SOLITONS GRIS, PHONONS ET DISSIPATION DANS UN CONDENSAT DE BOSE-EINSTEIN QUASI-UNIDIMENSIONNEL
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(2) UNIVERSITE MOHAMMED V- AGDAL FACULTE DES SCIENCES RABAT. THESE Présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de Rabat Pour l’obtention du : Diplôme de Doctorat d’Etat Discipline : Physique Spécialité : Physique Quantique Présentée par : Abdelaziz RADOUANI. Sujet :. SOLITONS GRIS , PHONONS ET DISSIPATION DANS UN CONDENSAT DE BOSE-EINSTEIN QUASI-UNIDIMENSIONNEL . Soutenue Le 30/09/2004 devant le Jury composé de : Président : Mr. Amal BERRADA. Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Rabat. Examinateurs : Mr. Driss SAYAH. Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Rabat. Mr. Vincent HAKIM. Directeur de Recherche au CNRS (LPS. ENS. Paris). Mr. M-E. BRACHET. Directeur de Recherche au CNRS (LPS. ENS. Paris). Mr. A.BENYOUSSEF. Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Rabat. Mr. A. EL KENZ. Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Rabat.
(3) A la mémoire de mes Parents. A mon fils el aziz Abdelhakim. A toute ma famille A tous mes amis.
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