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Are firms in clusters really more innovative?

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Titre:

Title: Are firms in clusters really more innovative?

Auteurs:

Authors: Catherine Beaudry et Stefano Breschi

Date: 2003 Référence:

Citation:

Beaudry, Catherine et Breschi, Stefano (2003). Are firms in clusters really more innovative? Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 12(4), p. 325-342. doi:10.1080/10438590290020197

Document en libre accès dans PolyPublie

Open Access document in PolyPublie

URL de PolyPublie:

PolyPublie URL: http://publications.polymtl.ca/2250/

Version: Version finale avant publication / Accepted versionRévisé par les pairs / Refereed Conditions d’utilisation:

Terms of Use: CC BY-NC-ND

Document publié chez l’éditeur commercial

Document issued by the commercial publisher

Titre de la revue:

Journal Title: Economics of Innovation and New Technology

Maison d’édition:

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

URL officiel:

Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438590290020197

Mention légale:

Legal notice:

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Economics of Innovation and New Technology on 2003, available online:

http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10438590290020197. Ce fichier a été téléchargé à partir de PolyPublie, le dépôt institutionnel de Polytechnique Montréal

This file has been downloaded from PolyPublie, the institutional repository of Polytechnique Montréal

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