Lateglacial and Postglacial
Pioneers in Northern Europe
Edited by
Felix Riede
Published by Archaeopress
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bar@archaeopress.com www.archaeopress.com
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Lateglacial and Postglacial Pioneers in Northern Europe
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F. R i ede & M . Tall ava a R a
1. The lateglacial and postglacial pioneer colonisation of
northern europe – an introduction ...3
M .F. MoRT e nse n, J. ol se n, J. Hol M & C . C H R i sT e nse n
2. Right time, right place
– dating the Havelte phase in slotseng, denmark ...11
K .B. Pede R se n
3. on dating the late Palaeolithic – a comment ...23
F. R i ede
4. success and failure during the lateglacial pioneer human
re-colonisation of southern scandinavia ...33
i. s oBKow i a K-Ta Ba K a
5. The recolonisation of the Polish lowland
– new ideas and discoveries ...53
, 1:̊&8 *$; 8 . *("- 8 (36̊%̇
6. Magdalenian blade technology from the north-eastern
european perspective ...67
1 (645" '440/
ｷ *² ı ©² ̶œœ ̶Æ©³² ®³̶ n
– raw material use as a mean to understand colonization
processes during early post glacial time in eastern Central sweden ...79
' .0-*/ ( (36 #&3 - ) "(#&3(
8. Motala – a north european Focal Point? ...91
M . PeT T e R s s on & R . w i K ell
9. where sky and sea are one. Close encounters with early
Ø̶Œ̶ Ø ̶Ł Ø̶œ æ³²Ø ©T ²æØ 4¹ØŁı æ #̶œ²ıª ª©̶ ² ...103
J.i. K le PPe
10. desolate landscapes or shifting landscapes?
-̶²Ø ºœ̶ªı̶œ Ø̶ œ½ ¬© ² ºœ̶ªı̶œ ØmœØßز ©Œ © ²æØ ß© ²
norway in the light of new data from eastern Finnmark ...121
Contents
J. K a n K a a n Pää & T. R a n K a M a
11. Fast or slow Pioneers? a view from northern lapland ...147
M . Tall ava a R a , M .a . M a n n i n e n, P. Pe s on e n & e . H e RT ell
12. Radiocarbon dates and postglacial colonisation dynamics in
eastern Fennoscandia...161
P. Pe s on e n, e . H e RT ell , l . si M P on e n, K . M a n n e R M a a , M .a . M a n n i n e n, T. Ro sT edT, n. Ta i Pale & M . Tall ava a R a
ｱｳ 1© ²ºœ̶ªı̶œ ¬ı©ØØ ØmœØßز ı ²æØ -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı ̶ Ø̶
eastern Finland ...176
H . Ta K al a
14. Recent archaeological Research in the northern Parts of the lake
ｱｳ 1© ²ºœ̶ªı̶œ ¬ı©ØØ ØmœØßز ı ²æØ -̶øØ
sarvinki area, eastern Finland
Petro Pesonen
%ج̶ ²ßز ©Œ 1æıœ© ©¬æ½ )ı ²© ½ $³œ²³ Ø ̶Ł " ² 4²³ŁıØ 10 #©¼ ｵｹ '* ｰｰｰｱｴ 6ıµØ ı²½ ©Œ )Øœ ıøı Finland and national Board of antiquities, P.o.Box 913, Fi-00101 Helsinki, Finland
petro.pesonen@gmail.com
esa Hertell
%ج̶ ²ßز ©Œ 1æıœ© ©¬æ½ )ı ²© ½ $³œ²³ Ø ̶Ł " ² 4²³ŁıØ 10 #©¼ ｵｹ '* ｰｰｰｱｴ 6ıµØ ı²½ ©Œ )Øœ ıøı Finland ehertell@gmail.comlaija simponen
%ج̶ ²ßز ©Œ 1æıœ© ©¬æ½ )ı ²© ½ $³œ²³ Ø ̶Ł " ² 4²³ŁıØ 10 #©¼ ｵｹ '* ｰｰｰｱｴ 6ıµØ ı²½ ©Œ )Øœ ıøı Finland œ̶ıł̶ ı߬©Ø æØœ ıøı RKristiina Mannermaa
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%ج̶ ²ßز ©Œ 1æıœ© ©¬æ½ )ı ²© ½ $³œ²³ Ø ̶Ł " ² 4²³ŁıØ 10 #©¼ ｵｹ '* ｰｰｰｱｴ 6ıµØ ı²½ ©Œ )Øœ ıøı Finland ßıø̶Øœ ß̶ıØ æØœ ıøı RTapani Rostedt
%ج̶ ²ßز ©Œ " ªæ̶Ø©œ©º½ '* ｲｰｰｱｴ 6ıµØ ı²½ ©Œ 5³ ø³ 'ıœ̶Ł tapaniro@hotmail.comnoora Taipale
4Ø µıªØ ŁØ 1 Ôæı ²©ı Ø 2³̶ı 3©© ص؜² ｱ# Ʋ "ｴ ｴｰｰｰ -ıÕºØ 6ıµØ ı²½ ©Œ -ıÕºØ #Øœºı³ß noora.taipale@ulg.ac.beMiikka Tallavaara
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3Ø Ø̶ ªæ © ²æØ ıı²ı̶œ ØmœØßز ©Œ 'ıœ̶Ł ̶Ł Ø̶ ²-Ø '²-Ø© ª̶Łı̶ æ̶ S©³ ı æ²-ØŁ Ł³ ıº ²æ²-Ø ß© ² ²- Ø-cent two decennia. Together with the improvements in aMs-dating – especially the possibility to obtain reliable dates from burnt bone – these investigations have led to the discovery of new sites and pushed Æ̶ªø ²æØ Ł̶²Ø ©Œ ²æØ ¬ı©ØØ ØmœØßز ØµØ ̶œ æ³-Ł Øæ³-Ł ©Œ ½Ø̶ Ø º 5̶ø̶œ̶ ｲｰｰｴ 1Ø ©Ø ｲｰｰｵ 1Ø-sonen et al ı ¬ Ø +³ ıœ̶ ̶Ł .̶²ı ø̶ıØ ｲｰｰｳ Jussila et al ｲｰｱｰ 5æØ ̶µ̶ıœ̶ÆœØ ̶Łı©ª̶ Æ© Ł̶²Ø橹 ²æ̶² ²æØ Ø̶ œıØ ² ¬© ²ºœ̶ªı̶œ ØmœØßز ı eastern Fennoscandia, c. 11,100-10,700 cal BP, concentrates in ¬ØªıRª ̶ Ø̶ ı Ø̶ ²Ø 'ıœ̶Ł ©³²æØ 'ıœ̶Ł ̶Ł 3³ ı̶ ,̶ Øœı̶ 'ıº ｱ
in the lake sarvinki area, several Mesolithic sites were discovered in the beginning of the 2000s and RØœŁ¹© ø æ̶ ÆØØ ª̶ ıØŁ ©³² ̶² ²æØ ı²Ø ıªØ ｲｰｰｹ This paper deals with the results of the excavations ª©Ł³ª²ØŁ ̶² ²æØ ı²Ø 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ı ｲｰｰｹ ｲｰｱｰ ØØ ̶œ © 1Ø ©Ø ｲｰｰｵ 1Ø ©Ø ز ̶œ ı ¬ Ø 4ıªØ ｲｰｱｱ also another Mesolithic site, Jokivarsi 1, has been sub-łØª² ²© ؼª̶µ̶²ı© " ²æØ RØœŁ¹© ø ª©²ı³Ø ²æØ results from this site will be published later.
5æØ Ø¼ª̶µ̶²ØŁ ̶ Ø̶ ̶² 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ¹̶ ©œ½ ｴｹ ｵß2,
ª© ı ²ıº ©Œ RµØ ² تæØ ̶Ł ̶ ³ßÆØ ©Œ ß̶œœ test-pits. The excavation areas were positioned so that structural information about the potential house-pit
observed at the site could be gained. on the basis of the evidence gathered during the excavations and the existence of several analogous house structures ı Ø̶ ²Ø 'Ø© ª̶Łı̶ Ø º 1Ø ©Ø ｲｰｰｲ ı² ¹̶ possible to interpret the structure as a pit-house with ̶ S©© ̶ Ø̶ ©Œ ｲ ｷ¼ｴ ｲ ßØ²Ø #ØØ̶²æ ²æØ S©© ©Œ the house, a red-ochre grave with fragments of tooth enamel from a child or a juvenile was detected. no other preserved prehistoric structures were discov-Ø discov-ØŁ 5ædiscov-Ø RŁ ß̶²discov-Ø ı̶œ ²æ̶² Œ© ß ²ædiscov-Ø .discov-Ø ©œı²æıª discov- Ø-®³ØªØ ©Œ ²æØ ı²Ø ª© ı ² ©Œ Sı² ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ıªœ³Łıº Æœ̶ŁØ ®³̶ n œ̶²Ø Ƴ ² ̶ıß̶œ Æ©Ø ¬ıØªØ ©Œ Æı ªæ Æ̶ ø ¬ı²ªæ ̶Ł ¬ıØªØ ©Œ ØŁ ©ªæ Ø 5̶ÆœØ ｱ * addition, a few fragments of asbestos-tempered ce-ramics were discovered, probably of an early Metal Period date.
