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ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﺔــﺒﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺃ ﻡﻭﺜﻠﻜ ﻲﺸﻴﻭﺤ ﻱﺩﻭﺠ ﻲﺴﺍﺩﺭﻤ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡــﺴﻻﺍ ﺏـــﻘﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔــــﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔـــﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺩ . ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔــــﻤﺎﻤﻋﻭﺒ ﺫﺎـﺘﺴﺃ ﺭـــﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﻤﺎﺠ ﺔـﻌ ﺔــﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺎــــﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺩ . ﻱﺩﻭﺠ ﻲـــﺴﺍﺩﺭﻤ ﺫﺎـﺘﺴﺃ ﺭـــﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺔـﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔــﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺎﻓﺭﺸﻤ ﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻭ ﺃ. ﺩ / ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﺯﻋ ﻱﻭﺍﺭـﺤﺼ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲــﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔـﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔــﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺍﻭــــﻀﻋ ﺃ. ﺩ / ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻨﺎﺴﻴﻋ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲــﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔــﻠﻗﺭﻭ ﺍﻭــــﻀﻋ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ 1432 -1433 ـﻫ / 2011 -2012 ﻡ
i ﺩﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﷲ ﺏﺭ ،ﻥﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺎﻤ ﻡﻭﻴ ،ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺤﺭ ،ﻥﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﺓﻼﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺇ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻫﻭ ﺱﺎﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻌﻤﺠﺃ . ﻥﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ،ﻡﻬﺴﺎﻨﺠﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،لﻫﺎﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺘﻤ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻋ لﻭﺠﻴ ﻡﻫﺭﻁﺍﻭﺨﺒ ﺎﻤﻋﻭ ﺞﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻲﻓ ،ﻡﻬﺴﻭﻔﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ . -ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﺴﺒ لﺒﻗ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺼﺃ ﻑﺭﺼﻭ ،ﻭﺤﻨﻭ ﻻﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﻜ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ لﺯﻌﻤﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ لﻭﻘﻴ " ﺩﻨﺎﻨﻴﺩﻴﺭﻓ ،ﺭﻴﺴﻭﺴﻭﺩ " Ferdinand de Saussure " :" ﻻ ﻥﺎﻴﻜ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺇ ﻻ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺫ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ "، ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒﻓ ﺭﺎﺼ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ،ﺎﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺎﻬﺒﻭ ﺕﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻭ ﻎﻠﺒ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﺘﻭﺭﺫ . ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻜ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺕﻌِﻀﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤ لﻜﻓ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺩﻫ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻤﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺡﻭﻀﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻷﻭ ﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﻻ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺒﺜﻴ ﺎﻤﺯﺠ ﻥﺃ ﻻ لﻴﺒﺴ لﻼﺤﻹ ﻅﻔﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻅﻔﻝ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﺫﺇ ﺔﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ لﺯﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺩﺍﺭﻤ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ﻱﺭﺩﺯﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻘﻤ ﺘ ﻥﺴﺤﺘﺴ ﻪﻴﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﻝﻭ ﺭﻔﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺤ ﻕﺴﺘﺘ ﻪﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ . ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻷ ﻑﺩﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﺘ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻤﻴﺃ ،ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻕﻔﺘﻴ ﺔﻤﺴﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻋﺍﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ لﻼﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﺤﻴﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺄﺒﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻁ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﻻﻭ ﻴ ﺎﻫﻭﻠﺠ ﻻﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻝ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ . ﻥﻤﻭ لﻜ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻝﻭ ﻲﻬﺠﻭ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻨﺜﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲِﻠﻋ ﺩﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺎﻀ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻝ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻊﻗﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ " ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ " ) ∗ ( ﻲﺒﻷ لﻼﻫ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ، ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﺘﺘ ،ﺎﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﻡﺩﻘﻴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﺴﺘﻴ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﺤﻨ ) ∗ ( -ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﻁ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﺒ " ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ."
ii ،لﻭﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻁﻨﻴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﻀﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻭ لﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﻑﺩﺍﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﺘﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﻝﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﺔﻌﻓﺎﻨ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡﻬﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﺤﺘﻓ ﺒﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎ ﺎﻗﺎﻓﺁ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻼﻀﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﻬﺠﻤ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ لﺌﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃﻭ ،ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺃﺭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ لﻌﺠﺘ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻴﺃ لﻬﺴﺃﻭ . ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻊﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻲﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺓﺩﺎﻓﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ " ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ " ﻲﻓ ﺀﻭﻀ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺍﻭﺩ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠﺘ ﺕﺎﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤ ـﺒ : " ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻷ لﻼﻫ ﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻭﻀ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ." ﻲﺴﺘﻜﻴﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻬﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻁﺤﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﻨﻤ ،ﻡﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﻻ ﻑﺤﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺤ ﺎﻨﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺩﺒﻻ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺎﻴﻤﻠﻋ لﻭﺎﺤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻪﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﻊﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﺼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺫﺇ ﻡﻝ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻪﺒ ﻑﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﺎﻜﻨﺇ ﻑﺩﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺴﺤﻓ لﺒ ﻰﻌﺴ ﺍﺩﻫﺎﺠ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻪﺴﻤﻠﻨ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﺨﺍﺩﺘ ﺕﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ لﻜﺸﺃ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻬ ﺍﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻗ ﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻲﻓ لﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ . ﻑﺩﻬﻴﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ : -ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺎﻬﺴﺇ " ﻲﺒﺃ لﻼﻫ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ " ﻲﻓ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ " ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ."
