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Fatigue Crack Propagation Under Variable Amplitude Loading in Steels Used in Francis Turbine Runners

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Figure 2.3 Stress intensity factor at the tip of a sharp crack in an infinite plane [14]  b) Load modes and plasticity
Figure 2.7 Crack growth rates versus ΔK eff  in the three different crack propagation regions       [25, 31]
Figure 2.11 Crack closure mechanisms at different crack growth regions at R  = 0.05 [29]
Figure 2.15 Crack growth rates as a function of crack length after an applied overload and  compressive underloads in austenitic stainless steel 316L [118]
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