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Mode-division-multiplexing as a possibility to cope with the increasing capacity demand in optical transmission systems

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HAL Id: tel-00762642

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00762642

Submitted on 7 Dec 2012

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systems

Clemens Koebele

To cite this version:

Clemens Koebele. Mode-division-multiplexing as a possibility to cope with the increasing capacity demand in optical transmission systems. Economics and Finance. Institut National des Télécommu-nications, 2012. English. �NNT : 2012TELE0014�. �tel-00762642�

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