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Mechanical properties of flax and hemp yarns designed for the manufacturing of geotextiles. Improvement of the resistance to soil born microorganisms.

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Academic year: 2021

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(1)Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible.. This is an author-deposited version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/ Eprints ID: 19722. To link to this article:. DOI:10.15406/jteft.2017.01.00034 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jteft.2017.01.00034. To cite this version:. Ouagne, Pierre and Renouard, Sullivan and Michel, Davina and Laine, Eric Mechanical properties of flax and hemp yarns designed for the manufacturing of geotextiles. Improvement of the resistance to soil born microorganisms. (2017) Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology, vol. 1 (n°5). ISSN 2574-8114. Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: staff-oatao@listes-diff.inp-toulouse.fr.

(2) Mechanical Properties of Flax and Hemp Yarns Designed for the Manufacturing of Geotextiles. Improvement of the Resistance to Soil born Microorganisms. Abstract. ‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ”‡™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†–‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡”‹˜‡”„ƒ•ˆ”‘‡”‘•‹‘™Š‡–Š‡•‡‘‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡•–‘”‡† ‹–‘ ˜‡‰‡–ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡† ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ• ‡–‹‘‡† „› —”‘’‡ƒ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹’‘”–‡† ‘‹”ȋ ‘ ‘—–•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹„”‡•Ȍ„ƒ•‡†‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› —•‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘‹” ˆ‹„”‡• •Š‘™ ƒ ‰‘‘† ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ •‘‹Ž †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(3)  —”‘’‡ǡ ˆŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ’Žƒ–• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‰”‘™ ˆ‘” –‡š–‹Ž‡ǡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘” ‘‹Ž ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ›Ǧ’”‘†— –• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡• •— Š ƒ• ˆŽƒš –‘™• ƒ† •Š‘”– Š‡’ ˆ‹„”‡• ™‡”‡ —•‡† –‘ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡ ›ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ˜‹ƒ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ›ƒ”• •—„‹––‡† –‘ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ȋ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡Ȍ ƒ† ‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ • ȋ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ȍ ‹‹ ‹‰ •‘‹Ž †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†Ǥ ƒ”‰‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡‘‡•™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘‹”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤˆ–‡”‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘„› Š‹–‘•ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„”‡•ǡ–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›ƒ”• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ‹‡† — Šƒ‰‡† ƒˆ–‡” •‡˜‡”‡ ƒ––ƒ •Ǥ Š‡ Š‹–‘•ƒ ƒ –• ƒ• ƒ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ •‘‹Ž ‹ ”‘‘”‰ƒ‹• ƒ––ƒ •Ǥ • ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ǡ ˆŽƒšƒ†Š‡’„›Ǧ’”‘†— –• ‘—Ž†„‡‰‘‘† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘ˆ „‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ. 1 2. ENI Tarbes, France University in Orléans, France. *Corresponding author: ‹‡””‡—ƒ‰‡ǡ

(4) ƒ”„‡•ǡ  ͳͻͲͷǡ Ǧ͸ͷͲͳ͸ǡƒ”„‡•ǡ ”ƒ ‡ǡ‡Žǣ͵͵ȋͲȌͷ͸͹ͶͷͲͳͳ͸Ǣ ƒ‹Žǣ. Keywords: ŽƒšǢ ‡’Ǣ ‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǣ ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǣ Š‹–‘•ƒǢ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ. ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•. Introduction ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘—† ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‹–‡”‡•– ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‘ †‡ ƒ†‡• ƒ• ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• Šƒ• „‡‡ ‰ƒ‹‡†Ǥ ”‹ƒ”› —•‡• ‘ˆ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ”‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” •–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡”‘•‹‘ ‘–”‘Žƒ†”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ”‘ƒ†•‹†‡•‘””‹˜‡”„ƒ•Ǥ