5æØ Ø̶ œ½ Ł̶²Ø ̶Ł ²æØ ¬ Ø ØªØ ©Œ Sı² Æœ̶ŁØ ı ²æØ sarvinki area point strongly towards post-swiderian cultures, such as the veretye and Butovo cultures of north-western Russia. in the present paper, three top-ıª Øœ̶²ØŁ ²© ²æØ .Ø ©œı²ætop-ıª ØmœØßز ¹ıœœ ÆØ Ø߬æ̶-ı ØŁ ｱ ²æØ ¬̶œØ©ØµØ߬æ̶-ı ©ßز ©Œ ²æØ 4̶ µØ߬æ̶-ıøØ߬æ̶-ı ̶ Ø̶ and the relationship between ecological succession ̶Ł ²æØ æ³ß̶ ØmœØßز ｲ ²æØ œı²æıª ̶ ØßÆœ̶ºØ ©Œ ²æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ı²Ø ̶Ł ｳ ²æØ ØŁ ©ªæ Ø º ̶µØ discovered at Rahakangas 1. Finally, the dynamics of
ı²Ø ³ Ø ̶Ł ²æØ ØmœØßز æı ²© ½ ©Œ ²æØ ̶ Ø̶ ¹ıœœ ÆØ discussed.
late Preboreal and early Boreal
radiocarbon dates in Finland
at present, the sites Jokivarsi 1 and Rahakangas 1, both located in the lake sarvinki area, are the earli-est radiocarbon-dated sites in Finland. Together with ²æØ Ł̶²Ø Œ ©ß ²æØ 0 ıß̶mıœ̶ -̶æ²ı غı© ı 5̶µ̶ ²ı̶ and the Kuurmanpohja region in south Karelia, the sarvinki dates represent the earliest postglacial occu-pation of the country. The earliest dates extend to the
-̶²Ø 1 ØÆ© Ø̶œ ¬Ø ı©Ł 5̶ÆœØ ｲ 5æØ Ø ı²Ø ²©ºØ²æØ with others that have produced early radiocarbon-Ł̶²Ø 5̶ÆœØ ｳ Œ© ß ²æØ Œ©³ ªœ³ ²Ø ©Œ -̶²Ø 1 ØÆ©-real sites known in Finland at the moment. Two early
ı²Ø Œ̶œœ ©³² ıŁØ ²æØ Ø ªœ³ ²Ø 'ıº ｱ
The northernmost of the early sites, sujala, is located ı 6² ł©øı © ²æØ -̶¬œ̶Ł 4³ł̶œ̶ ج Ø Ø² ¬ı©-ØØ ØmœØßز Œ ©ß ²æØ ¬© ² 4¹ıŁØ ı̶ ̶ Ø̶ ¹æıœØ the coast of the arctic ocean had been populated
'ıº³ Ø ｱ 5æØ œ©ª̶²ı© ©Œ ²æØ Łı ª³ ØŁ .Ø ©œı²æıª ı²Ø ı Ø̶ ²Ø 'Ø© ª̶Łı̶ ̶ ł ̶Ł ©ßØ .Ø ©œı²æıª Ƴ ı̶œ º ©³Ł ｱ ｱｶ ı © ²æØ &³ ©¬Ø ̶ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ̶Ł +©øıµ̶ ı ｱ Æ 4½µÃ½ ｱ ª ,ı øø©œ̶æ²ı ｱ Ł 4̶̶ Ø©ł̶ ｲ Ø .½œœ½ø© øı 3ı ²©œ̶ ̶Ł .½œœ½©ł̶ Œ ,© ¬ıœ̶æ²ı ̶Ł 4³³ ı ,Øœ¬©łÃ µı º )ØœµØ²ıæ̶³Ł̶¬³ © æ 3ı߬ıø̶º̶ ı 4³ł̶œ̶ ł )ıز̶ ̶²̶ ｱ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ｲ +©øØœ̶ ｳ ?øÃœÃıØßı ｴ )̶̶µı ²©æ̶ ł³ ｵ ,̶̶¬ı æıØøø̶ø³©¬¬̶ ｶ +š ̶ ̶Ł ( šŁ̶œ ｲ ｷ $æØ ̶½̶ º³Æ̶ ｸ 4ı̶ß©¾Ø © ｹ 0œØı½ © ² ©µ ｱｰ 1©¬©µ© ̶Ł 1Ø ªæ̶ı² ̶ ｱｱ .ıı© ｱ ｲ ｱｲ ;µØłıØøı ｱｳ 4¬ıºı̶ ̶Ł %³©ø̶œı ｱｴ 4ø̶²Øæ©œß ｱｵ 5ÇºØ ³¬ ̶Ł ｱｶ 7ØŁÆËø #!ºØÆ̶øøØ 4©ßØ ©³ºæœ½ ª©²Ø߬© ̶ ½ -̶²Ø 1 ØÆ© Ø̶œ &̶ œ½ #© Ø̶œ ª³œ²³ Ø ²Øªæ©ª©ß¬œØ¼Ø ̶ Ø ıŁıª̶²ØŁ Œ© ØŒØ ØªØ
Material N Weight (g) Flint 50 11.3 Quartz 1625 1027.2 -tools 29 55.1 -cores 5 64.5 -flakes 1591 881.3 Quartzite flakes 7 461.5 Slate 15 249.9 -tools 2 127.6 -flakes 13 122.3 Grinding plate/fragments 15 c. 4500.0 Burnt bone 9849 895.6 -tools 4 1.4
-burnt bone fragments 9845 894.2
Red ochre 158 27.6
Asbestos 4 1.0
Ceramics 5 1.9
Birch bark pitch 2 7.4
Other 8 2.1
SUM 11738 2685.5
Laboratory number Site Material/context 14C age BP h13C (‰) Calibrated age*
Hela-2721 Rahakangas 1 burnt elk bone 9533±56 -27.3 11,104-10,666 Hela-2380 Rahakangas 1 burnt elk bone 9461±61 -28.3 11,074-10,524 Hela-882 Rahakangas 1 burnt elk bone 9405±80 -28.1 11,071-10,407 Hela-2720 Rahakangas 1 burnt beaver bone 8038±47 -27.3 9079-8721 Hela-2379 Rahakangas 1 charcoal (grave) 7726±58 -27.0 8600-8408
Hela-2719 Rahakangas 1 burnt fish bone 1298±30 -26.1 1289-1177
Ua-41027 Jokivarsi 1 burnt mammal bone 9507±85 -27.3 11,130-10,575 Ua-41028 Kaiskunsärkkä 1 burnt fish bone 8055±64 -29.0 9131-8650
5̶ÆœØ ｱ 5æØ RŁ ª̶²Øº© ıØ Œ ©ß ²æØ Ø¼ª̶µ̶²ı© ̶² 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ı²Ø ｲｰｰｹ ｲｰｱｰ 5æØ ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ̶ Ø ª̶²̶œ©º³ØŁ ı ²æØ ª©œœØª²ı© ©Œ ²æØ /̶²ı©̶œ .³ Ø³ß ©Œ 'ıœ̶Ł /. ｳｷｹｶｲ /. ｳｸｳｹｹ ( ıŁıº ¬œ̶²Ø Œ ̶ºßز ©² ıªœ³ŁØŁ ı ²æØ ³ß ²©²̶œ ª©³² 5̶ÆœØ ｲ 5æØ ̶Łı©ª̶ Æ© Ł̶²Ø Œ ©ß ²æØ 4̶ µıøı ̶ Ø̶ $̶œıÆ ̶²ı© ¹ı²æ ｹｵ ｴ ª©RŁØªØ œØµØœ 0¼$̶œ µ ｴ ｱｷ # ©ø 3̶ß Ø½ ｲｰｰｹ *²$̶œｰｹ ª̶œıÆ ̶²ı© ª³ µØ 3ØıßØ Ø² ̶œ ｲｰｰｹ
Laboratory number Site Material/context 14C age BP h13C (‰) Calibrated age*
Hela-552 Orimattila Myllykoski burnt bone 9480±90 -25.8 11,123-10,516 Hela-728 Lappeenranta Saarenoja 2 burnt bone 9350±75 -27.0 10,749-10,295 Ua-24774 Ruskeala Kirkkolahti 1 burnt elk bone 9300±85 -27.4 10,695-10,256 Hel-1303 Antrea Korpilahti bark net float 9290±140 n/a 11,070-10,198 Hela-931 Antrea Suuri Kelpojärvi burnt bone 9275±120 -26.6 11,052-10,201
Hela-544 Lahti Myllyoja burnt bone 9265±95 -26.4 10,680-10,241
Hela-1102 Utsjoki Sujala charcoal (birch) 9265±65 -27.6 10,644-10,251 Hela-1442 Utsjoki Sujala charcoal (birch) 9240±60 -27.5 10,561-10,254
Hel-269 Antrea Korpilahti bark net float 9230±210 n/a 11,155-9890
Hela-918 Juankoski Helvetinhaudanpuro burnt elk bone 9200±75 -24.9 10,557-10,233
Hela-404 Antrea Korpilahti net bast 9140±135 -29.5 10,680-9914
Hela-1441 Utsjoki Sujala charcoal (birch) 9140±60 -28.0 10,490-10,205 Ø̶ œıØ Œ ©ß ²æØ ¹Ø ² Ø º ,̶ø̶̶¬Ãà ̶Ł 3̶ø̶ß̶ ｲｰｱｱ 3̶ø̶ß̶ ̶Ł ,̶ø̶̶¬Ãà ｲｰｰｸ 5æØ )ØœµØ²-inhaudanpuro site in Juankoski, north savo, stands alone so far. it is dated to the same period as sujala, Ƴ² ²æØ )ØœµØ²ıæ̶³Ł̶¬³ © ß̶²Ø ı̶œ ı ®³̶ n Ł©ßı-̶²ØŁ ̶Ł ©œ½ ̶ ßı© ¬© ²ı© ©Œ ²æØ œı²æıª ı Sı² ©