iii -ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻪﺒ " ﻭﺒﺃ لﻼﻫ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ " ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﺒ ﻲﺘﻴﺭﻅﻨ " ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ " ﻭ " ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ." -ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﺕﻴﺄﺘﺭﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﻴ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻤﺭﻴ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ لﺨﺩﻤﻭ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻭ لﻭﺼﻓ ،ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ لﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺔﺒﺘﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺝﻭﻝﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝ ،ﻩﺭﻫﻭﺠﻭ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻓ ﻪﻴﻓ : * ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﺒ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ . * ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ . * ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻴﺭﻅﻨﺒ " ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ " ﻭ " ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ." -ﺎﻤﺃ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺜﻤﻴﻓ ﻼﻘﺤ ﺎﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ لﻤﺸﻴ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ لﻤﺘﺸﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ – ﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ -ﺕﻤﻀ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﻻ ﺱﺄﺒ ﻪﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﺃ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺕﻠﻜﺸ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ) ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻪﺒﺤﺎﺼ .( ﺎﻤﺃ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺹﺘﺨﺎﻓ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻤﺫﻝﺍ لﻜﻭ ﺎﻤ لﺼﺘﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﺃ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻩﺎﻴﺎﻨﺜ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ . ﺕﺼﻠﺨﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺘﻜﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻝ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺴﻓﻭ ﻲﻝ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﺸﻜﻭ ﻲﻝ ﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺽﻤﻏ ﺱﺒﹶﻝﻭ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﻥﻤ لﺒﻗ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﺒ ﺓﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﻙﺸﻻ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻ ﻭﻠﺨﻴ ﻱﺃ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺽﺭﺘﻌﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ،ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻌﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﻜﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﺯﻭﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺜﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﺇ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻊﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺸﺃ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺎﻬﺒﻌﺼﺃﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺜﺍﺭﺘ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻊﻨﺼ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻪﻜﺎﻜﺘﺤﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ، ﺎﻤ ﺩﻝﻭﺘ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺕﺤﺭﻁ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻪﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ لﻫﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ
iv ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻼﺼﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻪﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺭﺴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻨﻏ ؟ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻻ ﻲﻨﻌﺴﻴ ﻻﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻓﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﺴﺍﺭﺒﻨ ﻲﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻼﻅ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺯﻴﻝﺎﻫﺩﻭ ﻪﻠﻀﻔﺒﻭ، ﺕﻌﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺒﺴ ﺭﺍﻭﻏﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﻭ ﻪﻬﻨﻜ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺭﺎﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺎﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻋ لﻜﺒ ﺎﻤ لﻌﻔﻴ ﻻ ﻴ لﺨﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻭﺒ ﻻﻭ ،ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺄﺒ ﻪﹸﺘﻤِﺴ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﻨﻭ ﻕﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻩﺍﺯﺠﻓ ﷲﺍ ﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺠﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺍﻭﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻝﺫﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻬﺠ ﺹﻼﺨﺇﻭ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ . ﻻﻭ ﻲﻨﺘﻭﻔﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﺕﺭﺭﺴ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺄﺒ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﺤﻨﺃ ﻻﻼﺠﺇ ﺍﺭﺎﺒﻜﺇﻭ لﺜﻤﻝ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺠﺭﻨﻭ ﻥﻤ ﷲﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻓﻹﺍ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻪﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝﻭ ﻲﻨﻤ لﻜ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ . لﻜﻝ ﺀﻲﺸ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺘ ،ﻥﺎﺼﻘﻨ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻻﺇ ﷲﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﻜﻭﺘ ﻪﺒﻭ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﺴﺃ .
1
ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ
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ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ
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ﺡﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ
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ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ
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ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ
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ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ
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ﻑﺩﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ
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ﻲﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ
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ﺩﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ
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ﻥﻴﻤﻀﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻤﺘﺸﻻﺍ
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لﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ
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ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ
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ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ
ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﻓ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﻝﺎﻌﺜﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﻴ " ﻪﻝﻭﺴﺭ ﺏﺤﺃ ﷲﺍ ﺏﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺇ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ – ﻡﻠﺴﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲﺍ ﻰﻠﺼ ﺏﺤﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺃ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺠﻌﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ لﺯﻨ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺃ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺃ ﺡﺭﺸﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﻺﻝ ﷲﺍ ﻩﺍﺩﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﻤﻫ ﻑﺭﺼﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﺎﺜﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﻨﻋ ﻡﻠﺴﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲﺍ ﻰﻠﺼ ﺍﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻋﺃﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺭﺴ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻩﺎﺘﺃﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻺﻝ ﻩﺭﺩﺼ ﺭﻴﺨ لﺎﺒﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ لﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺍﻭ ،لﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻨﺎﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻔﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺵﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﺏﺒﺴﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻘﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤﻭ ﻡﻠﻌ ﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ) 1 ( . ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﺍﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻱﺩﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺕﺯﺭﺒ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ لﺎﺜﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺌﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻫﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻯﺭﻨﻭ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﻫﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻥﺒ لﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ ) ﺕ 175 ـﻫ ( ، ) ﻪﻴﻭﺒﻴﺴ " ﺕ 180 ـﻫ (" ﺵﻔﺨﻷﺍ ، ) ﺕ 215 ـﻫ ( ﻲﺌﺎﺴﻜﻝﺍ ، ) ﺕ 182 ـﻫ ( ﺩﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍ ، ) ﺕ 285 ـﻫ ( ﺀﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ، ) ﺕ 207 ـﻫ ( ، ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ . ﻱﻭﻗ ﺩﻫﺎﺸ ﻱﺩﻴﻫﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻥﺒ لﻴﻠﺨﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ لﻌﻝﻭ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺡﻭﻀﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊِﻀﹾﺨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺫﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻡﺭﺎﺼ ﻲﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﻲﻠﻘﻋ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝ ﻡﺨﻀ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻭ لﺌﺎﻫ ﺀﺍﺭﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ لﻌﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ لﻜﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻬﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻝ لﺎﺜﻤ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻠ " ﺔـﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭـﻔﻝﺍ " لﻼـﻫ ﻲـﺒﻷ ) 1 ( -ﻁ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ لﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺏﻴﺴﻨ ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﻲﺒﻝﺎﻌﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺒ ﺭﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﻲﺒﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻭ ﻪﻘﻓ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ 1 ) 1418 ـﻫ -1998 ﻡ .(
