Impact of udder disorders on culling of dairy cows

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Impact of udder disorders on culling of dairy cows

François Beaudeau, Christine Fourichon, K. Frankena, Bernard Faye, Henri

Seegers, - Noordhuizen

To cite this version:

François Beaudeau, Christine Fourichon, K. Frankena, Bernard Faye, Henri Seegers, et al.. Impact of

udder disorders on culling of dairy cows. Veterinary Research, BioMed Central, 1994, 25, pp.223-227.

�hal-02712790�

(2)

Impact

of

udder

disorders

on

_culling

of

_dairy

cows

F Beaudeau

C

Fourichon

K Frankena

2 B

_Faye

H

_Seegers

₁

JPTM

Noordhuizen

1

_INRA-École

_Nationale

_{Vétérinaire,}

_{Laboratoire de Gestion de la Santé}

_Animale,

CP

3013, 44087

Nantes Cedex 03,

France;

2

_Department

_{of Animal}

_{Husbandry, Agricultural University,}

_{PO Box}_338,

6700AH

_Wageningen,

The

Netherlands;

3

INRA-Theix, Laboratoire

_{d’Écopathologie,}

63122

_{Saint-Genès-Champanelle,}

France

Summary &horbar;

Data from a

_{prospective longitudinal study}

carried out from 1986 to 1990 in 47

com-mercial Holstein

_dairy

herds from western France were used to

_quantify

the effects of udder health dis-orders on the risk of

_{culling. Logistic regression}

was used to assess the

relationship

between 4 udder health disorders and

_early

and late

_culling.

Teat

_injuries

were associated with an increased risk of

early culling

in the current and

following

lactations. Mastitis and

high

milk cell count were associated with an increased risk of late

culling

in the current and

following

lactations,

respectively.

dairy

cow /

culling

/ disease / udder I risk

Résumé &horbar;

_Impact

des troubles de santé de la mamelle sur la réforme des vaches laitières. Des données issues d’une

enquête prospective longitudinale

conduite dans 47

_troupeaux

bovins lai-tiers Holstein de l’ouest de la France de 1986 à 1990 ont été utilisées pour mesurer

_l’impact

de troubles de santé liés à la mamelle sur le

_risque

de réforme des vaches laitières. Des

_analyses

_par

_régression

logistique

ont été réalisées _pourétablir les relations entre ces troubles de santé et les décisions de réforme

_précoce

ou tardive. Les blessures des

trayons

induisent un

_risque

accru de réforme

_précoce

dans la lactation en cours et dans la lactation suivante. Les mammites et les taux cellulaires élevés du lait

_augmentent

le

risque

de réforme tardive dans la lactation en cours et dans la lactation suivante

res-pectivement.

vache laitière / réforme / trouble de santé lmamelle

_{/ risque}

INTRODUCTION

Udder health disorders in

_dairy

cows

_may

have a

_significant

_impact

on

farm

profitabil-ity. They

increase direct and indirect dis-ease-related costs

_(eg

losses due to

death,

costs for

_drug

treatments and

_veterinary

fees,

reduced milk

_receipts,

reduced

slaugh-*

Correspondence

and

reprints

ter

_value).

The loss due to a forced

replace-ment of a cow was

estimated

as

_varying

from 460 to 1 200

Dfl,

depending

on the

culling

reason

_(Sol

et al,

1984).

The

objec-tive of the

_present

_study

was to

_quantify

the risk of

_culling

in the current and in the

fol-lowing

lactations associated with the occur-rence of the main udder disorders.

(3)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data

The data came from a

_{prospective longitudinal}

survey carried out from 1986 to 1990 in 47

com-mercial Holstein

dairy

herds in western France. Herds had to be enrolled in a milk

production

recording

program. The herd size

averaged

42 cows, which

_yielded

an _{annual average milk}

pro-duction of 7 103

_k

_g

each.

Data

_concerning

the disease occurrences

were obtained from records collected

_by

both the farmers and the veterinarians. Each herd was

visited

approximately

every 6 weeks

by

a trained

technician,

who collected individual

_demographic

data

_concerning

new

_calvings

and

_cullings,

and disease occurrences recorded since the last visit. The unit of observation was a lactation or a

pair

of 2 consecutive lactations. Lactations

end-ing by

death were excluded. A total of 7 063 lac-tations

_(from

3 671

dairy cows)

were included in the

analyses.

Outcome variable

A

_culling

was defined as either an

_early

or a late

culling.

The threshold

_{defining early}

and late

culling

was chosen to be d 45

_{post partum.}

In

addition,

cows

_{showing only}

1 milk record within 30 d

post

partum

and culled later in lactation were consid-ered as

_early

culled cows

_(Beaudeau

et al,

1994).

Explanatory

variables

_{(table I)}

Four

general

udder health related disorders were

studied: mastitis, milk somatic cell count

(SCC),

teat

injuries,

non-traumatic udder disorders.