©ßØ ©²æØ © œ©ª̶œ ²©Ø +³ ıœ̶ et al., ｲｰｰｷ Together with the Kirkkolahti 1 site in at lake Jänis-järvi, Russian Karelia, the sarvinki sites form a cluster connected to the north-western expansion of the post-ºœ̶ªı̶œ ¬ı©ØØ ØmœØßز 5æØ ,ı øø©œ̶æ²ı ｱ ı²Ø æ̶ ½ıØœŁØŁ ©œ½ ̶ ŒØ¹ Sı² Ƴ² ²æØ ı²Ø æ̶ © Œ̶ ÆØØ
³ÆłØª²ØŁ ©œ½ ²© ̶ ß̶œœ ª̶œØ ²Ø ² ؼª̶µ̶²ı© '© -ÆØ º ｲｰｰｶ 0²æØ Sı² Æœ̶ŁØ RŁ Œ ©ß Ø̶ ²Ø 'ı-land, such as those from the multiperiod site syväys 1 ı *œ©ß̶² ı ß̶½ ̶œ © Ł̶²Ø ²© ²æØ ̶²Ø 1 ØÆ© Ø̶œ )Ø -²Øœœ ̶Ł .̶ıØ ｲｰｰｶ .̶ıØ ̶Ł )Ø -²Øœœ ｲｰｱｱ The Kuurmanpohja region in lappeenranta, south Karelia, includes several Mesolithic sites. only one of these, saarenoja 2, has so far yielded late Preboreal
5̶ÆœØ ｳ 1³Æœı æØŁ &̶ œ½ .Ø ©œı²æıª ̶Łı©ª̶ Æ© Ł̶²Ø Œ ©ß 'ıœ̶Ł ̶Ł 3³ ı̶ ,̶ Øœı̶ ¬ ØŁ̶²ıº ｹｰｰｰ #1 ²æØ Ł̶²Ø Œ ©ß ²æØ 4̶ µıøı ̶ Ø̶ ̶ Ø Ø¼ªœ³ŁØŁ 5̶ø̶œ̶ ｲｰｰｴ '© ÆØ º ｲｰｰｶ +³ ıœ̶ ز ̶œ ｲｰｰｷ $̶ ¬Øœ̶ ｲｰｰｸ ,̶ø̶̶¬Ãà ̶Ł 3̶ø̶ß̶ ｲｰｱｱ $̶œıÆ ̶²ı© ¹ı²æ ｹｵ ｴ ª©RŁØªØ œØµØœ 0¼$̶œ µ ｴ ｱｷ # ©ø 3̶ß Ø½ ｲｰｰｹ *²$̶œｰｹ ª̶œıÆ ̶²ı© ª³ µØ 3ØıßØ Ø² ̶œ ｲｰｰｹ
Ł̶²Ø %³Ø ²© ı² © ı²Ø Sı² Æœ̶ŁØ ¬ ©Ł³ª²ı© ²æØ saarenoja 2 site is perhaps the most important early Mesolithic site in eastern Fennoscandia. The site is ³ı®³Ø Æت̶³ Ø ©Œ ı² æıºæ Sı² ²© ®³̶ n ̶²ı© +³ ıœ̶
ز ̶œ ｲｰｱｰ
The Karelian isthmus has a geographically central position when the migration of people from the south-west towards Finland is mapped. not surprisingly, this area has yielded some of the earliest evidence ©Œ æ³ß̶ ØmœØßز ı Ø̶ ²Ø 'Ø© ª̶Łı̶ 5æØ Œ̶ß©³ ز RŁ Œ ©ß "² Ø̶ œ©ª̶²ØŁ ı ²æØ © ²æØ ¬̶ ² ©Œ ²æØ ı ²æß³ ıªœ³ŁØ ØµØ ̶œ Æ̶ ø ز S©̶² pieces of net bast and a collection of bone, antler and
²©Ø ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² 1Ãœ ı ｱｹｲｰ ?½ ìÃà ｱｹｵｱ 5̶̶µı² ̶ı-Ø ｱｹｹｵ $̶ ¬Øœ̶ ｲｰｰｸ 5æØ ̶Łı©ª̶ Æ© Ł̶²Ø ̶ Ø in agreement with the dates from the nearby suuri Kelpojärvi site. There are more sites in the Karelian isthmus that probably date to the early Mesolithic, ̶Ł ©ßØ ̶œ © 橹 ıº ©Œ Sı² Æœ̶ŁØ ¬ ©Ł³ª²ı© ı ²æØı œı²æıª ıµØ²© ıØ 5̶ø̶œ̶ ｲｰｰｴ
5æØ ¹Ø ²Ø S̶ø ©Œ ²æØ &̶ œ½ .Ø ©œı²æıª ØmœØßز in Finland is located in the valley of River Porvoon-joki where the earliest radiocarbon dated sites are .½œœ½ø© øı ı²Ø ı 0 ıß̶mıœ̶ ̶Ł .½œœ½©ł̶ ı²Ø ı -̶æ²ı /Øı²æØ ©Œ ²æØ Ø ı²Ø æ̶ ½ıØœŁØŁ Sı² ¹æıªæ however, is present in the post-swiderian inventory of the nearby Ristola site. it has been suggested that ²æı غı© ¹̶ R ² ØmœØŁ ƽ ج Ø Ø²̶²ıµØ ©Œ ²æØ Kunda culture, i.e., people coming from the area that œıØ ©³²æ ©Œ ²æØ (³œŒ ©Œ 'ıœ̶Ł Ø º &Łº Ø ｱｹｸｴ 5̶ø̶œ̶ ｲｰｰｴ .© Ø ØªØ²œ½ ı² æ̶ ÆØØ Øß̶ øØŁ ²æ̶² ıŒ Sı² ı ıŁıª̶²ıµØ ©Œ ²æØ © ıºı ©Œ ²æØ Ø̶ œ½ ز-tlers, then an eastern or south-eastern direction is a more probable alternative as the Ristola collection is Ł©ßı̶²ØŁ ƽ $̶ Æ©ıŒØ ©³ Sı² '³ ²æØ ß© Ø Sı² varieties locally available and in use within the area of the Kunda culture have not been reported in the 3ı ²©œ̶ ª©œœØª²ı© )Ø ²Øœœ ̶Ł 5̶œœ̶µ̶̶ ̶ ｲｰｱｱ
The environmental and
ت©©ßıª Ømıº
The paleogeography of the sarvinki
area
The deglaciation of eastern Fennoscandia took sev-eral thousand years and major changes in the land-scape, vegetation and wildlife took place during these
millennia. successive sea and lake phases, the major ones being the Baltic ice lake, the Yoldia sea, the "ª½œ³ -̶øØ ̶Ł ²æØ -ım© ı̶ 4Ø̶ ª©µØ ØŁ ²æØ #̶œ²ıª sea basin.
according to the traditional view, meltwater from the ice sheet formed the Baltic ice lake around the ern edge of the glacier. when the lowlands in south-ern sweden became free of ice and a drainage channel opened, the water level of the Baltic ice lake dropped 25 meters reaching the level of the atlantic ocean. The following Yoldia sea phase has been interpreted mostly as a fresh or brackish stage and it ended with the emergence of a threshold in degerfors, sweden. The subsequent ancylus transgression initiated the ancylus lake phase of the Baltic sea, beginning at ª ｱｰ ｷｰｰ ª̶œ #1 Ø º #łš ªø ｱｹｹｵ 5ıøø̶Ø ̶Ł 0ø ̶Ø ｲｰｰｲ 5æı µıع æ̶ ÆØØ ªæ̶œœØºØŁ ƽ 1Ç Ø ̶Ł "ŁØ © ｲｰｰｵ ¹æ© Ł©³Æ² ²æØ µØ ½ ؼı ²ØªØ ©Œ ²æØ Baltic ice lake phase and rather call it the Baltic ice sea phase. according to their view, the Yoldia sea was merely an extension of this phase. a marine connec-tion during the whole melting period of the glacier, all the way to the onset of the ancylus lake phase, is thus indicated.
whatever the degree of salinity in the southern part of the Baltic sea, it obviously did not change the situ-̶²ı© ıºıRª̶²œ½ ı ²æØ © ²æØ ¬̶ ² ©Œ ²æØ Ø̶ where glacial meltwater streams kept the water rela-²ıµØœ½ Œ Ø æ 1Ç Ø ̶Ł "ŁØ © ｲｰｰｵ ｲｶｵ 5ıøø̶Ø ̶Ł 0ø ̶Ø ｲｰｰｲ * Ø̶ ²Ø 'ıœ̶Ł ²æØ Ø̶ œ½ ¬æ̶ -es of the Baltic sea can be observed as ancient shore formations in the landscape. The regression of the Yoldia sea was rapid and the subsequent ancylus transgression could not have reached the old shore-œıØ Ø º 5ıøø̶Ø ̶Ł 0ø ̶Ø ｲｰｰｲ 4̶̶ ı ²© ｱｹｷｰ $© Ø®³Ø²œ½ ß© ² ©Œ ²æØ œ̶øØ ı ²æØ Ø̶ ²Ø Finland are derivatives of either local glacial lakes or the Yoldia sea.