3 ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ) ∗ ( . ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﺜ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ) 1 ( . ﻪﻴﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﻫ ﻲﺒﺃ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻴﺩﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻘﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﺘ ﻑﺩﺍﺭﺘ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﻨﻴﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻝﻻﺩ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺔﻬﺠ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺫﺇ ﻪﺘﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﻴﻝﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻝ ﺙﻋﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ " : ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺕﻴﺃﺭ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻨﺇ ﻪﻓﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﺏﺘﻜ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻑﻨﺼ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻻﺇ ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻓﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺇ ﻪﻓﺎﻨﺼﺃ ﻡﻅﹼﻨﺘﻭ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﻥﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ : ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻜﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻁﻠﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺄﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻁﺨﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻀﻐﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺌﻴﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻹﺍﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻁﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،لﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ... ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﺃﺭ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻨﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻜﺎﺸ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻜ ﺎﻬﻫﺎﺒﺸﺃﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ،ﻪﻌﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﺜﻜ ﻊﻤ ﺏﻏﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻘﻴﻭ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻜﻴ ﺎﺒﺎﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﺕﻠﻤﻌﻓ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻲﻤﻼﻜ ﺕﻠﻌﺠﻭ ،ﺭﻴﺼﻘﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺇ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﻤﺘﺸﻤ ﻝﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﷲﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺽﺭﻌﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺭﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻔ ﺭﻴﺨﻭ ﻁﺤﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺍﺩﺼﻗ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻝ ﻪﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ لﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻁﺴﻭﺃ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ " ) 2 ( . ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻩﺩﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ لﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﺌﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ : ) ∗ ( ﻡﺭﻜﻤ ﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻝﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻬﻤ ﻥﺒ ﻲﺤﻴ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﻥﺒ لﻬﺴ ﻥﺒ ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻥﺒ ﻥﺴﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﻫ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻭﻫ ) ﺱﺭﺎﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﺼﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ( ﺎﻤﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻓﻭﻭ ﻪﺘﺩﻻﻭﻝ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻭﺨﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻴ ﻡﻠﻓ لﻴﻠﻗ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻅﺤ ،ﻪﺘﺒﺴﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﺒ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﻪﺘﻴﺍﻭﺭﺒ ﺭﻬﺘﺸﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺎﻌﻤ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻩﻭﻔﺼﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻪﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻴﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻭﻝﺎﻗ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺫﻓﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺭﺼﺒﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺃﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﻁﺎﺤﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺍﺩﺁﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻪﻤﺎﻤﻝﺇﻭ ﺭﻭﺜﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﺒﺴ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ . ﺀﻭﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻔﺴﺁ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﺭﺒ ﺵﺎﻋﻭ ،ﻪﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﻪﺒﺩﺄﺒ ﺎﻗﺯﺭ ﻻﻭ ﻻﺎﻤ ﺏﺴﻜﻴ ﻡﻠﻓ ﺎﻔﻴﻔﻋ ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺩﺸﻨﻤ لﻭﻘﻴﻓ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻪﻅﺤ : ﺱﺎﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻤﺘ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺃ ** ﺡﻼـﺼ ﻡﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﺎﻤ ﻡﺎﺌﻝ ﺯﺎﺒ ﺽﺒﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺎﻁﻜ ﺕﻴﻘﺒ ** ﺭﺠ ﺡﺎﻨﺠ ﻪﻝ ﺽﻴﻫ ،ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺢﻴ ) 1 ( ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻴﺭﻏ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺩﻭﻭﺍﺩ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ 2008 ﺹ ، 7 . ) 2 ( ﺹ ،ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﻫ ﻲﺒﺃ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ 7 ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻫﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﻪﻘﻘﺤﻭ ﻪﻁﺒﻀ : ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺤ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﻨﻬﺒﻝﺍ ) ﺕ ،ﺩ .(
4 * ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻴﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻴ ﻥﺍﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ . * ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ . * ﻥﺎﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺅﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ . * لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ . * ﺽﻴﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ . * ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ . * ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻪﺒﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ . * ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ لﺼﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ . ﺍ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻘﻴﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﻪﺘﻴﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺘﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻭﻋﺩﻴﻭ ﺎﻨﺘﺩﺌﻓﺃﻭ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﺭﻜﻓﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋﻭ ﻕﻴﻗﺩ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻻﻭﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﻐﻠﻝ ﻡﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ . ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﻫ ﻲﺒﺃ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺩﻗﻭ – ﻪﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ -ﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼ-ﻤﺘﺸ-ﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎ ﺎﺒﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺜﻼﺜ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﺀﺎﺠﻭ ،ﺭﻴﺼﻘﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺇ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ . لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﻋ : ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻐﻝ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻ ﺎﺒﺠﻭﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻨﺎﺒﻹﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻼﻜ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ لﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ... ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻙﻴﻝﺍﻭﺩ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ .
