }—c0| Z\x Y[}.}—pyY[o }ƒio Ys}Quƒ† }—c ]G„Z"†œvœv‡† }{cwz{Y cdeKf{iqc v¸e§x Y%a |[†œcl† }z{Y%c¤z.†˜cmi †œ°{f{il† }{c °{idY[}ƒf—Y%c®}H™¥Y%cmi¨©f—Y"z{YÆvÁ™ z YÆz{Y] ² • p Y[iliqY\| p }—p cmi¦eKiqeKid† p p }–½ Y[cli›p v¸e o p ŠUY[Z\Y[}ƒi¤| pyp olooqp ° pyo o Y%a Y x‰e o o v¸ez p }{} Y[a Y§z{Y"v¸ecliqp eKid†œclido †œ¨©f—Y\zLf} o&Xp Z° o Y i i¦eKv7z{Y| o }{}—Y gL† }—c z }ƒi }bx;Ysf{B i u † clp f v˜e —Šyf Yo]y² ‚LU² X¨©fH™¥Y[v‡v˜YwÐ }{Y| }ƒuyW Y G ŠyY!o ¨ƒf{Yi Y[c v˜Ysp }.À iqYsp Z§Ys}ƒiwuyY ncjv¸)e Š©eKf—clX cl†œY[}{}—Y¤z{Y®Z YsZ§p Y[o¹cjo Z kUYs}{o }—Y¤Y[ijuye †¸eA}—|%YK² p $Áve eKvœv‡f ]& cmf f{}{Y›cmi¦eKil† } • Z"x‰ey¨ !K„U„ e !y„y„ t  I¹x f Y&a eKv‡†˜cdY |%YsidiqY®cm†œZf{v˜eKid† }H² $. $. e=egfihkjOlmnl.

(151) ]J‚.  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(152) AO %. P. 0.004. total gaussienne corrélée. 0.0035. distribution. 0.003 0.0025 0.002 0.0015 0.001 0.0005 0 600. 700. 800. 900 1000 1100 1200 nombre total de connexions. 0.004. 1300. 1400. 1300. 1400. total gaussienne corrélée. 0.0035. distribution. 0.003 0.0025 0.002 0.0015 0.001 0.0005 0 600. 700. 800. ]U²Å‚L²9XkE !#"  & R R Ok  1` . 8.   . . 900 1000 1100 1200 nombre total de connexions. . 1  A   .  A SH A    %$&. 1  (# 1  A \]G„  % (  1    &] „ H .

(153)   . 0º„ ; &y„ .   $  !  A !  #$    !. .  e .

(154) ]T.     

(155)     -       !"#    %$ &.  . %'( #0$#&%   (    '% ( # #    T. $Áv0c%™Ãe&u YX o Y®¨©f—Y!v˜Y o Y%a Šy†‡Z§Ywcli¦eAid† p }{}‰eK† o YY gL†œclidY¤c p f—c¶vœY%c¹| p }—z.†œil† p }{c f—clf{Y[vœvœY%c ½ ¨ƒf.†0eycdcmf o Ys}ƒi_¨©f—Y!v˜YWC{f.g Y[}ƒi o eK}ƒi_z{eK}—cD| W ey¨©f—Y®vœ†œY[}® Y[cliD†œ} Ð Y a o †œY[f oe X  ² X 9 8 tI 8:e 98 <?> >@<? > H$& S$ %  R QO DC $%$&!  1    *-,/.  $&     O R QOS  2 Z

