République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire
Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche
scientifique
Université Echahid Hamma Lakhder
d’El-oued
Faculté de la technologie
Département de mécanique
N° d'ordre : /2019/DM N° de série
Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du diplôme de
Doctorat LMD
en
Génie mécanique
Spécialité : énergétique
Préparé dans le laboratoire VTRS de l’université d’El oued
Présenté par
Abderrahmane Khechekhouche
Thème
:
Devant le jury:
Dr. Djilani Necib
Dr. Hocine Ben Moussa
Dr. Djamel Bechki
Dr. Abdelmalek Atia
Dr. Boubaker Ben Haoua
Dr. Zied Driss
MC.A. Université d’El oued
Prof. Université Batna 2
Prof. Université d’Ouargla
MC.A. Université d’El oued
Prof. Université d’El oued
Prof. ENIS. Université de Sfax
Président
Examinateur
Examinateur
Examinateur
Encadreur
Co-encadreur
Année universitaire 2018-2019
Amélioration d’un distillateur solaire plan à
effet de serre dans la région sud-est de l’Algérie
Contents Table
General introduction
Chapter I: Bibliographic studyDedications ... 4 Acknowledgment ... 5 Publications list ... 1 Publications ... 1 Communications internationales ... 1 Communications nationales ... 2 II.1. Introduction ... 25
II.2. Factors influence distillation ... 25
II.2.1. Climatic factors ... 25
II.2.1.1. Solar radiation ... 25
II.2.1.2. The Wind ... 25
II.2.1.3. Ambient temperature ... 26
II.2.2. Geometric factors ... 26
II.2.2.1. Surface, thickness and positioning of the condenser ... 26
II.2.2.2. The condenser cooling system ... 26
II.2.2.3. The water heating system ... 26
II.3. Different type of solar distillers ... 27
II.4. Measurement instrumentation ... 27
II.4.1. Card Arduino ... 27
II.4.2. LM35 thermal sensor ... 28
II.4.3. Pyranometer ... 28
II.4.4. PHM210 Standard Device ... 29
II.4.5. Device CDM210 Conductivity Meter ... 29
II.4.6. Graduated beaker ... 30
II.5. Energy balances in the solar still ... 30
II.5.1. Balance of glazing ... 30
II. 5.2. Water balance ... 31
II. 5.3. Bottom balance sheet (the absorber) ... 32
II.5.4. Balance sheet insulation ... 32
II.6. Heat exchange coefficients ... 33
II.6.2. By convection water-glass ... 33
II.6.3. By vaporization ... 34
II.6.4. By radiation: glass - ambient environment ... 34
II.6.5. Flow by convection: glass - ambient ... 35
II.6.6. Flow by convection: basin – glass ... 35
II.7. Main characteristics of a solar distiller ... 36
II.7.1. Yield of a solar distiller ... 36
II.7.2. The hourly exergy output ... 36
II.7.3. The hourly exergy input ... 36
II.7.4. Solar distiller efficiency ... 36
II.7.4.1. Global efficiency ... 36
II.7.4.2. Thermal efficiency ... 37
II.7.4.3. Fxergy effectiveness ... 37
II.9. Performance ... 37
II.10. Experience series ... 37
II.10.1. Experiment no1: Choosing Distillers ... 38
II.10.2. Experiment no2: Effect of radiation ... 38
II.10.3. Experiment no3: Effect of temperature difference between pond water-glass ... 39
II.10.4. Experiment no4: Effect of a metal absorber on distillation ... 39
II.10.5. Experiment no 5: Effect of an external refractor on distillation... 40
II.10.6. Experiment no6: Effect of glass cover thickness ... 40
II.10.7. Experiment no 7: effect of cylindrical plastic fins ... 41
II.10.8. Experiment no 8: effect of aluminium balls ... 42
II.10.9. Experiment no 9: effect of a flat solar collector ... 42
II.10.10. Experiment no 10: The choice of hot water outlet hole ... 43
II.10.11. Experiment no 11: effect of sand dune... 43
II.10.12. Experiment no 12: effect of an insulated air chamber as a glazed cover ... 44
II.11. Conclusion ... 44
References ... 45
III.1. Introduction ... 48
III.2. Method and Experience ... 49
III.2.1. Description of the solar distiller ... 49
III.2.2. Principle of operation ... 49
III.2.4. Treatment data of the first experiment ... 50
III.2.5. Treatment data of the second experiment ... 51
III.3. Result and discussion ... 52
III.3.1 Result of the first experience ... 52
III.3.1.1. Evolution of solar radiation ... 52
III.3.1.2. Evolution of ambient temperature ... 53
III.3.1.3. Evolution of the inner glazing temperature ... 54
III.3.1.4. Evolution of water temperature ... 54
III.3.1.5. Evolution of water productivity ... 55
III.3.1.6. Evolution of water accumulation ... 56
III.3.2. Result of the second experience ... 56
III.3.2.1. Solar radiation ... 56
III.3.2.2. Ambient temperature ... 57
III.3.2.3. Temperatures between water- inner face glass ... 58
III.3.2.4. Distilled water productivity ... 59
III.3.2.5. Accumulated of distilled water ... 60
III.4. Conclusion ... 61
References ... 61
IV.1. Introduction ... 65
IV.1. Evaluation of experiences ... 65
IV.1.1. Similarity experience ... 65
IV.1.2. Effect of a metallic absorber ... 67
IV.1.3. Effect of an external refractor ... 70
IV.1.4. Effect of glass cover thickness ... 71
IV.1.5. Effect of cylindrical plastic fins ... 72
IV.1.6. Effect of effect of aluminium balls ... 73
IV.1.7. Effect of a flat solar collector ... 74
IV. Conclusion ... 77
V.1. Introduction ... 80
V.2. Method and material ... 81
V.2.1 Groundwater in the El Oued region - Algeria ... 81
V.2.2. Description and principle of operation ... 81
V.2.3. Experience and measuring instruments ... 82
V.3. Results and Discussion ... 85
V.3.1. Variation of solar irradiance and ambient temperature ... 85
V.3.2. Time-wise variation of water, interior and exterior glass temperature ... 86
V.3.3. Time-wise variation of distilled water production ... 86
V.3.4. Time-wise variation of cumulative distilled ... 87
V.3.5. Time-wise variation of Thermal efficiency ... 88
V.3.6. Exergy efficiency ... 89 V.3.7. Discussion ... 90 V.4. Economic evaluation ... 91 V.5. Conclusion ... 92 References ... 92 VI.1. Introduction ... 97
VI.2. Experiment data ... 98
VI.2.1. Description of the solar distiller ... 98
VI.2.2. Principle of operations ... 99
VI.2.3. Meteorological conditions of the experiments ... 100
VI.2.4. Experimental error analysis ... 100
VI.3. Results and discussion ... 101
VI.3.1 Ambient temperature and solar radiation ... 101
VI.3.2. Variation of the temperatures of the two distillers ... 102
VI.3.3. Effect of water-glass temperature on productivity ... 103
VI.3.4. Productivity of the distilled water ... 103
VI.3.5. Accumulated distillate ... 104
VI.6. Hourly efficiency of the solar distillers ... 105
VI.7. Cost analysis ... 106
VI.8. Conclusion ... 106
References ... 107