5 ﺔﺌﻁﻭﺘ : ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ : ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﻴ Linigustique ﻪﻨﻤ ﺕﻋﺭﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻉﺭﻓ لﻜﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺍﺫ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﻪﺒﺘﻜﻭ ﻪﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻉﺭﻓ لﻜﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ لﺒ ،ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﻑﻻﻵﺎﺒ لﺒ ﺕﺎﺌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺩﺼﺘ ﻪﺘﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻭ ﻩﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ لﻜ ﻊﺒﺎﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻋﻭﺭﻓ . ﺎﻬﺒﻌﺸﺘﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺕﻼﺼ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﺒ ﻪﻋﻭﺭﻓ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ) 1 ( . ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘﺒﺍ ﺩﻘﻠﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺍﻭﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻴﺘﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺼﻷﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻫﺍ ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺭﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻯﺯﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ M.Bréal ﻡﻠﻋ لﺨﺩﺃ ﻪﹼﻨﺃ ﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺼﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝ . ﺭﻴﺴﻭﺴ ﻱﺩ ﻱﺩﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻡﺜ De Fedinand saussure ﻲﻨﻭﺭﻜﻨﻴﺴ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻯﺩﺎﻨ ﺩﻗﻭ Synchronique ) ﻲﻔﺼﻭ ( ﻲﻨﻭﺭﻜﺎﻴﺩ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻭ Diachronique ) ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ( ﻙﻝﺫ ﻯﺩﺃﻭ ﺎﺒﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺝﺍﺭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺠﺤ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ ﺭﻴﺴﻭﺴ ﻱﺩ ﻡﺘﻫﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ . ﻭﻫ لﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ،لﻭﻝﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻜﺭﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺢﻀﻭﺃﻭ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩ ﺩﻘﻓ ) 1 ( ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،لﻴﻠﺨ ﻲﻤﻠﺤ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ 2007 ﺹ ، 171 .
6 ﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﺃﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ لﻭﻝﺩ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻜ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ) 1 ( . ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ لﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﻓ ﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻓﺩﻫ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻓ ،ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ لﻬﺴ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﻕﺴﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ لﻜ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻉﺭﻓ لﻜﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﺎﺠﻤ ) 2 ( . ﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻜﻓ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘ – ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﻪﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻲﻤﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻲﻜﻝﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ) 3 ( : ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺭﻔﻝ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻼﻤﻋ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻭﻤﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﻗ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ) 4 ( . ﺕﺍﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﺇ " ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ " ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻥﻴﺘﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻤﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﻭﺼ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻊﻘﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻥﻬﺘﻝﻻﺩ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻑ : ﺭﺎﺴ ،ﺭﺎﻀ ،ﺭﺎﺤ . ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ " ﺩﺴﺃ " ﻭ " ﺩﺴﺃ " ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺩﺴﻝﺍ . ﻥﻭﻜﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﺘ ،ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺤ ﺩﺴﺃﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻥﺍﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻥﺍﺩﺎﻜﻴ ﻻ ﺭﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﹼﻻﺇ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ) 5 ( . ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﻴﻐﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺄﺸﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻙﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﺼ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﻗ لﻤﺄﺘ ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ : )) ﻥِﺇ ﻩُﺅﺍﺯﺠ ﺎﻤﹶﻓ ﺍﻭﹸﻝﺎﹶﻗ ﻩُﺅﺍﺯﺠ ﻭﻬﹶﻓ ِﻪِﻠﺤﺭ ﻲِﻓ ﺩِﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻩُﺅﺍﺯﺠ ﺍﻭﹸﻝﺎﹶﻗ ،ﻥﻴِﺒِﺫﺎﹶﻜ ﻡﹸﺘﹾﻨﹸﻜ (( " ﻑﺴﻭﻴ 74 -75 " ﺎﻤﻤﻭ ، ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻐﻨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻙﺸﻻ " : ﻩﺅﺍﺯﺠ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺍﻭﻝﺎﻗ : ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻬﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻐﻨﺒ " ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ) 1 ( -ﻁ ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ،ﻥﻴﻨﺴﺤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﺡﻼﺼ ،ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ 1 ، 2005 ﺹ ، 5 . ) 2 ( -ﻁ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺼﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﺸﺎﻜﻋ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ 1 ) 1426 ـﻫ -2005 ﻡ ( ﺹ ، 9 . ) 3 ( -ﻁ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ،ﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ 7 ) 1430 ـﻫ -2009 ﻡ ( ﺹ ، 13 . ) 4 ( ﺹ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ 285 . ) 5 ( لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺹ ،ﺔﺸﺎﻜﻋ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ 9 ، 46 .