lake sarvinki was probably originally an ice lake that formed during the retreat of the scandinavian ice sheet from the salpausselkä ii terminal moraine after c ｱｱ ｶｰｰ ª̶œ #1 4̶̶ ı ²© ̶Ł 4̶̶ ıØ ｲｰｰｱ %©Ø ｲｰｱｰ "² ¬ Ø Ø² ²æØ æıºæØ ² æ© ØœıØ ©Œ the Baltic sea are ª 105-106 meters above sea level ı ²æØ +©Ø ³³ غı© )½µÃ ıØ ̶Ł 3̶ıı© ｲｰｰｰ 4̶̶ ı ²© ｱｹｷｰ ̶ ̶œ²ı²³ŁØ ¹Øœœ ÆØœ©¹ ²æØ œØµØœ ©Œ ancient lake sarvinki, ª 112.5 meters above the
pre-ز Ø̶ œØµØœ -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı æ̶ S©¹ ²© -̶øØ +̶ø©-järvi via an outlet in its north-western end, known ²©Ł̶½ ̶ -š ì³ © ØØ 'ıº ｲ ̶Ł ｳ -̶øØ +̶ø©-järvi may have been a small bay of the Yoldia sea before its isolation. later it has been drained to River Pielisjoki. The Yoldia sea reached the River Pielisjoki valley and lake Pielinen for a period of time before ı² R̶œ غ Ø ı© ̶Ł ²æØ ³Æ Ø®³Ø² Œ© ß̶²ı© ©Œ ²æØ Ø¬̶ ̶²Ø œ̶øØ 1ıØœıØ ̶Ł 1½æà ؜øà ̶ ¬̶ ² ©Œ ²æØ -̶øØ 4̶ıß̶̶ ª©ß¬œØ¼ ¹æıªæ ̶ Ø ª©Øª²ØŁ ƽ 3ıµØ 1ıØœı ł©øı 'ıº ｲ -̶øØ 1ıØœıØ ¹̶ ̶ ºœ̶ªı̶œ œ̶øØ ̶Œ²Ø ı² ı ©œ̶²ı© Œ ©ß ²æØ :©œŁı̶ 4Ø̶ .ıØmıØ ｱｹｹｶ )½µÃ ıØ ̶Ł 3̶ıı© ｲｰｰｰ
lake sarvinki remained stable until the 18th century ad. The postglacial history of the lake has not been studied with any precision, but a history of modest shore displacement can be inferred from the slightly ŁıTØ ıº ̶œ²ı²³ŁØ ©Œ ²æØ ¬ Øæı ²© ıª ØmœØßز ı²Ø However, in 1743 the level of the lake sarvinki was lowered in hopes of gaining pasture and arable land © ²æØ æ© Ø ©Œ ²æØ œ̶øØ 5æØ ̶mØ߬² ØŁØŁ ı ̶ catastrophe when the drainage channel eroded its
way through the ridge between lakes sarvinki and Jakojärvi. lake sarvinki was completely drained ex-cept for a few small ponds that remained in its south-eastern end. lake Jakojärvi silted up and the former outlet of the lake sarvinki ran dry. There had been over 20 meters of water in the deepest spots of the Œ© ßØ œ̶øØ 5©Ł̶½ ²æØ ̶ªıز œ̶øØ Æ©m©ß ı ß̶ıœ½ ª³œ²ıµ̶²ØŁ œ̶Ł ̶Ł ²æØ ©œŁ æ© Ø ̶ Ø Œ© Ø ²ØŁ 7Ø ̶-ł©øı ｱｹｸｲ .½œœØ ｱｹｹｹ 1Ø ©Ø ｲｰｰｵ
The paleovegetation
5æØ Ø ̶ Ø © RØ Ø ©œ³²ı© ¬©œœØ ²³ŁıØ ŁØµ©²ØŁ to the early postglacial vegetation history of east-ern Fennoscandia. The picture we have of the veg-etation history is therefore based on relatively old ̶Ł ıª©ß¬œØ²Ø ıŒ© ß̶²ı© )½µÃ ıØ ｱｹｶｶ ｱｹｷｳ (ØØ ̶œœ½ ¬Ø̶øıº ²æØ µØºØ²̶²ı© ¾©Ø ¹Ø Ø ²ıØŁ ²© ²æØ ̶Łµ̶ªØ ©Œ ²æØ ŁØºœ̶ªı̶²ı© )½µÃ ıØ ｱｹｷｳ .̶²ı ø̶ıØ ｱｹｹｶ "Œ²Ø ²æØ Ø² Ø̶² ©Œ ²æØ *ªØ 4æØز ²æØ R ² µØºØ²̶²ı© ª© ı ²ØŁ ©Œ º ̶ Ø ̶Ł æ ³Æ * ̶ ß̶mØ ©Œ ŁØª̶ŁØ ²æı ²Ø¬¬Ø ²³Ł ̶ صı ©-ment turned into heaths dominated by small
shrub-'ıº³ Ø ｲ 1̶œØ©ºØ©º ̶¬æ½ ı /© ²æ ,̶ Øœı̶ ̶¬¬ ©¼ıß̶²Øœ½ ｱｱｰｰｰ ｱｰｹｰｰ ª̶œ #1 'ı ² ̶Łı©ª̶ Æ© صıŁØªØ ©Œ æ³ß̶ ̶ª²ıµı²½ ı ²æØ -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı ̶ Ø̶ Æœ̶ªø Ł©² ª©ıªıŁØ ¹ı²æ ²æØ R̶œ :©œŁı̶ ¬æ̶ Ø ©Œ ²æØ #̶œ²ıª 4Ø̶ Æ̶ ı -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı ¹̶ ª©Øª²ØŁ ²© ²æØ :©œŁı̶ 4Ø̶ ̶Ł ²æØ 1ıØœıØ *ªØ -̶øØ µı̶ ̶ ̶ ©¹ ©³²œØ² ı ²æØ © ²æ¹Ø ² 5æØ æ© ØœıØ ̶Ł ²æØ ¬© ı²ı© ©Œ ²æØ ıªØ ß̶ ºı ̶ªª© Łıº ²© 5ıø ø̶Ø ̶Ł 0ø ̶Ø ｲｰｰｲ
like willow-species. according to current knowledge, ²æØ 4̶ µıøı ̶ Ø̶ ¹̶ R ² ©ªª³¬ıØŁ Ł³ ıº ²æØ -̶²Ø Preboreal, with birch as the dominant tree species. The shift from birch- to pine-dominant forest and to the Boreal climatic zone took place in the course of ̶ ŒØ¹ ªØ²³ ıØ 5æØ ²³Ł½ ƽ #ı ø ̶Ł #ı ø ｲｰｰｸ from western norway illustrates the vegetational suc-cession after the deglaciation. a comparison between the postglacial palynological turnover at a sample site ̶Ł ²æØ S© ı ²ıª ²³ ©µØ ı ̶ تزœ½ ŁØºœ̶ªı̶²ØŁ ̶ Ø̶ æ©¹ØŁ ıßıœ̶ ı²ıØ ı ̶œœ Ƴ² ©Ø ̶ ¬Øª² ²æØ ̶
-rival of birch. at the sample site, the ar-rival of birch dates to 670-720 years after the onset of the Holocene, ¹æıœØ ı ²æØ ØªØ² -ımœØ *ªØ "ºØ ºœ̶ªıØ Œ© Øœ̶Ł Æı ªæ arrived 200 years after the deglaciation. The reasons for the delay may be due to, for example, migrational ŁØœ̶½ ©ıœ ŁØµØœ©¬ßز © ©ßØ ©²æØ Œ̶ª²© #ı ø ̶Ł #ı ø ｲｰｰｸ ｲｷ * ̶ تز ²³Ł½ ı² ¹̶ ©Æ Ø µØŁ that there is a gap of ª 500 years in eastern Finland and ª 900 years in northern Finland between the lo-ª̶œ ŁØºœ̶ªı̶²ı© ̶Ł ²æØ R ² æ³ß̶ ØmœØßز 5̶œ-lavaara et al., ²æı µ©œ³ßØ 0Ø ©Œ ²æØ Œ³²³ Ø
ªæ̶œ-'ıº³ Ø ｳ 1̶œØ©ºØ©º ̶¬æ½ ̶Ł 4²©Ø "ºØ ı²Ø ı ²æØ -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı ̶ Ø̶ +©øıµ̶ ı ｱ ̶Ł 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ²̶ æ̶µØ ½ıØœŁØŁ &̶ œ½ .Ø © œı²æıª Ł̶²Ø ª ｱｱｱｰｰ ｱｰｴｰｰ ª̶œ #1 ̶Ł ,̶ı ø³ à øøà ｱ ̶ ¹Øœœ ̶ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ œ̶²Ø .Ø ©œı²æıª Ł̶²Ø ª ｹｱｰｰ ｸｴｰｰ ª̶œ #1 -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı ¹̶ Ł ̶ıØŁ ı ｱｷｴｳ ̶Ł -̶øØ +̶ø©łÃ µı ¹̶ ıœ²ØŁ ı ²æØ ̶ßØ ØµØ² -̶øØ ,Ø øıßßÃıØ ¹̶ Ł ̶ıØŁ ı ²æØ ｱｹ²æ ªØ²³ ½
lenges is to get a grip on the actual date of the arrival ©Œ Æı ªæ Œ© Ø ² ı ²æØ Ø Øºı© ̶Ł ²© RŁ ©³² ıŒ ²æØ Ø is a correlation between the arrival of the human set-tlement and the arrival of birch forest.
The soil development must also be taken into account, since the rapid regression of the Yoldia sea would have created wide landscapes with unstable soils rich ı ªœ̶½ ̶Ł ıœ² #łš ªø ｱｹｹｵ ｲｷ ŁıUª³œ² ²© ØmœØ Œ© vegetation and humans alike. However, this problem ¹©³œŁ ©² æ̶µØ ̶Tت²ØŁ ²æØ ª©œ©ı ̶²ı© ©Œ ²æØ ŁØºœ̶-ciated regions with small lakes further east.