(5) ˆ’Žƒ•–‹  „ƒ•‡†‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•™‡”‡ƒ‹Ž›—•‡†—’–‘”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ•‘‡ ‘ ‡”• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” ‡† ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– Ž‡† –‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽϐ‹„”‡„ƒ•‡†’”‘†— –•Ǥ‹†‡Ž›Ǧ‘’‡™‘˜‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ “—ƒ•‹ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† ƒ—ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ ‘‹” ƒ† Œ—–‡ϐ‹„”‡•ǡƒ”‡‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•‡”˜‹ ‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ –Šƒ ’Žƒ•–‹  „ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –‘ „‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• —•‡ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• •Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž› ‰‘‘† ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ ‰‘‘† ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ „‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ •— Šƒ•”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽƒ––ƒ •ȏͳȐǤ Žƒš –‘™• ˆ”‘ –‡š–‹Ž‡ „”‡‡†•ǡ ϐŽƒš ϐ‹„”‡• ˆ”‘ ‘Ž‡ƒ‰‹‘—• „”‡‡†• ƒ† •Š‘”– Š‡’ ϐ‹„”‡• ƒ”‡ „›Ǧ’”‘†— –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ǡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒŽ ‘‹Ž ‘” „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡› ”‡’”‡•‡– ‹ ”ƒ ‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡• –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡† –‘ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ”‘ƒ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ǡŠ‡’ƒ†ϐŽƒšϐ‹„”‡•Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‘‹”ϐ‹„”‡•ȏʹǦͶȐǤ’–‘‘™–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ”‡”‡’‘”–‡† ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ƒ† ‡––Ž‡ ϐ‹„”‡• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ„‘˜‡ Š‡’ ȏͷǦͳʹȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡‹”™‡ƒ’‘‹–‹•–Š‡‹”Ž‘™ƒ–‹‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ȏͳ͵ǦͳͷȐǤŠ‹•. ƒ›„‡†—‡–‘–Š‡Ž‘™‹ ”‘Ǧϐ‹„”‹ŽŽƒ”ƒ‰Ž‡•‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ† Š‡’ȋƒ„‘—–ͳͲǏƒ†͸Ǐ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ȏͳ͸ȐȌƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ‘‹”ͶͷǏǤ

(6) †‡‡†ǡŠ‹‰Š‹ ”‘Ǧϐ‹„”‹Žƒ”ƒ‰Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘” ‘•‡“—‡ ‡–‘”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘ ‹ ”‘‘”‰ƒ‹• ƒ––ƒ  ȏͳ͹ȐǤ ‘ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹””‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘‹ ”‘‘”‰ƒ‹••ǯ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž† „‡•–—†‹‡†ȏͳͺǦͳͻȐǤ. Š‹–‘•ƒ ƒ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† „‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ ’‘Ž›‡” ‡šŠ‹„‹–• ƒ–‹‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ȋ„ƒ –‡”‹‘•–ƒ–‹  ƒ† ˆ—‰‹•–ƒ–‹ Ȍ ȏʹͲǦʹͳȐǤ ƒœ‡† ‡– ƒŽǤ ȏʹʹȐ •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž† ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ „ƒ‰ƒ••‡ ϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ ‘‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• ‘ Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† –‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ •Š‘™‡† ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ †‡’‡†‡ › ‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ–‹‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡ Š‹–‘•ƒ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–ȏʹ͵ȐǤ ‡‘—ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤȏʹͶȐˆ‘—†–Šƒ– Š‹–‘•ƒ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‘™ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– ‹• ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ –Šƒ Š‹‰Š ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ϐ‹„”‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒǤ Š—•ǡ –‘’”‡˜‡–’”‡ƒ–—”‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡„‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•™‡”‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›ƒŽ‘™‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š– Š‹–‘•ƒ ƒ† –Š‡‹” –‡•‹Ž‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• †‡–‡”‹‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” •‡˜‡”‡ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ • –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ϐ‹„”‡•–‘„‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‹–‘ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ™‡”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡‘‡•‘ˆ ‘‹”›ƒ”•™Š‹ Š‹•‘™ƒ†ƒ›•–Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ†‹• —••‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ ‰‘‘† ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒˆ–‡” ‡œ›ƒ–‹  –”‡ƒ–‡–ƒ†„ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽƒ––ƒ •‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ.

