Phylogenetic study of Aedes albopictus and Aedes
koreicus (Diptera, Culicidae) origin, two invasive
mosquito species in Belgium
Raharimalala F.N.
1 , 2,Boukraa S.
1, Bawin T.
1, Zimmer J.-Y.
1, Francis F.
11
Functional and Evolutionary Entomology – University of Liege (GxABT) – Belgium
2Institut Pasteur of Madagascar; Email:
entomologie.gembloux@ulg.ac.be
Key words: Culicidae, Aedes, invasive, phylogenetic study, Belgium
Introduction:
In Belgium, presence of the three invasive species of Aedes were mentioned until 2009: Aedes (Stegomya) albopictus (Skuse, 1894), Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) and Aedes koreicus (Edwards, 1917) (Versteir et al., 2009, 2012). Ae. albopictus was detected for the first time in 2000 for Belgium (Schaffner et al., 2004). Then, it was absent during 12 years until investigator field in July 2013. One male has been caught in Oost-Vlaanderen Province, in his older site (Boukraa et al., 2013). Larvae of Ae. koreicus were also caught in abundance in Maasmechelen village. Despite an intensive investigation, Ae. japonicus was not seen. Investigation study of the probable origin of these two species with their phylogenetics was conducted. Nested PCR with three mitochondrial loci were used: cytochrome-oxydase subunit 1; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 4 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 5 for evaluation of the relationships in the phylogenetics origin of these two species.
References:
Schaffner F, Van Bortel W, Coosemans M: First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Belgium. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2004, 20:201-203.
Boukraa S, Raharimalala FN, Zimmer JY, Schaffner F, Bawin T, Haubruge E, Francis F: Reintroduction of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in Belgium in July 2013. Parasite 2013, 20:54.
Versteirt V, Schaffner F, Garros C, Dekoninck W, Coosemans M, Van Bortel W: Introduction and establishment of the exotic mosquito species Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium. J Med Entomol 2009, 46:1464-1467. Versteirt V, De Clercq EM, Fonseca DM, Pecor J, Schaffner F, Coosemans M, Van Bortel W: Bionomics of the established exotic mosquito species Aedes koreicus in Belgium, Europe. J Med Entomol 2012, 49:1226-1232.
Material and methods:
Types of breeding sites for larvae collections
The CO2-baited traps Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus® (MMLP)
for adults captures DNA extracted + Nested PCR with specifics primers
Results:
Discussion:
Conclusions:
This study suggests that the probable origin of Ae. abopictus could be the United States. Phylogeny result confirms the investigation conducted from the proprietor of the firm and allowed us to suggest that the probable introduction way for Ae. albopictus in Belgium was the importation of used tires via USA. For Ae. koreicus, data deposited in GenBank about this invasive specie was very poor until today and has not allowed us to study its origin from the phylogenetic study. Nevertheless, research allowed us to confirm the theory of the closed relatives of Aedes japonicus sp and Aedes koreicus.
Discovery of these two invasive species suggests a significant risk of their establishment in Belgium and requires serious prophylactic measures. Knowledge of their origin is a crucial key element in the management of their invasion - development and should allow better tag actions that must be taken. Undeniably, these data will be explored (epidemiology, epidemic) and the development of a monitoring in the probable entrance doors.
Figure 1- Concatenated COI-ND5 genes of Aedes albopictus by the maximum likelihood method based on the Jukes-Cantor model .
Percentage bootstrap supports (1000 replicates) superior to 50% are given at each node.
Figure 2- Concatenated COI-ND4 genes of Aedes koreicus compared with Aedes japonicus sp sequences by the maximum likelihood method based on the Jukes-Cantor model .
Percentage bootstrap supports (1000 replicates) superior to 50% are given at each node. Branch lengths represent estimated substitutions per site. Aedes
notoscriptus (KF034773.1) was used as out-group; K1-K4: Aedes koreicus in
July 2013 for Belgium. Concatenation of COI-ND5
(919bp) gives a profile very closed to Aedes albopictus USA
Branch lengths represent estimated substitutions per site.
Aedes aegypti (AF390098.2)
was used as out-group
This work was supported by “Subside Federal for Research” (grant R.DIVE.05558-J-F), University of Liege (ULg) to FNR.
Recovered of monophyletic grouping of Aedes japonicus sp and Aedes