5æØ ¬̶œØ©Øª©©ß½ ̶ ØSت²ØŁ ƽ ²æØ
refuse fauna
deglaciation created an opportunity for animals to re-colonize eastern Fennoscandia. The immigration of mammals most probably took place directly from the east, from siberia and through eastern Karelia 6øø©Ø ｲｰｰｱ 3̶ø̶ß̶ ̶Ł 6øø©Ø ｲｰｰｱ 5æØ R æ ¬ØªıØ ı ²æØ ıœ̶Ł œ̶øØ ¬ ©Æ̶Æœ½ ŁØ ıµØ Œ ©ß the early Yoldia and ancylus phases of the Baltic sea Æ̶ ı © Œ ©ß œ̶²Ø ª©œ©ı ̶²ı© ,©œł©Ø ｲｰｰｸ /³ -ßıØ ｲｰｰｷ
The bone assemblage from Rahakangas 1 is diverse and contains aquatic, avian and terrestrial species 5̶ÆœØ ｴ 5æØ ß̶ßß̶œı̶ Œ̶³̶ ıªœ³ŁØ ¬ØªıØ ̶ ©ªı̶²ØŁ ¹ı²æ ½©³º ŁØªıŁ³©³ Œ© Ø ² Ø º &³ ̶-ı̶ Øœø &³ ̶ ̶-ı̶ ÆØ̶µØ ØŁ Œ©¼ ̶ ¹Øœœ ̶ ¬Ø-ªıØ ²½¬ıª̶œ ©Œ ª©ıŒØ ©³ © ßı¼ØŁ Œ© Ø ² &³ ©¬Ø̶ ¬ıØ ß̶ ²Ø 5æØ Æı Ł ²̶¼̶ ¬ Ø Ø² ̶² 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ Ł© ©² ¬©ı² ²© ̶ ¬ØªıRª Œ© Ø ² ª©ß¬© ı²ı© 8ıœ-low grouse and rock ptarmigan cannot be told apart in the burnt bone material. willow grouse thrives both in deciduous and coniferous forests, although it moves into birch-dominated forests in the winter. Rock ptarmigan is an arctic bird which lives in the most northern treeless tundra and mountain areas. divers and ducks are migratory birds which could have been hunted during spring, summer and au-²³ß Ø º $ ̶߬ ز ̶œ ｱｹｸｶ 5æØ R æ ¬ØªıØ Œ©³Ł at Rahakangas 1 are all common in the lakes of east-Ø 'ıœ̶Ł east-صeast-Ø ²©Ł̶½ 5æeast-Ø R æıº east-Ø̶ © ª©µeast-Ø ²æeast-Ø ¹æ©œØ ½Ø̶ ØµØ ¹ı²Ø ¹æØ R æ ª©³œŁ æ̶µØ ÆØØ caught through openings made in the ice cover. it is likely that the Rahakangas 1 bone sample repre-sents several hunting seasons, and multiple occupa-²ı© 5æı ı Œ³ ²æØ ª©R ßØŁ ƽ ²æØ ̶Łı©ª̶ Æ© dates made on the bone material. The bones date to the early Mesolithic, the late Mesolithic and the early .ز̶œ 1Ø ı©Ł 5̶ÆœØ ｲ 4©ßØ ªæ̶ºØ ı ²æØ æ³²ØŁ
¬ØªıØ ª̶ ÆØ ŁØ²Øª²ØŁ ̶œœ ²æØ Ł̶²ØŁ Øœø Æ©Ø Œ ©ß Rahakangas 1 are early Mesolithic, while the beaver bone is of a late Mesolithic date. a late Mesolithic Ł̶²Ø ¹̶ ©Æ²̶ıØŁ ̶œ © Œ© ̶ R æ ̶߬œØ Œ ©ß ²æØ
Taxon NISP Weight (g)
Alces alces (Eurasian elk) 27 49.18
Castor fiber (Eurasian beaver) 55 23.78
Canidae cf. Vulpes vulpes (dog family, cf. Red fox) 1 0.03
Martes martes (European pine marten) 10 0.80
Ruminantia (ruminants) 58 17.79
Mammalia (Indet. mammals) > 2251 588.11
Aves/Mammalia (birds/mammals) 22 2.47
Gavia sp. (Indet. diver) 2 0.25
Lagopus lagopus (Willow grouse) or Lagopus muta (Rock ptarmigan) 1 0.14
Anatidae (Anas family) 1 0.09
Aves (birds) 3 0.15
Esox lucius (Northern pike) 270 16.48
Perca fluviatilis (European perch) 4 0.11
Coregonus lavaretus (Common whitefish) 6 0.06
Cyprinidae (Cyprinid fish) 75 3.23
Teleostei (Bony fish) 1250 20.55
Indeterminata 5537 183.06
SUM > 9573 906.28
5̶ÆœØ ｴ 5æØ ¬ØªıØ ıŁØ²ıRØŁ ı ²æØ Æ³ ² Æ©Ø ß̶²Ø ı̶œ Œ ©ß ؼª̶µ̶²ı© ̶² ²æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ı²Ø ｲｰｰｹ ｲｰｱｰ /*41 ³ßÆØ ©Œ ıŁØ²ıRØŁ ¬ØªıßØ
nearby site Kaiskunsärkkä 1, located on the northern ıŁØ ©Œ ²æØ ̶ªıز œ̶øØ 'ıº³ Ø ｳ " R æ ̶߬œØ Œ ©ß Rahakangas 1 was dated to the early Metal Period. 5æØ Ø Ł̶²Ø ²æ³ ıŁıª̶²Ø ̶ œ©º ² ̶Łı²ı© ©Œ R æıº on the shores of lake sarvinki until its unfortunate draining in 1743.
a lithic perspective
The lithic collection includes a small amount of slate, ®³̶ nı²Ø ̶Ł ؼ©²ıª Sı² ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ²©ºØ²æØ ¹ı²æ ²æØ ß© Ø ̶ƳŁ̶² ®³̶ n 5̶ÆœØ ｱ 4©ßØ º ©³Ł ̶Ł polished stone tools, that is, an axe, a slate pendant, and a grinding plate and its fragments, have also been Œ©³Ł 5æØ ¬ ©¬© ²ı© ©Œ Œ© ß̶œ ®³̶ n ²©©œ ̶Ł ª© Ø ı ß©ŁØ ² ｲ ª©ßÆıØŁ ̶Ł ŁØÆı²̶ºØ ̶Ł æ̶mØ Ł©ßı̶²Ø ²æØ ®³̶ n ̶ ØßÆœ̶ºØ 5̶ÆœØ ｱ * ºØØ ̶œ the size of the chipped lithic artefacts seems small at Rahakangas. artefact weight provides a simple and easily replicable measurement of the Rahakangas 1 ®³̶ n ß̶²Ø ı̶œ )©¹ØµØ ª©ß¬̶ ıº ²æØ ¹Øıºæ² ©Œ ²æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ®³̶ n ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ²© ²æ© Ø Œ ©ß ©²æØ sites is hindered by the lack of published data on Mes-olithic lithic collections from Finland. data from two large unpublished coastal Mesolithic sites, Hietaranta and Rimpikangas in western Finland, are presented for comparative purposes in Table 5. a combination of ßØ̶ ³ Ø æ©¹ ²æ̶² ²æØ ¹Øıºæ² ©Œ ²æØ ®³̶ n ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² is smaller at Rahakangas 1 than at Hietaranta and 3ı߬ıø̶º̶ 5æı ̶º ØØ ¹Øœœ ¹ı²æ ©³ ı²³ı²ıµØ RØœŁ experience, which suggested a relatively small size Œ© ²æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ®³̶ n ß̶²Ø ı̶œ *² ̶œ © ̶º ØØ ¹ı²æ ²æØ Sı² Ł̶²̶ ¬ Ø Ø²ØŁ ÆØœ©¹ 5æØ œ©¹ ¹Øıºæ² ©Œ ®³̶ n ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ıŁıª̶²Ø ß̶œœ ı¾Ø ©Œ S̶øıº products and residual cores. in addition to functional needs, this may result from the need to conserve tool-stone and/or from the small size of the original parent ª© Ø 5æØ ²¹© œ̶mØ ©¬²ı© ̶ Ø Ø¼¬Øª²ØŁ ²© ÆØ Øœ̶²ØŁ to raw material availability and the costs of carrying lithic material over great distances.
5æØ ¬̶²ı̶œ Łı ² ıƳ²ı© ©Œ ®³̶ n 橹 Æ©²æ ̶ Æ̶ªø-º ©³Ł ª̶mØ ̶Ł ²æ ØØ ŁØ Ø ®³̶ n ª©ªØ² ̶²ı© suggesting two behavioural processes in operation at ²æØ ı²Ø 'ıº ｴ 5æØ Ø ̶ Ø ²æØ ³ Ø ̶Ł ̶Æ̶Ł©ßز ©Œ ıŁıµıŁ³̶œ ®³̶ n ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ̶œœ ©µØ ²æØ Ø¼ª̶µ̶²ØŁ site area, and a spatially segregated and concentrated
ØŁ³ª²ı© ©Œ ª© Ø ̶Ł © ³ Ø ©Œ ®³̶ n ̶² ¬ØªıRª œ©ª̶-tions, such as inside the house-pit.
5æØ øؽ ¬©ı² ©Œ ²æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ Sı² ̶ ØßÆœ̶ºØ ª̶ ÆØ ³ßß̶ ı¾ØŁ ̶ Œ©œœ©¹ ̶ ¹ıŁØ ̶¹ ß̶²Ø ı̶œ µ̶ ı̶²ı© ̶ ßııß³ß ©Œ ØµØ µ̶ ıزıØ ̶ ¬ Ø ØªØ ©Œ Æ©²æ $ ز̶ªØ©³ ̶Ł $̶ Æ©ıŒØ ©³ Sı² ̶ œ̶ªø ©Œ ª© Ø ̶ ¬ Ø ØªØ ©Œ ß̶½ ز©³ªæ ² ıßßıº S̶øØ ｲｶ ̶ Øœ̶²ıµØœ½ ß̶œœ ŁØÆı²̶ºØ ̶Ł ²©©œ ı¾Ø ßØ-Łı̶ œØº²æ ｹßß ß̶¼ıß³ß ｱｹßß ØØ 'ıº ｵ ̶Ł ｶ ̶ ª̶mØ ØŁ ¬̶²ı̶œ Łı ² ıƳ²ı© ©µØ ²æØ ı²Ø ̶Ł ̶ œ̶ªø ©Œ ª©ªØ² ̶²ı© 'ıº ｴ " Æ Ø̶øŁ©¹ ©Œ ²æØ ªæı¬¬ØŁ Sı² 橹 ²æ̶² S̶øØ Ł©ßı̶²Ø ²æØ ª©œœØª-tion, retouched blades are the most numerous among ²æØ ²©©œ ̶Ł ª© ²Ø¼ © ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ı ̶ Ø 5̶ÆœØ ｶ 5æØ ß̶œœ ̶ß©³² ©Œ Sı² ²æØ œ̶ªø ©Œ ª© Ø ²æØ ß̶œœ number of cortical artefacts, the large percentage ©Œ ز©³ªæ S̶øØ ̶Ł ²æØ ß̶œœ ı¾Ø ©Œ ²æØ œı²æıª ı ºØØ ̶œ ı߬œ½ ²æ̶² Sı² ¹̶ Øœ̶²ıµØœ½ ̶ Ø æØ̶µ-ıœ½ ª³ ̶²ØŁ ̶Ł ²æ̶² Sı² ²©©œ ̶Ł ¬© ıÆœØ ª© Ø passed through the Rahakangas 1 site quickly. This implies that foragers were relatively mobile, and/or that the site was used on a short-term basis. This is in contradiction with the house-pit located at the site. The presence of a house-pit therefore suggests that changes in mobility and spatial organisation took place over time.