7 ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻴﻭ ﻥﺎﻫﺫﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻵﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻴﺴ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻐﻨﺒ ﻩﺅﺍﺯﺠ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻪﻠﺤﺭ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤ ) 1 ( . -ﻌﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻐﻴﺼﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻴ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻨ لﺜﻤ : لﻭﺘﻘﻤﻭ لﺘﺎﻗ . ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺹﺎﺨ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﺘ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ لﻜﻓ ،ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻊﻗﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻭﻌﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝ ﻲﻔﻜﻴ ﻼﻓ ،ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﻎﻴﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻴﻭ ﻥﺎ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒﻻ لﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺎﻤﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ) 2 ( . ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ لﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻴﻓ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃﻭ لﻜﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺩﺅﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻭﻠﻓ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ( ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺎﻁ ﻙﻝﻭﻗ ﺏﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺎﻁﻭ ،ﻁﻘ . ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻓ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺏﻴﺼﻨﺒ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻴﻭ لﻜﻓ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺩﺭﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻻﺩ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻨ ﻥﺤﻨﻓ ،ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺠ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻌﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﺘﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻨﻌﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴﻭ ﻪﻝ ﻑﻝﺎﺨﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺎ ) 3 ( . ﻥﻭﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﻥﻭﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻭﺤﻨﻝﺎﻓ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤﺃ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﻴﺤﻓ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ : " ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﻰﺴﻭﻤ ﺭﻜﺸ " ،ﺭﻜﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻰﺴﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻭﺘﻴ ﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ لﺼﺃ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﺯ ﺭﻜﺸ لﻭﻘﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ،ﺱﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻷ ﺔﻴﻠ ) 1 ( -ﺹ ،ﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ 13 . ) 2 ( ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 12 ﺹ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺩﻴﺯ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻱﺩﻭﻌﺴ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻨ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻴﻭ ، 48 -51 . ) 3 ( ﺹ ،ﺔﺸﺎﻜﻋ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ 10 .
8 ﺔﻴﻶﻝ ﺎﻨﺘﺀﺍﺭﻗ : )) ﺀﺎﻤﹶﻠﻌﹾﻝﺍ ِﻩِﺩﺎﺒِﻋ ﻥِﻤ ﻪﱠﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﹶﺸﹾﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﱠﻨِﺇ (( " ﺭﻁﺎﻓ 28 " ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻥﻭﺸﺨﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻫ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 1 ( . ﺽﻌﺒ ﻑﻴﻨﺎﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ لﻜ ﻲﻓ لﻐﻠﻐﺘﻴ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻓ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻋﻭﺭﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ " : ﻲﺴﻭﻤﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ " Lexical morphologie " ﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻎﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻘﺘﺸﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻭ ﺎﻬ ﻕﺤﺍﻭﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺒﺍﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻎﻴﺼ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﺘﻭ ،ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻭﻤﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺃﻭ لﺨﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ Lexical Sémantique ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺎﻓ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻭ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻝﻻﺩ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴﻭ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ لﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺎﻬﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺤﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﺔ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺨﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺼﺄﺒ ) 2 ( . -ﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻻﺇ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﻼﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﻜﻝ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ . ﺡﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ : ﻥﻤ ﺢﺼﻓﺃ ﺢﺘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻀﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺴﻜﻭ لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﺘﻔﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ) ّلﺩ -ّلﺩﻴ ( ﻯﺩﻫ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻲﻠﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻠﻴﻝﺩﻭ لﻴﻝﺩ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ : ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ) 3 ( . لﺎﻘﻴﻭ : ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻪﹼﻝﺩﻴ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﹼﻝﺩ ﺔﻝﻭﻝﺩﻭ ﺔﻝﻻِﺩﻭ : ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﺇ ﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺩﺩﺴ ) 4 ( . ﻁﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﹼﻝﺩﻭ ﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘ : ﻩﺍﺩﻫﻭ ،ﻩﻭﺤﻨ ﻩﺩﺩﺴﻭ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻩﺩﺸﺭﺃ ) 5 ( . ﺭﺫﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﻝ ) لﻝﺩ ( ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺄﺒ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﻭ . ﺱﺭﺎﻓ ﻥﺒﺍ لﺎﻗ ) ﺕ 395 ـﻫ :( ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﻷﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻼﻓ ﺕﻠﻝﺩ ) 6 ( . ) 1 ( -ﺁﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﺭﺸ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻁ ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺨ 1 ، ) 1409 ـﻫ -1989 ﻡ ( ﺹ ، 14 . ) 2 ( ﺹ ،ﺔﺸﺎﻜﻋ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ 15 . ) 3 ( -ﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺇ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺽﻭﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﻱﺭﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺫﻬﺘ ﻁ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺙ 1 ، 2001 ، 14 / 48 . ) 4 ( -ﻁ ،ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺸﺭ ﺩﻝﺎﺨ ﻪﻴﺸﺍﻭﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻋﻭ ﻪﻘﻘﺤ ،ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﺒﺍ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ 1 ) 2008 ( ، 4 / 382 . ) 5 ( -ﻁ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻱﺭﺸﺨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ 1 ) 1426 ـﻫ -1427 ـﻫ ( ، 2006 ﺹ ، 193 . ) 6 ( ﻁ ،ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺎﻫ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﺱﺭﺎﻓ ﻥﺒﺍ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺎﻘﻤ ) 1399 ـﻫ -1979 ﻡ ( ، 2 / 260 .