(156) 5 eA g .  ]  R        2 Z§ 25 eA g . S ]   . . • Y o Y%a cmf{vœiqeKi'eDz¼Y a rGebX Y[a iLY¾a x odp f{u¾Y9a x p f o v˜e¶o x p v‡†œil†˜¨©f—YZ§eAgƒÀÁZ"†œ}®o z—eA}—c oV ]JˆJY5² V0ÐÑp p f{idY ÐÑp p †œc ½ v¸e x Ä o Y[f.uUY p |s†‡ÀÁp z{Y%clc p f—c Y%cmi_ox{v‡f—c_cmp †œZ"x{v˜B Y!o Ysi_}H™±f{id†‡Ð vœ†œcdY®¨©f—Yz{Y[c Y%a oclf.X vœi¦eAiqcY[a v[Ysa Z§Ys}ƒp i¦eK† Y%cjclf p v˜Y[c }—|[il† }—cjz{Y kUeKx f{} u€²;»v‡v˜Y z{Y[u eK†œijz }{| Ysi Y®x.vœf—c ey|s†œvœY!e\eKz—eKx{idY e z{Y%cDcl†‡idf‰eAid† }—c¶x{vœf{c¹| Z"x{vœ†œ¨©f¶Y%a Y[c%² HJI28:K$L+8> Ä eÉx o Y[f.uUYz{Yv¸e | p }{z.†œil† p }”cmf{Â"cqeK}ƒiqYCY%cmi Ð eA†œiqY

(157) x p f o v˜e–x p v‡†œil†˜¨©f—Y  *-,/. ½ Z§eK†˜cc[™šYsa iqYs}—z †œZ"Z Y[a z.†¸eAiqY[Z\Y[p }ƒi o e X ¤Š p oieyB |[YeKfNv˜Y[Z"Z\p Y\]U²p ]U² ]U² _f‰eK}ƒi e"X v˜e"x o Y[f{uyYÆz{Yp v˜e\| p }—z.†œil† p }Èp } Y%a |[Y%clcqeK† o Y ½ Y[v‡v˜Y Y%cmiwuKeKv˜eK°{v˜Yjx f f{}—Y!x vœ†œil†˜¨©f—Yz;™ÅeKv‡v |&eKil† }§z{Y!°‰eK}—z.Y®x—eycdcdeK}ƒiqY›eK°—c vœf{Z\Y[}ƒiD¨©f—Y[vœ| }{¨ƒf{Yy² ³ }§| p }—cl†œz YX o Yjv˜e!| W e B }{Yjz.YtNe o Up u e!X iqYsZ\x—c¾z.†œcd| o Y[i G  B G I; 8 $ I ½ ¨©f{†€z¼Y[a | o †œi¾v¸e!cQB Y[a ¨©f—Y[}—|[Y_z2™´Y[a iqeKiqc uƒ†˜cl†‡iL½ Y[a c¶p x‰e o vœY_x oqp |%Y[cdp cmf—c eX idY[Z"x—c¹| p }Qil†œ}ƒf  ² Ä Y[c¶i o eA}—cl†‡id† p }—c ½ x‰e o iqeK}ƒi¹z2™±f{}”Y[a iqeKi  0 B 5 ;>728 3 .g9Y a c }Qijz¼Y a {}{†œY%cj| Z"Z§Y_clf{†‡i E $ n B 5 G I 0 ]  B G I 0  B 0 ? 5 ;. B $ n 1B 5 G I 0 F¤]  B G I 0  B 0 ] A@55 Z\ 25†‡5 }  B ;. p0f X B 5 G I 020 1'3 B 5 G Q”J] I1F B 5 G I¶Y[i. B . 020 143 ?@5}Q A@55 Z" 5 †œ5 }  B  3 Z§55 eAg ?@5}QÉZ§55 eAg A@] 5 &Z 5 eJg  020 1'3 \ < . . $. . . . . . . . . "!. . . !. . . . . . . . #. 55 . & '&)(. %$. #. . . (.