5æØ ª̶mØ ØŁ ¬̶²ı̶œ Łı ² ıƳ²ı© ©µØ ²æØ ı²Ø ̶Ł ²æØ œ̶ªø ©Œ Sı² ª©ªØ² ̶²ı© ³ººØ ² ²æ̶² ²æØ 3̶-æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ Sı² ª©œœØª²ı© ı ©² ²æØ Ø ³œ² ©Œ ̶ ı-gle occupation, but instead has accumulated at the site gradually over time. This is also supported by
Site/artefact weight (g) N Mean Median Min Max Std
Eno Rahakangas 1, sample 590 1.1 0.1 0.1 49.5 4.1
Honkajoki Hietaranta 2001 excavation 2106 2.3 0.2 0.1 >500.0 18.2
Isojoki Rimpikangas 1999 excavation 449 3.3 1.0 0.1 132.2 10.5
Isojoki Rimpikangas 2000 excavation 221 3.5 0.7 0.1 166.7 12.3
5̶ÆœØ ｵ $©ß¬̶ ı © ©Œ ®³̶ n ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ¹Øıºæ² Æز¹ØØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ̶Ł ²¹© ª©̶ ²̶œ ı²Ø )ıز̶ ̶²̶ ı )©ø̶ł©øı ̶Ł 3ı߬ıø̶º̶ ı * ©ł©øı )Ø ²Øœœ ³¬³Æœı æØŁ Ł̶²̶
the presence of several raw material varieties, which show that debitage and tool blanks originate from multiple cores, tools and knapping episodes. a high diversity of raw materials has been documented also Œ© ©²æØ ¬³Æœı æØŁ .Ø ©œı²æıª Sı² ̶ ØßÆœ̶ºØ Œ ©ß Finland, i.e., the Helvetinhaudanpuro, saarenoja 2, 3ı ²©œ̶ ̶Ł 4½µÃ½ ｱ ̶ ØßÆœ̶ºØ +³ ıœ̶ et al., ｲｰｰｷ ｲｰｱｰ )Ø ²Øœœ ̶Ł .̶ıØ ｲｰｰｶ 5̶ø̶œ̶ ｲｰｰｴ 5æı
³ººØ ² ̶ ª©ßß© ¬̶mØ ı Sı² ̶ ØßÆœ̶ºØ Œ© ß̶-tion at these sites. Furthermore, the presence of two major raw material varieties, Cretaceous and Carbon-ıŒØ ©³ Sı² æ̶ ÆØØ Ø¬© ²ØŁ ¬ صı©³ œ½ ̶² ²æØ Ø ̶ well as other Mesolithic sites in south-eastern Finland ̶Ł 3³ ı̶ +³ ıœ̶ et al., ｲｰｰｷ ｲｰｱｰ 5̶ø̶œ̶ ｲｰｰｴ * ̶ŁŁı²ı© Sı² ¹̶ ı߬© ²ØŁ ı²© ²æØ ̶ Ø̶ Ł³ ıº ²æØ later stone age as well. This information, together with the dated occupation phases of Rahakangas, ³ººØ ² ²æ̶² ²æØ Sı² ̶ªª³ß³œ̶²ØŁ ̶² ²æØ ı²Ø œ©¹œ½ over thousands of years.
The red ochre grave in
Rahakangas 1
* ıŁØ ²æØ æ©³ Ø ¬ı² ̶² ̶ ŁØ¬²æ ©Œ ｳｰ ｴｵªß ÆØØ̶²æ the ground surface, an oval feature coloured by red ©ªæ Ø ̶Ł ©œ½ ｷｰ¼ｴｰªß ı ı¾Ø ¹̶ Łı ª©µØ ØŁ
'ıº³ Ø ｷ ｸ 5æØ ¬ Ø ØªØ ©Œ ̶ º ̶µØ ¹̶ ª©R ßØŁ when small and fragile pieces of tooth enamel and one intact tooth were discovered in the south-west-ern part of the grave. Human remains are not com-monly preserved in Finnish graves because the acid
'ıº³ Ø ｴ 5æØ ¬̶²ı̶œ Łı ² ıƳ²ı© ©Œ ®³̶ n Ƴ ² Æ©Ø ̶Ł Sı² ̶² 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ
'ıº³ Ø ｵ $©ß¬̶ ı © ©Œ ²æØ ̶µ̶ıœ̶ÆœØ Sı² Ł̶²̶ Œ ©ß 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ̶Ł 3ı ²©œ̶ 5̶ø̶œ̶ ｲｰｰｴ 5æØ Œ ̶ª²ı© ıªœ³Łıº œ̶ ºØ œı²æıª ı ßı ıº Œ ©ß ²æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ı²Ø
ıŁØ²ıŒ½ ı² ̶ ̶ Œ ©² ²©©²æ © ²Ø©œ©ºı ² ,̶²ı 4̶œ© ¬Ø ª©ßß 'ıº ｹ
The teeth were found in an area of ª ｲｵ¼ｲｵªß ¹æØ Ø the red ochre cover was most intense. Judging from the position of the dental remains, the orientation of the deceased had been head towards south-west. around the head end of the grave there was light-ª©œ©³ ØŁ ̶Ł ©³² ıŁØ ²æØ ¬̶²ªæ ©Œ ØŁ ©ªæ Ø 'ıº³ Ø ｸ 5æØ Æ©m©ß ©Œ ²æØ º ̶µØ ¹̶ S̶² 5æØ Ø ¹Ø Ø © traces of a possible larger pit around the red ochre feature. The head end of the grave was taken to the
'ıº³ Ø ｶ 5æØ œ̶ ºØ ² ²©©œ ̶Ł ²©©œ Œ ̶ºßز Œ ©ß ²æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ı²Ø œØŒ² ̶Ł Æœ̶ŁØ Œ ©ß ²æØ 4½µÃ½ ｱ ı²Ø ıºæ² )Ø ²Øœœ ̶Ł .̶ıØ ｲｰｰｶ Artefact type N Blade/blade fragment 7 Flake/flake fragment 35 Debris/shatter 5 Undefined 2 Artefact total 49
SUM retouched tools 7
Tool/tool fragment Retouched blade 4 Biface 1 Scraper 1 Tang/piercer 1 Tool total 7
Blade/flake, dorsal cortex (%)
0 39
<33 1
<66 0
<100 2
Type of platform remnant
Cortical 2
Facetted 11
Flat 11
Punctiform 2
Platform intact total 24
5̶ÆœØ ｶ %̶²̶ © 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ªæı¬¬ØŁ Sı² ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² Œ ©ß ²æØ ｲｰｰｹ ̶Ł ｲｰｱｰ RØœŁ Ø̶ ©
soil reduces the preservation of organic material. as there were no later disturbances observed in the grave area, it is probable that the dental remains have been preserved in situ. when lifted, the intact tooth was broken into pieces, but it was possible to
'ıº³ Ø ｷ 5æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ØŁ ©ªæ Ø º ̶µØ ı ؼª̶µ̶²ı© œØµØœ ｶ ｳｰªß ÆØœ©¹ ²æØ º ©³Ł ³ Œ̶ªØ 1橲© 1 1Ø ©Ø ｲｰｰｹ
laboratory en bloc to be excavated later. Two more teeth, a premolar and a molar, consisting only of tooth enamel, have subsequently been uncovered in the laboratory. The sand clod has not been completely excavated yet. The molar tooth belongs to a child or ̶ ł³µØıœØ ł³Łºıº Œ ©ß ²æØ œıßı²ØŁ ¹Ø̶ © ı² ,̶²ı 4̶œ© ¬Ø ª©ßß 8æ̶² ¹Ø æ̶µØ Œ©³Ł ̶² 3̶æ̶-kangas 1 is most likely a single burial of a child or a juvenile. also the small size of the red ochre feature supports this interpretation.