9 -ﻱﺭﻫﻭﺠﻝﺍ لﺎﻗ " : لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻪﺒ لﺩﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ : لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ... ﻲﻠﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍﻭ " لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ، ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻤﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺎﺼ ﺽﺭﺘﻋﺍﻭ ) ﻱﺩﺎﺒﺁ ﺯﻭﺭﻴﻔﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻠﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻌﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻫﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭﻬﺴ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺎﻗﻭ ،لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ) 2 ( ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ " ﺔﻝﻭﻝﺩﻭ ﹲﺔﻝﻻِﺩﻭ ﹰﺔﹶﻝﹶﻻﺩ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﻭﺫ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺅﺭﻤﺍ ﻲﹼﻨﺇ ﺩﻴﺒﻋ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺩﺸﻨﺃﻭ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺢﺘﻔﻝﺍﻭ " ) 3 ( . ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻓ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻙﺸﻻ ﺎﻤﻤﻭ – لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﺘﻔﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺴﻜﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺘﻤﻭ ﻁﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 4 ( . -لﺎﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺸﺨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ " : ﺕﻴﺩﺘﻫﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻝﺩﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﹼﻝﺩﻭ ،ﻪﻠﻋﺎﻔﻜ ﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺌﻻﺩ ﻩﻼﻴﱢﻝﺩﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻯﺩﻫ ﺍﻭﻠﺒﻗﺍ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﺒ لﺩﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺃﻭ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺃ ﺕﺭﺼﺎﻨﺘﻭ ل ) 5 ( . ﺭﺫﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ﺎﻤﻤﻭ ) ﺩ . ل . ل ( ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﺒ ﺱﻭﺃ لﺎﻗ ،ﺏﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ لﺩﻝﺩﺘ لﺎﻘﻴ ،ﺎﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﻲﺘﺄﻴﻭ ،ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﺠﺤ : ﻥﻤ ﻡﺃ ﻡِﻫِﺭﻤﺃ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺍﻭﻋﺎﻀﺃ ﻲﺤﻝ * ِلﺍﺩﹾﻝﺩ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ِﻁﻭﺴﹸﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ * ﻁﻭﺴﻘﻝﺍ : ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻭﺠﻝﺍ : ﺔﻋﺎﻁﻝﺍ ) 6 ( . ﻲﻫ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ " : ﻥﺃ ﺩﻫﺎﺸﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻭﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻪﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺩﺼﻗ ﻪﺒ لﺩﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺼﻗ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﺜﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﺘ ﻡﺌﺎﻬﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻋﺎﻓ "... ) 7 ( . ) 1 ( -ﻴﻼﻤﻠﻝ ،ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺭﺎﻁﻋ ﺭﻭﻔﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﻱﺭﻫﻭﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺤﺼﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘ ﻁ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻥﻴ 3 ) 1984 ( ، 4 / 1698 . ) 2 ( -ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺏﺘﻜﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺒﺁ ﺯﻭﺭﻴﻔﻝﺍ ،ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻤﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻁ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ 3 ) 1430 ـﻫ -2009 ﻡ ( ، ﺹ 1000 . ) 3 ( ،ﻱﺭﻫﻭﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺤﺼﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘ 4 / 1698 . ) 4 ( -ﻁ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،-ﻁﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ 2 ﺹ ، 317 . ) 5 ( ﺹ ،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ 193 . ) 6 ( ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺎﻘﻤ 2 / 260 . ) 7 ( ﺹ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ 52 .
10 ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﺸﺭﻹﺎﺒ ﻲﺤﻭﻴ ﺀﺎﻤﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﺸﺭﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻋﺃ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ) 1 ( . ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ " Sémantique " ﻯﺩﻝ لﺎﻴﺭﺒ لﺎﺸﻴﻤ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ M. Bréal ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ) 1883 ( ﺭﺒﻌﻴﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺭﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻭﻫ ) 2 ( . ﺙﻨﺅﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴ لﺼﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻘﺘﺸﺍﻭ " semartiké " ﻩﺭﻜﺫﻤ " Sémantikos " ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻩﺭﺩﺼﻤﻭ " Séma " ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺇ . ﺡﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺕﻠﻘﻨ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﺒﻝ ﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﻻﻭﺍﺩﺘﻤ ﻪﻠﻌﺠ ﻉﺎﻤﺠﺈﺒ ﻲﻅ " Sémanties " ) 3 ( . ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ) Sémantique ( ﺎﻤﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ لﻴﺭﺒ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻤ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻨ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻭ ) 4 ( ﻪﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍﻭ ﻪﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ّلﻜ . ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﺫﺇ " : ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ " ﻭﺃ " ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ " ﻭﺃ " ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺫ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ) 5 ( . ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﻗﻭ " ﻭ ﻥﺩﺠﻭﺃ " ﺯﺩﺭﺎﺸﺘﻴﺭ ) " Ogden&Richards ( ﺎﻤﻬﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ "
The meaning of meaning
" ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﺃ ، ﺎﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ) 6 ( . ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻌﻨﺎﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻬﻓ " : لﺌﺎﺴﻤﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﻴﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﺭﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺃ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺯﻤﺭ لﻜ ﻪﻴﻓ لﺨﺩﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ﻲﺒﺃ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ،ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺵﻴﻭﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﺩﻋ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﻱﻭﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ) 1419 ـﻫ -1998 ( ﺹ ، 692 . ) 2 ( ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ) 1973 ﻡ ( ﺹ ، 6 . Dect : la rousse, p 682. ) 4 ( -ﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺹ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ،ﻲﺒ 291 . ) 5 ( ﺹ ،ﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ 11 . ) 6 ( -،ﺭﻭﻜﺩﻤ ﻑﻁﺎﻋ ،ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ 1987 ﺹ ، 234 .