(158) . $. Ä ™ÃY o Š p z.†˜|s†œiLY!a z.fNx odp |[Y%clclf—c  Y%cmiw†‡Z\x.vœ†˜¨©f Y[a Yx‰e o |%YsvœvœY¤z.Y  B ½ x.f{†˜cl¨ƒf{Y›v˜Y[c¹i¦eKf.ghz.Y›c pyo il†˜Y®z2™±f{}Ysa i¦eKi  c p }ƒiDZ\†‡} pyo Y[a c f{}{† ÐÑpyo ZÉY[a Z\Y[}ƒi¹x‰e o f{}—Y®| p }{cli¦eA}QidY¤x p cm†œid†‡uUYK² J K A> K [>P< (8 ) f{x{x p c p }—c . 0201'3 ZeAg+ 5 . ]y² ³ }"†œ}ƒi oqp z.f{†œiv¸e ÐÑp }—|sid† p }"z{Y Ä kUeKx p f{} p u .

(159) 

(160) . +*. 6. -,. ..

(161) . . 

(162) 020 1'3   5; 5 5  / /12 0 "43. G B I. 0p fX vœY%c 5 S ] cdY oqp }ƒiYsgQx{vœ†œ|[†‡iLY%a c0x{v‡f—c’v p †œ}2² Ä e ÐÑpyo Z\Y¾z{Y |[Y[iliqY ÐÑp }—|[il† p } ½ ¨©f{†Qx;Ysf{ix—e o e B i o Y9| p Z"x{vœ†œ¨ƒf Y%a Y eÐÑKpyfo x o YsZ\†œY o o eK° pyo z ½ e Y[a iLY a | W—" p †˜cl†œY½ x p p f o o cl†‡Z\x{v‡†p —Y o vœY%c®|&eKvœ|[f{vœc%² ³ } o YsZe o ¨©f—Y o eh¨©fH™¥Y[v‡v˜Y ebz{Y Ð eK†‡iv¸e Z\Y!Š'Ysa }¶Y a eKv˜Y  55  5 5 Q x f z{Y[cw| }—cmi¦eK}ƒiqY[c 5jYsi eyz¼Y[a ¨©f‰eKiqY[c%²  m „‚ f /€ ˆ Pmz tm $. 3. 65. :3&. (*),+-(/.. 0%;. e=egfihkjOlmnl. &)<. + *+-(=. >. 3. 20. 87. & 7:5 '9<< +. + )@? &. 5. ACB. & 465. 9 (*),);+. 97.

(163) ]& _.  P^$%$&  "  !  kR

(164) AO %. P. {}Èz2™¥YsgQx o †œZ\Y o v˜Y[c¶i¦eKf.gbz{Y!i o eA}—cl†‡id† p }—c¹Y[} ÑÐ p }—|sid† p }z{Y%c B j5 Y[ijz{Y%c . ½—p }ºY[a | o †œi. B 5 B   B 5 0 0 ? 5 A@5 ?@ 5>A@5  . % QZ§5 (eA g ? 5B A@5 5 < 5 5(. $Á}ƒi oqp z.f{†œcqeK}ƒijY[}{clf{†‡iqY!v˜Y[cj¨©f‰eA}Qil†œiLY%a c. B 5  200 143 ?@ 5 A@5 5 ;  B , 2001'3 Z§5 5 eA g B 5 ; p } p °{id†œY[}ƒi¹v¸eZ"†œ} pKo eKil† p } ½ uKeKv˜eK°{v˜Y  78 3 ½ B $ n   B 5 G I 0 F¤]   B G I 0  B ! P  ?@.-5 , B , 5 <. B. ³ }Èx7Y[f{ijz p }—|Y%a | o † o YE $ » G  B G Q”]JI I}F G  B G .. .. . 0 5 5 5 " $ n  #. 0.  . II  B G I. . B !. 5 G  I 0 ]   B G I 0 " B ! 3. " F 2 0 $ n   B 5 G I 0 ›F ]   B G I 0  B ! $ 3. ? 5 52 0 "  .-, 5F B 5. 1B. 20.   .-,h. 5 5 . 3. 3. B ,. ]U² ³ }x p clY 5 00 143

(165) " %" ½.p0f X Y%cmi_| W—p †˜cl†HidY[vH¨©f—Y . 5 0 .

Références

Documents relatifs

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP