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Spasticity after stroke: Physiology, assessment and treatment

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Academic year: 2021

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Figure 1. Left: equinovarus feet; right: upper limbs with a spastic pattern in adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder and flexion of the elbow, wrist and fingers.
Figure 2. Categorization of voluntary and reflexive movement commands in spasticity. Focused abnormalities in the middle and the lower levels of command would alter spinal reflexes and local abnormalities in the lower level of motor command would cause sig
Table III. Summary of the most common patterns observed in the upper motor neuron syndrome, the muscles involved and the most observed side-effects
Table IV. Dosing, mechanism of action and side-effects of pharmacological treatment of spasticity

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