Représentations linguistiques et plurilinguisme
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(23) Représentations linguistiques et plurilinguisme La notion de représentation linguistique (RL) constitue aujourd’hui un enjeu théorique majeur en sociolinguistique. En effet, si l’on s’est prioritairement intéressé, dans ce domaine, à la dimension variationnelle des productions langagières, on a également pu constater que l’analyse des dynamiques linguistiques ne pouvait reposer sur la seule prise en compte des pratiques : les savoirs sociaux partagés dont les locuteurs disposent quant à leur langue jouent également un rôle déterminant dans la manière dont un groupe parvient à gérer l’hétérogénéité de son espace linguistique. L’objectif de ce travail est donc dans un premier temps de proposer une approche spécifiquement sociolinguistique des RL, et ce aux niveaux théorique et méthodologique : qu’estce qu’une RL, comment l’observer et la décrire ? En s’intéressant aux représentations du plurilinguisme de deux communautés périphériques francophones, nous verrons s’il existe des variations aux niveaux de la forme et/ou du contenu représentationnels, et, si oui, s’il est possible de dévoiler les contraintes sociales sous-jacentes à ces variations. Nous nous centrerons plus spécifiquement sur le versant institutionnel de la gestion de l’espace linguistique, à savoir le type de politique linguistique : peut-il influencer les RL de la communauté au sein de laquelle il est défini ? Inversement, est-ce que les RL peuvent avoir un effet sur l’efficience d’une politique linguistique ? Si l’étude qui est présentée ici constitue une recherche fondamentale sur le fonctionnement des RL, elle dispose donc également d’une dimension appliquée, en cela qu’elle est susceptible d’engendrer des résultats pouvant éclairer les choix décisionnels réalisés dans le cadre d’une politique publique des langues. Mots clefs : sociolinguistique, représentation linguistique, plurilinguisme, politique linguistique, analyse de discours. Language Representations and Multilingualism To date, the notion of Language Representation (LR) represents a major theoretical challenge for sociolinguistics. Though the prime focus in the domain has been on the variational dimension of language productions, it has also been observed that the analysis of language dynamics can not be limited to the study of language practice: the shared social knowledge that speakers have about their mother tongue is essential for the way a given social group deals with the heterogeneous nature of its language environment. The work undertaken in this realm proposes to specifically approach LR from a sociolinguistic point of view, both on theoretical and methodological grounds: what is LR? How can it be observed and described? Based on a study of the representation of multilingualism in two peripheral French-speaking communities, we will investigate the representational variations in form and content as well as the constraints which underlie these variations. We will more specifically focus on the institutional side of the management of a language environment, in terms of type of language policy: can a given type of policy affect a community's LR? Conversely, can the efficiency of a given language policy be affected by LR? While this study aspires to be part of fundamental research into the functioning of language representations, it also has an applied side, in that it generates results which may contribute to shed some light on the decisional choices made in the context of public language policies. Keywords: sociolinguistics, language representation, multilingualism, language policy, discourse analysis..
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