11 ﻱﻭﻐﻝ ) ﺍﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻝﻷﺍ ،ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ،ﺕ ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ) 1 ( . -ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﺒ ﻪﺘﻠﺼ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﺍ ﻁﺤﻤﻭ ،ﺏﺫﺠ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻜﺸ ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻁﻝ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﺌﻴﺸﻓ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺎﻫﺎﻘﻠﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﹼﻻﺇ ﻪﻌﻤ ﺩﻝﻭﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻤﺄﺘﻴ ﺡﺍﺭﻓ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻋ ﻻﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻪﻝﻭﺤ ﻥﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻜﻠﻤ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﺘ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺭﺃﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﺒﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻔﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺞﻝﺍﻭﺨﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﻹﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻻﺇ ﺀﻲﺸﻝ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻬﻨﻜ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ . ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﻡﻬﺜﻭﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﺴﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻻﺩﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻜﻓ ﺕﻠﻐﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ . -ﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻗﺎﺒﺴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻭﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺘﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ . ﻡﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺕﻤﺴﺘﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ) 2 ( . ﻥﻤﻭ ﺩﻭﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺕﻗﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ : * ﺕﺎﻴﻤﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ . * ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻅﻔﻠ . * ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ . * ﺭﻭﺩ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻲﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺩﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ) 3 ( . ﺏﺎﺠﻋﺇ ﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻴﺜﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﻴﺩﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻊﻤ ﻩﻭﻨﻠﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻡﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺍﻭﻨﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺡﺭﺼ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻨﺒﻓ ) 1 ( -ﻁ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤ ﻭﻠﺠﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ﺔﺸﺎﻜﻋ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ 1 ) 2000 ( ﺹ ، 54 . ) 2 ( -ﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝ-ﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝ-ﺍ ﻁ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ،ﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝ 8 ) 2003 ( ﺹ، 57 ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺃﻭ ، ، ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﻥﻤﻭﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻝﺍ ) 2000 ﻡ ( ﺹ ، 11 . ) 3 ( ،ﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ 18 -19 ﺹ ،ﺩﻴﺯ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻨ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺃﻭ ، 67 .
12 ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻲﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ " . ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺄﻓ " ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﺘﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻭ ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺕﺍﻭﺼﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻤ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺭﻜﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ " ﻥﻭﻁﻼﻓﺃ " ﻪﻝﻭﻝﺩﻤﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ " : ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺼ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻯﺃﺭ ﺫﺇ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ " ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ " ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻋ ﺔﻴﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ) 1 ( . -ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺭﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ) 2 ( ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺨ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻓﻭ ﺔﻘﻁﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻝﻭﺼﺃﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒﻭ ﻥﻭﺭﺴﻔﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ . -لﺎﻗ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻁﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺃ ﻩﺩﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﻨﺠ ﻥﺒﺎﻓ " : ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺤ ﻡﻬﻀﺍﺭﻏﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻭﻗ لﻜ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﺕﺍﻭﺼﺃ ) 3 ( . ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻕﺭﻁﺘ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ " ﻅﺤﺎﺠﻝﺍ " ﻲﻓ " ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ " ﻭ ، " ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ " ﻲﻓ " ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺴﺃ " ﻲﻓﻭ " ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺎﺠﻋﻹﺍ لﺌﻻﺩ " ﻭ " ﻕﻴﺸﺭ ﻥﺒﺍ " ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ " ﺓﺩﻤﻌﻝﺍ ." ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﻭﺯﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ " ﺡﺎﻀﻴﻹﺍ " ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻠﺼ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒﺒ . -ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺽﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻅﺤﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﻴ " : ﺩﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﻀﻭ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻝﻻ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﹼﻠﻜﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ لﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺩﻭ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﺼﻭ ﻊﺠﻨﺃﻭ ﻊﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﻨﺃﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺢﺼﻓﺃﻭ ﺢﻀﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ . ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻔﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 4 ( . -ﻪﻝﻭﻘﺒ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ " : ﻥﻭﻜ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﺀﻲﺸﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺯﻠﻴ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﺒ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ لﻭﻝﺩﻤﻝﺍ ) 5 ( . لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻴﻭ " ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺒ " ﺭﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺯﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ) 1 ( -ﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ،ﺱﻴﻨﺃ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ،ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻁ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻠﺠ 3 ) 1972 ( ﺹ، 62 . ) 2 ( ﺹ ،ﺱﻴﻨﺃ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﻹ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ 64 . ) 3 ( ﺹ،ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﺠ ﻥﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﺢﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺒﺃ ،ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ 33 . ) 4 ( ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﻴﻭﺠ ﺵﻴﻭﺭﺩ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﻅﺤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﻲﺒﺃ ، ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ) 1429 ـﻫ -2008 ﻡ ( ، 1 / 14 . ) 5 ( -ﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨ ﻪﻘﻘﺤ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺒ ﻲﻠﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻁ ،ﻲﺴﻨ 1 ) 2007 ﻡ ( ﺹ ، 174 .