There were no grave goods or objects in the grave. /© ØmœØßز RŁ ²æ̶² ª©³œŁ æ̶µØ ØŁØŁ ³¬ ı ²æØ º ̶µØ ¹ı²æ ²æØ º ̶µØ Rœœıº ¹Ø Ø ŁØ²Øª²ØŁ Øı²æØ *² is possible that grave goods made of organic mate-rial were originally put in the grave, but if this is the case, they were not preserved. in the multi-period cemetery of Jönsas in vantaa only two Mesolithic graves of a total of 23 contained grave goods. no round and sleek water-worn stones were found in the Rahakangas 1 grave, either – a feature sometimes present in Finnish burials, for instance in Jönsas and ı ²æØ 7̶̶²Ø ̶²̶ ªØßØ²Ø ½ ı 5̶ı¬̶œ ̶̶ ı 1³ æ©Ø ̶Ł 3³©̶µ̶̶ ̶ ｱｹｹｴ ｸｹ ,̶²ı ø© øı ｲｰｰｴ ｱｱｶ 5æØ Ø is no evidence that would indicate that the grave was visible above the ground.
due to the lack of preserved grave objects, radio-carbon dating was the only possibility to determine the age of the grave. The teeth could not be dated because only tooth enamel was preserved. one piece ©Œ ªæ̶ ª©̶œ Œ ©ß ²æØ ̶Ł Rœœıº ©Œ ²æØ º ̶µØ ¹̶ chosen for radiocarbon dating, and yielded a late .Ø ©œı²æıª Ł̶²Ø ｸｶｰｰ ｸｴｰｸ ª̶œ #1 5̶ÆœØ ｲ "ªª© Łıº to the observations made during the excavation, there had been no later disturbance in the grave area. in 5ÇºØ ³¬ 4¹ØŁØ ªæ̶ ª©̶œ Œ ©ß ²æØ º ̶µØ Rœœıº ¹̶
'ıº³ Ø ｸ 5æØ ØŁ ©ªæ Ø º ̶µØ Ł³ ıº ²æØ Ø¼ª̶µ̶²ı©
also used for dating, as the skeletal remains lacked ³Uªıز ª©œœ̶ºØ "² ²æ̶² ı²Ø ²æØ ²½¬©œ©ºıª̶œ Ł̶²ıº of the grave goods supported the absolute dating
"æœ ² šß ｲｰｰｳ ｴｷｹ
The Mesolithic burials in Finland do not show a ³ıŒ© ß ¬̶mØ ı ²æØ © ıز̶²ı© ©Œ ²æØ º ̶µØ Human remains, i.e., pieces of tooth enamel, have been reported only from the äkälänniemi site in ,̶ł̶̶ı 4ªæ³œ¾ ｱｹｹｹ ̶Ł Œ ©ß 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ )©¹-ever, teeth have been found in several neolithic1
bur-ial grounds in Finland, for instance in a collective grave at the Kanava site in Joroinen and also in the 7̶̶²Ø ̶²̶ ªØßØ²Ø ½ .³ ²©Ø ｲｰｰｵ 4ªæ³œ¾ ｲｰｰｶ ,̶²ı ø© øı ｲｰｰｴ 5æØ 'ıı æ .Ø ©œı²æıª Ƴ ı̶œ ̶ Ø individual burials except for the Jönsas cemetery and ²æØ ,̶̶¬ı æıØøø̶ø³©¬¬̶ Ƴ ı̶œ ı²Ø ı -ıز© 5̶ÆœØ ｷ 3ØŁ ©ªæ Ø ı ¬ Ø Ø² ı ²æØ .Ø ©œı²æıª º ̶µØ ¹ı²æ the exception of one burial at Knaapin hiekkakuoppa
,̶øø³Ø ｲｰｰｳ
The red ochre grave at Rahakangas 1 was an excep-tional discovery, since only seven Mesolithic burial sites with a total of c. 30 burials have so far been found ı 'ıœ̶Ł 'ıº ｱ 5̶ÆœØ ｷ 5æØ Æ³ ı̶œ ̶ Ø ³ ³̶œœ½ dated to the Mesolithic on the basis of an adjacent
ØmœØßز ı²Ø ̶Ł © ²æØ ¬ Ø ØªØ ©Œ ØŁ ©ªæ Ø ̶Ł the lack of grave goods. in a few cases, human teeth from Finnish neolithic graves have been radiocarbon dated, but the results have been remarkably younger than expected, and they have not been fully accepted 4ªæ³œ¾ ｲｰｰｶ &Łº Ø ｱｹｹｹ 4ø³œœ ¬ıØªØ Œ©³Ł ı ̶ cremation grave at the vaateranta site have, however, yielded results that are in accordance with the dating ©Œ ²æØ ØmœØßز ı²Ø ,̶²ı ø© øı ｲｰｰｴ
discussion
after the cold Younger dryas climatic episode, degla-ciation gained speed and new land emerged rapidly ı Ø̶ ²Ø 'Ø© ª̶Łı̶ %³ ıº ²æØ R ² ©ªª³¬̶²ı© phase of the lake sarvinki area, the River Pielisjoki valley and the Pielinen ice lake formed a north-east-ern projection of the Yoldia sea for a short time. very soon the sea retreated and the present lakes Pielinen and saimaa were formed with River Pielisjoki as a ª©Øª²ıº ¹̶²Ø ¹̶½ Æز¹ØØ ²æØß 6²ıœ ı² Ł ̶ı-age in 1743, lake sarvinki remained stable through the times.
it is likely that the conditions by the open shores of ²æØ :©œŁı̶ 4Ø̶ ¹Ø Ø ©² ̶m ̶ª²ıµØ ²© ²æØ ¬ı©ØØ ̶ -riving from the post-swiderian cultural sphere for
ØµØ ̶œ Ø̶ © ｱ ²æØ :©œŁı̶ 4Ø̶ ¹̶ ©² µØ ½ ¬ ©-Ł³ª²ıµØ ｲ ª©œŁ ¹ıŁ Œ ©ß ²æØ ºœ̶ªıØ ß̶ŁØ ²æØ ³-æØœ²Ø ØŁ æ© Ø ©Œ ²æØ Ø̶ æ© ²ıœØ ̶Ł ｳ ²æØ æ³²Ø were not adapted to the marine environment because they originally came from a region where hunting of terrestrial mammals was predominant. The
condi-Site Number of Mesolithic graves Preserved human osteological material
Joensuu Rahakangas 1 1 x
Kajaani Äkälänniemi 1 x
Kuortane Haavistonharju 1
Kuusamo Jokela 1
Lieto Knaapin hiekkakuoppa 3
Vantaa Gröndal 1 Vantaa Jönsas 23 'ıº³ Ø ｱｰ 1³Æœı æØŁ ̶Łı©ª̶ Æ© Ł̶²Ø © &̶ œ½ .Ø ©œı²æıª Sı² ̶ ØßÆœ̶ºØ ı 'ıœ̶Ł +³ ıœ̶ ز ̶œ ｲｰｰｷ ｲｰｱｰ -Ø øıØ ̶Ł 1Ø ©Ø ｲｰｰｸ 1Ø ©Ø ز ̶œ ı ¬ Ø 5̶ø̶œ̶ ｲｰｰｴ 5̶ÆœØ ｷ .Ø ©œı²æıª Ƴ ı̶œ ı 'ıœ̶Ł 1Ø ©Ø ز ̶œ ı ¬ Ø 4ªæ³œ¾ ｱｹｹｹ 4̶ µ̶ ｱｹｸｶ -̶¬¬̶œ̶ıØ ｲｰｰｷ 3ò½ ｱｹｹｵ ,̶øø³Ø ｲｰｰｳ 1³ æ©Ø ̶Ł 3³©̶µ̶̶ ̶ ｱｹｹｴ -Ø øıØ ̶Ł 1Ø ©Ø ｲｰｰｸ
²ı© ƽ -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı ¹©³œŁ ²æØ ØŒ© Ø æ̶µØ ÆØmØ RmØŁ ²æØ Ø®³ı Øßز ©Œ ²æØ ¬ı©ØØ ØmœØ 5æØı requirements were probably met by an abundant elk population thriving in the young birch tree forests. The history of the large inland lake basins compli-ª̶²Ø ²æØ ß©ŁØœœıº ©Œ ²æØ .Ø ©œı²æıª ØmœØßز ı the inland parts of eastern Fennoscandia. For exam-ple, the evidence of Mesolithic sites has been almost completely inundated by the Holocene transgression ©Œ ²æØ -̶øØ 4̶ıß̶̶ ª©ß¬œØ¼ 4̶̶ ı ²© ｱｹｷｰ 5æØ area around lake Pielinen, another large lake basin located north of the sarvinki area, is a good candi-date for the study of the preferences of the pioneer
ØmœØ 5æØ Ø ̶ Ø © ı²Ø ı ²æØ ̶ Ø̶ ²æ̶² ¹©³œŁ ÆØ contemporaneous with the late Preboreal ice lake stages of the Pielinen basin, whereas a number of ı²Ø ̶ Ø Ł̶²ØŁ ²© ²æØ -̶²Ø .Ø ©œı²æıª 1Ø ©Ø et al., ｲｰｱｰ 5æı ı ı ̶º ØØßز ¹ı²æ ²æØ ̶ º³ßز ²æ̶² ²æØ Ø̶ œıØ ² ØmœØ ŁıŁ ©² ©³²ıØœ½ ©ªª³¬½ ²æØ Ø æ© ²ıœØ and cold shores.
The two sites in the lake sarvinki area, Rahakangas 1 and Jokivarsi 1, as well as the Kirkkolahti 1 site near lake Jänisjärvi, are so far the only radiocarbon-dated early Mesolithic sites in north Karelia and northern Russian Karelia. The sarvinki sites were located on the shore of a relatively small lake, perhaps because of the reasons mentioned above. The larger water bod-ies of lake saimaa and lake Pielinen were probably preferred during the later stages of occupation once the lake-shores had stabilised and the climate had become warmer. a late Mesolithic occupation phase in the lake sarvinki area took place some 1500 years after the pioneer phase in the Boreal period, as indi-cated by several radiocarbon dates. The Rahakangas ｱ ı²Ø ¹̶ ²ıœœ ³ ØŁ ̶ R æıº ²̶²ı© ²æ©³ ̶Ł ©Œ years later, in the early Metal Period.
our preliminary analysis of the lithic material shows ²æ̶² ®³̶ n ̶Ł Sı² ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ̶ Ø Øß̶ ø̶Æœ½ ß̶œœ ̶² the Rahakangas 1 site. The sites referred to for com-¬̶ ı © ØØ 'ıº ｱ ｵ ̶Ł ｶ ̶Ł 5̶ÆœØ ｵ ̶ Ø œ©ª̶²ØŁ © ²æØ æ© Ø ©Œ œ̶ ºØ ¹̶²Ø Æ̶ ı 5æØ ŁıTØ ØªØ in artefact size may be linked to the variability in foraging options, mobility strategies, and site use in ²æØ Ø ²¹© ŁıTØ Ø² ß̶ª © صı ©ßز 5æØ ı²Ø located next to small lakes may have been ephem-eral or temporary in nature when compared to those
in the coastal areas or on the shores of large inland water basins.