Mas-titis, teat

injuries

and non-traumatic udder dis-orders were subdivided into

_categories,

based

on their distribution

by days

post partum

and/or

biological

justifications. According

to

_Serieys

(1985),

3 statuses were determined for milk SCC. The status SCCA was

_assigned

to the cows with all milk SCC records below 300 000 cells/ml

throughout

lactation. The status SCCB was

assigned

to cows with:

₍₁₎

at least 1 record between 300 000 and 800 000 cells/ml and no

record

higher

than 800 000 cells/ml; or

₍₂₎

_only

1

record

_higher

than 800 000 cells/ml and the

oth-ers below 300 000 cells/ml. The status SCCC

was

_assigned

to all other cases.

Four

separate

analyses

were

_{performed, using}

logistic regression (table I).

In order to

investigate

udder disorders as risk factors for

_culling

in the current

lactation,

the lactations

_ending

with an

early culling

were

_compared

with lactations

end-ing

with a new

_calving

or a late

_{culling (analysis}

E1

and

the lactations

ending

with a late

culling

were

_compared

with lactations

ending

with a new

calving (analysis L1

). In

order to

investigate

udder disorders as risk factors for

_culling

in the

_following

lactation,

the

_pairs

of lactations

_ending

with an

early culling

were

_compared

with

pairs

of lacta-tions

ending

with a new

calving

or a late

culling

(analysis E2),

and the

_pairs

of lactations

_ending

with a late

culling

were

_compared

with

_pairs

of lactations

_ending

with a new

_{calving (analysis L2).}

Statistical

_analyses

A

_{4-stage procedure}

was used to assess the

rela-tionship

between diseases and

_culling.

The first 3

stages

(univariate analysis

to select

_explanatory

variables, multivariate

_analysis

with backward

procedure,

test of interaction

_terms)

were carried out

using

the LOGISTIC

_procedure

of SAS

(SAS

Institute

_{1989), according}

to the method described

by

Hosmer and Lemeshow

_(1989).

A random-effect

_logistic

model

_(logistic

binomial

_regression)

with herd as main

plot

was used in the fourth

stage

to account for the

_{heterogeneity}

between herds with

respect

to the

_probability

of

_culling.

RESULTS

The lactational incidences of

MAS1,

MAS2,

MAS3, MAS4,

MASS, MASD,

TEA1, TEA2,

UDD1,

UDD2, SCCA,

SCCB and SCCC

were

11.3, 5.2, 6.5, 4.1, 1.7,

1.0, 0.5, 1.0,

2.1, 1.2, 51.1, 29.5

and 19.4%

_{respectively.}

Table II lists the

_{relationships}

between the udder health disorders and

early

and late

cullings.

In

addition,

milk fever and ketosis

were

_{significantly}

associated with an

increased risk

of

_early

_culling

in

the

current

lactation.

Abortion,

retained

placenta,

metri-tis,

failure to conceive at 110 d

post partum

(4)

(5)

were

_{significantly}

associated with an

increase risk of late

_culling

in the current

lactation. Cows with lower

_breeding

value for milk and

_{higher parities}

were

_high

risk

groups

for

_{culling. Lower level of milk}

pro-duction increased the risk of

_culling.

DISCUSSION

The

_present

_study

differs from

others,

since random-effect models were used and both

time of

culling

and time of

culling

decision

making

were taken into account in the anal-yses. Furthermore, the risk of

_culling

in the

following

lactation was

_{investigated.}

There

was a

_{high impact}

of teat

_injuries

and

non-traumatic udder disorders on

_{early culling,}

possibly

because

_{they might}

_prevent

_milking.

An increased risk of

_culling

due to teat

injuries

was also found

_by

Dohoo and Mar-tin

_(1984),

Bendixen

_(1988),

and Milian-Suazo et al

_(1988).

On

the

whole,

the

_impact

of the occurrence of udder health disorders

on late

_culling

was

low,

when

_compared

to

the effect of poor milk production level and/or

reproductive

failure and/or age. The

adjust-ment for the best of the first 2 milk records

could have reduced the

_impact

of

_early

udder health disorders on late

_culling

in our

study.

However,

the fact that

_culling

deci-sions were

_largely

based on milk

_production

level and

_reproductive

_performances

made their inclusion as risk factors for

_culling

nec-essary.

In

agreement

with

Cobo-Abreu

et al

(1979),

Dohoo and Martin

_(1984),

Bigras-Poulin

_(1985),

Gr6hn et al

₍₁₉₈₆₎

and Bendixen and Astrand

_(1989),

an increased risk of

_culling

due to mastitis was found.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors

_{gratefully acknowledge}

the Labora-toire

_{d’!copathologie}

of the INRA Theix

(France)

for

_making

the dataset available.

REFERENCES

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Seegers

H

(1994)

Assessment of risk factors for

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of

dairy

cows

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Defini-tion of outcome and

_explanatory

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Vet Res 25, 130-133

Bendixen PH

₍₁₉₈₈₎

Risk indicators of disease

(6)

University

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M

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₍₁₉₈₅₎

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