13 ﺎﻅﻔﻝ لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻬﹼﻠﻜ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻅﻔﻝ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺎﻓ ﻲﻅﻔﻝ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻅﻔﻝ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺎﻓ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ : " ﻥﻭﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﻜ " لﺎﻗ ﻥﻴﺤ " : ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺌﻴﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻩﺭﻴﻏﻭ " ) 1 ( . -ﺓﺩﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ لﻭﻘﻴﻓ ﻕﻴﺸﺭ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ " : ﻪﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﻭﺭﻭ ﻡﺴﺠ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻭﻘﺒ ﻯﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﻪﻔﻌﻀﻴ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺡﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺎﻜ ﻪﺒ " ) 2 ( . -ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﻭﺯﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﻴﻭ " : ،ﻪﻝ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻭ ﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻘﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺤﻝ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻲﻓ : ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﺒ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﺒ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺹﺨﺘﻭ ) 3 ( . ﻲﻓ ﻲﻁﻭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﻫﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺩﺍﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ لﺼﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ،ﻪﻝﻭﻝﺩﻤﻭ ) 4 ( . ﺔﻘﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻁﺎﻗ لﻴﻝﺩ ﻻﺇ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﻜﻭ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻱﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﺭﻌﻠﻝ ﺏﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻩﺩﻌﺒ لﺫﺒﻴ ﺩﻬﺠ لﻜ ﺭﺎﺼ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ) 5 ( . ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﺃﻭ " ﺔﻴﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺎﻓ " ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ " ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺫﺇ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ لﻴﺼﺄﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻰﻌﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺱﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻠﻤﺄﺘﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ) 1 ( ﻲﻝﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻪﻌﺠﺍﺭ ،ﻊﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻔﻁﻝ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﻲﻨﺎﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﻥﻭﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﻜ 2 / 284 . ) 2 ( -ﻁ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،لﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻕﻴﺸﺭ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺓﺩﻤﻌﻝﺍ 1 ) 1972 ( ، 1 / 124 . ) 3 ( -ﺹ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،لﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻭﺯﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﻹﺍ 120 . ) 4 ( ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ لﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻕﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﺡﺭﺸ ،ﻲﻁﻭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻫﺯﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ) 1430 ـﻫ -2009 ﻡ .( ) 5 ( -ﻁ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ،ﻥﺎﺴﺤ ﻡﺎﻤﺘ ،ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒﻤﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ 5 ) 1427 ـﻫ -2006 ﻡ ( ، ﺹ 11 .
14 ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺃ ﻻﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺩﺠﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻝﺎﻀ ﺩﺠﻭﻓ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺎﻜﺴﺎﻤﺘﻤ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺭﻤ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﻨﺒ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ) 1 ( . ﺭﺎﺜﺃﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻝ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺍﻭﻤﺎﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﻜﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺩﻌﺘﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻔﻝﺃﻭ ،ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺍﻭﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻴﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﺒ ﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠﻴ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭﻭ ،ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ " ﻥﺒﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻓ " ﻪﻤﺠﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻝﺍ " ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺎﻘﻤ " ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ، ـﺒ ﻡﻭﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺠﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺸﺨﻤﺯﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ " ﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻏﻼﺒ " ﻁﺒﺭ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ، ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘ ) ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻨﺠ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺩﻤﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﹼﻨﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ) 2 ( . -ﺩ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻝﻻ-ﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻓ / ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻋﻭﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺍﺫ ﺭﺎﺼﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ . ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺅﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ لﺼﻭﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﻜ لﻜﺸﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺼﺨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺎﺒ ) 3 ( . ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﺍﻭﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺎﻤﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﺴﺃ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻬﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ : ﺭﻠﻴﻤ ﺱﻜﺎﻤ Max Muller ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺡﺭﺼ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺒﺎﺘﻜ "
The sience of language
" ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ " The sience of thought " ﻡﺎﻋ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺩﻗﻭ 1862 ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ 1887 ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺽﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ﻪﺠﻬﻨﻤ . ) 1 ( -،ﺔﻴﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺎﻓ ،ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺹ 65 . ) 2 ( -ﺹ ،ﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ 20 ﻲﻨﺠ ﻥﺒﺍ ،ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺃﻭ ، 2 / 133 . ) 3 ( -ﻨﺴﻗ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻁﻭﻁﺨﻤ ،ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻋﻭﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻁ ﺹ 275 .
15 لﺎﻴﺭﺒ لﺎﺸﻴﻤ Michel Breal ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺍﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺫﺇ ،ﻪﻌﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﺒ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻙﻴﺘﻨﺎﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ " Essai de Semantique " ﻡﺎﻋ 1897 ) 1 ( . -ﺯﺩﺭﺎﺸﺘﻴﺭﻭ ﻥﺩﺠﻭﺃ . ﻥﺎﻤﻝﻭﺃ ﻱﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ Ullmann ﻪﻝﻭﻘﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﺘ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ : " لﺯﻋ ﺭﺴﻌﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺎﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺍﺫﻜﻫ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺍﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺹﺎﻨﻤ ﻼﻓ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺽﻭﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻨﻷ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ) 2 ( . ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ : -ﻷ ﺔﻤﺭﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤ-ﻷ ﻥﻴﻠﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺠ ﺎﻬﻨ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻨﺍ ) Continous Flusc ( ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ لﻜﻭ ،ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﻓﻹﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺍﺫﻝﻭ ﺩﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﺒﺄﺘ ) 3 ( . ﺎﻨﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻨ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﻻﺇ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ ،ﻼﻴﺤﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﺎﻜﻴ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻴﺒﻠﻝﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌ ) 4 ( . لﺒ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴﻭ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻴ ﻥﻭﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺎﻓ ﺇ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ لﻜﻓ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻴ ﻥﺌﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺎﻓ ،ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻪﻔﻨﺼﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﻭﺠﺭﻴ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻴ ﻪﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍﻭ . ) 1 ( -ﺹ ،ﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ 22 -23 ﺹ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺃﻭ ، 99 -100 . ) 2 ( ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻁ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻴﺭﻏ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺭﺸﺒ لﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻝﻭﺃ ﻥﻔﻴﺘﺴ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ 12 ﺹ ، 194 ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺃﻭ ، ﻁ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺏﺎﻫﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﺼ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ،ﺯﻨﻭﻴﻝ ﻥﻭﺠ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ 1 ) 1987 .( ) 3 ( -ﻁ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﺤﻴﺭﻓ ﺱﻴﻨﺃ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ 2 ) 1981 ( ، 3 / 34 . ) 4 ( ﻥﺍﺭﻫﻭ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ ،ﺯﻭﺯﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ) 1999 -2000 ﻡ ( ﺹ،ﻁﻭﻁﺨﻤ 120 .