5æØ ¬ Ø ØªØ ©Œ ؼ©²ıª Sı² ı ¹Øœœ ̶mØ ²ØŁ ̶² .Ø -olithic sites, but high-quality contextual dates are
Øœ̶²ıµØœ½ ̶ Ø Œ© ²æØ Sı² RŁ ı 'ıœ̶Ł 5æØ ̶-diocarbon evidence from Rahakangas 1 and other &̶ œ½ .Ø ©œı²æıª ı²Ø ³ººØ ² ²æ̶² ؼ©²ıª Sı² ¹̶ brought to southern Finland over a period of at least
ª 600 radiocarbon years, i.e., possibly one thousand
calendar years, if younger sporadic occurrences are ؼªœ³ŁØŁ 'ıº ｱｰ )©¹ØµØ ª©Øª²ıº ".4 Ł̶²Ø ¹ı²æ Sı² RŁ ̶² 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ı ¬ ©ÆœØß̶²ıª ̶ ²æØ site has been used many times over the millennia and Sı² ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ̶ Ø ª̶mØ ØŁ ©µØ ²æØ ı²Ø * ¬ ıªı¬œØ the house-pit provides the best context for dating the artefacts at the site, but no date exists for the house at present. aMs-dates show three periods of site use at Rahakangas 1, and the house-pit may well date to any ©Œ ²æØ Ø ²æØ &̶ œ½ © -̶²Ø .Ø ©œı²æıª © ²æØ &̶ œ½ .ز-al Period. The late Mesolithic red ochre grave located inside the house may suggest that the house and the Sı² ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ı ı² ̶ Ø ̶œœ -̶²Ø .Ø ©œı²æıª " ³ßıº that the early Mesolithic aMs-determinations from 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ Ł̶²Ø ©ßØ ©Œ ²æØ Sı² ̶ ²ØŒ̶ª² ̶ ¹Øœœ ²æØ -̶²Ø .Ø ©œı²æıª 橳 Ø ¬ı² ¹©³œŁ ı߬œ½ ²æ̶² Sı² accumulated sporadically at the site over 1500 years. 0 ²æØ ©²æØ æ̶Ł Sı² RŁ ̶ Ø ̶œ © ø©¹ Œ ©ß the early Metal Period sites in the eastern Fennoscan-dia, and the pit may well be of a relatively late date. we hope that new aMs-samples will shed further light on the formation of the Rahakangas 1 site. * ³ß ¹Ø ̶ º³Ø ²æ̶² Sı² ß̶²Ø ı̶œ © ıºı̶²ıº Œ ©ß various sources along the lithuania-Belarus to north-western Russia axis ended up at Rahakangas 1 gradu-ally over time. Based on the available radiocarbon Ł̶²̶ ²æØ Sı² ̶ªª³ß³œ̶²ı© ØØß ²© æ̶µØ ²̶ ²ØŁ ı the early Mesolithic and possibly continued, on and ©T Œ© ØµØ ̶œ æ³Ł ØŁ ©Œ ½Ø̶ 8Ø ³ººØ ² ²æ̶² ²æØ ŁØ ª ıÆØŁ ªæ̶ ̶ª²Ø ı ²ıª ©Œ ²æØ 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ Sı² ̶ -semblage are the result of exchange between groups living across the enormous north-eastern european forest zone covering hundreds of thousands of square øıœ©ßز Ø ̶Ł ©Œ ²æØ ³ Ø ©Œ ؼ©²ıª Sı² ¹ı²æı ²æØ œ©ª̶œ æ³²Ø º̶²æØ Ø ØmœØßز ½ ²Øß ̶ ©³Ł -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı #ت̶³ Ø ©Œ ²æØ Ø¼ªæ̶ºØ ز¹© ø Sı² ÆØ-came available in small quantities for the north Ka-relian hunter-gatherers who extended the use-lives
of the small pieces by reducing and curating them until exhaustion.
several Fennoscandian Mesolithic and neolithic burial grounds have been used over long periods of time. The Jönsas burial ground in vantaa, southern Finland, was used during the Mesolithic and the neo-œı²æıª 1³ æ©Ø ̶Ł 3³©̶µ̶̶ ̶ ｱｹｹｴ 5æØ ;µØłıØøı burial ground in latvia has been used for over four millennia, beginning already in the early Mesolithic ;̶º© ø̶ ｲｰｰｶ ｱｳ "œ © ²æØ Æ³ ı̶œ ı 1©¬©µ© 3³
-ı̶ ج Ø Ø² Æ©²æ ²æØ R ² ¬ı©ØØ ØmœØßز ̶Ł a later phase. The graves were furnished with red ochre and in a few cases with grave gifts and pieces of charcoal. Ritual pits with animal bones and red ©ªæ Ø ¹Ø Ø ̶œ © Œ©³Ł ̶² ²æØ ı²Ø 0 æıÆøı̶ ｱｹｸｹ ｴｰｳ ｴｱｱ ｴｱｲ 5æØ 1©¬©µ© ı²Ø ı ª©Øª²ØŁ ²© ²æØ 7Ø Ø²½Ø ª³œ²³ ̶œ ª©ß¬œØ¼ ²æØ ¬ ©Æ̶ÆœØ © ıºı ©Œ ²æØ R ² ز-tlers of north Karelia.
5æØ ²©©²æ Ø̶ßØœ RŁ ̶² 3̶æ̶ø̶º̶ ｱ ̶ Ø ̶ ̶ Ø example of preserved human skeletal remains from stone age in Finland. Mesolithic burial sites with pre-served organic material in the nearby areas of Finland include oleniy ostrov, Popovo, Peschanitsa, and Mini-© ｱ ̶Ł ｲ ı 3³ ı̶ ;µØłıØøı ı -̶²µı̶ 4ø̶²Øæ©œß and Tågerup in sweden and vedbæk Bøgebakken in %Øß̶ ø 'ıº ｱ *߬© ²̶² .Ø ©œı²æıª Ƴ ı̶œ º ©³Ł with no preserved osteological material include Cher-naya guba and siamozero in Russia, and spiginas and %³©ø̶œı ı -ı²æ³̶ı̶ 0 æıÆøı̶ ｲｰｰｸ 'ıº ｱ it is possible that only one individual became buried at Rahakangas 1 because the site was used only on a temporary basis. single graves have been interpreted as signs of rather mobile communities, which would have buried their dead during seasonal migrations or pioneer expeditions. These graves usually
repre-ز ıŁıµıŁ³̶œ ©Œ ŁıTØ repre-ز ̶ºØ ̶Ł Æ©²æ Ø¼Ø Ø º 4³œº© ²©¹ ø̶ ｲｰｰｶ 5æØ .Ø ©œı²æıª Ƴ ı̶œ ı²Ø ŁıTØ from each other in several aspects including the num-ber of burials and individuals, the location of graves at © ©³² ıŁØ ²æØ ØmœØßز ı²Ø ²æØ © ıز̶²ı© ©Œ º ̶µØ and the age and the sex of the individuals buried. The use of red ochre is, nevertheless, more or less common for all burials. This custom links Rahakangas 1 and the Mesolithic Finland to the burial practices of east-ern Fennoscandia and north-westeast-ern Russia.
Conclusion
5æØ øؽ ¬©ı² ı ıœœ³ßı̶²ıº ²æØ ØmœØßز æı ²© ½ of the lake sarvinki area are derived from environ-mental history, the lithic assemblage and the presence of a grave. according to the current knowledge, the early Mesolithic subsistence economy in the lake sarvinki area was based on hunting elk, while more µØ ̶²ıœØ æ³²ıº ̶Ł R æıº ت©©ßıØ ¹Ø Ø ¬ ̶ª-ticed later on in the area. Mobility is indicated by Æ©²æ ²æØ ª©ß¬© ı²ı© ©Œ ²æØ Sı² ̶ ØßÆœ̶ºØ ̶Ł ²æØ presence of a single grave. while the stabilisation of the environment ª 500 years after the retreat of the glacier allowed people to colonize the area, the set-tlement was by no means permanent by nature. The available evidence suggests that local groups occu-pied the area sporadically during the early and late Mesolithic. These groups had contacts to areas fur-²æØ Ø̶ ² ̶Ł ¹Ø Ø ³¬¬œıØŁ ¹ı²æ ©ßØ Sı² ²æ ©³ºæ the exhange networks. The current evidence suggests º ̶Ł³̶œ ªæ̶ºØ ı œ̶Ł ³ Ø ¬̶mØ ̶Ł ØmœØßز © º̶ı¾̶²ı© ı ²æØ -̶øØ 4̶ µıøı ̶ Ø̶ ²æ ©³ºæ ²ıßØ from short-term site occupation and hunting of large ²Ø Ø ² ı̶œ ß̶ßß̶œ ²© R æıº ²̶²ı© ¬ı² 橳 Ø and longer periods of site occupation.
acknowledgements
5æı ²³Ł½ æ̶ ÆØØ ¬̶ ²œ½ R̶ªØŁ ƽ ²æØ Œ©œœ©¹ıº ¬ ©łØª² ̶Ł Œ©³Ł̶²ı© ²æØ " ºØ©¬©¬ ¬ ©łØª² 6ı-µØ ı²½ ©Œ )Øœ ıøı ²æØ 6ı6ı-µØ ı²½ ©Œ )Øœ ıøı $æ̶-ªØœœ© 5 ̶µØœ ( ̶² ²æØ 'ıı æ ( ̶Ł³̶²Ø 4ªæ©©œ ı archaeology, the Foundation for the advancement of ,̶ Øœı̶ $³œ²³ Ø ̶Ł ²æØ 0 ø̶ zS³Ł '©³Ł̶²ı©
note
1. The beginning of neolithic in Finnish context means the Æغııº ©Œ ¬©mØ ½ ³ Ø ©² Œ̶ ßıº
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