(7) Materials and Methods Materials Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡—•‡†–‘•–—†›–Š‡„‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡ ›ƒ”•Ǥ ‘ •–—†› –Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ. ϐŽƒš–‘™•ƒ†Š‡’ϐ‹„”‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡‘‡•™‡”‡–™‹•–‡†‹–‘›ƒ”•ǡ„›. ”‘—’‡‡’‡•–‡Ž‡ȋ‡‘ ƒ••‡ǡ ”ƒ ‡ȌȏʹͷȐǤ‘‹”›ƒ”•ǡ‹’‘”–‡† ˆ”‘

(8) †‹ƒǡ™‡”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„› ‘„‹‘–‡šȋŠ‹œ›ǡ ”ƒ ‡Ȍȏʹ͸ȐǤŠ‡ ‘‹” ›ƒ”• ƒ”‡ –™‹•–‡† ‹ †‘—„Ž‡ ›ƒ”• ‹‰—”‡ ͳǤ Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ. Table 1:Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ—Ǧ’”‘ ‡••‡†ϐŽƒšǡŠ‡’ƒ† ‘‹”›ƒ”•Ǥ Yarns Fineness (tex). Torque (rd/m). Tensile Strength (MPa). Young’s Modulus (MPa). Žƒš. Ͷͳͺ͹ά͵ͻ͸. ͸Ͷ. ͹ʹά͹. ͹ͷͻάͶͲ. Coir. ͸ͳ͹ʹάͳ͹ͷͶ. ‘—„Ž‡–™‹•–‡†›ƒ”. ͳͶάʹ. ͻͳάʹͶ. ‡’. Ͷ͵ͳʹάͷͳ͵. ͸ʹ. Ͷͷάͷ. ͹ͺͺάʹͺ. Figure 1: —–‡ƒ†‘ ‘„ƒ•‡†‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ǣȋ

(9) ǣ™™™Ǥ‡ ‘„‹‘–‡šǤˆ”ȌǤ. Degradation treatments

(10)  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ †”› ϐ‹„”‡• ™‡”‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› •‹—Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡† •‘‹Ž †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• ’—”’‘•‡ǡ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† ‹ ”‘‘”‰ƒ‹• –”‡ƒ–‡–• ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† ‹ ‘’–‹‹œ‡† ‘†‹–‹‘•ȏʹͶȐǤ.

(11)  –Š‹• ™‘” ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†„›‡‘—ƒ”†‡–ƒŽȏͳ͸Ȑ„›—•‹‰•’‡”‰‹ŽŽ—• ‹‰‡” ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡‡š–”ƒ –ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•„ƒ –‡”‹ƒǤŠ‡› ™‡”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ’—” Šƒ•‡† ˆ”‘ ‹‰ƒ ƒ† Ȁ  „ƒ –‡”‹ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ ‡–‹˜‡”•‹–›ȋ‡Ž‰‹—ȌǤ. Chitosan impregnation of yarns. Žƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•™‡”‡•—„‡”‰‡†‹–‘ƒ Š‹–‘•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ ’”‡’ƒ”‡† ™‹–Š †‹••‘Ž˜‡† Š‹–‘•ƒ ’‘™†‡”• ‹ ͳΨ ƒ ‡–‹  ƒ ‹† ƒ– ”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘Ž—–‹‘•™‡”‡•–‹””‡†ˆ‘”ͺŠ‘—”•Ǥƒ”•™‡”‡ –Š‡‹‡”‰‡†‹ Š‹–‘•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘—†‡”•Šƒ‹‰ˆ‘”ͳ͸ŠȏʹͶȐǤ Š‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†›ƒ”•™‡”‡–Š‡†”‹‡†‹ƒ‘˜‡ǡƒ–͵͹Ǐ†—”‹‰ ͵†ƒ›•Ǥ. Tensile properties. ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•   ͲͲǦͲͲ͵ ȏʹ͹Ȑǡ •’‡ ‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘†‹–‹‘‡†ƒ–ʹʹǏάʹǏƒ–”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†͸ͷΨάʹΨ ‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Š—‹†‹–›ˆ‘”ʹͶŠ‘—”•„‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”–‹‰–Š‡–‡•–•Ǥ‡•‹Ž‡. –‡•–• ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† ‘ —Ǧ–”‡ƒ–‡†ǡ ’”‘–‡ –‡† ƒ† •—„‹––‡† –‘ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ • ϐŽƒšǡ Š‡’ ƒ† ‘‹” ›ƒ”•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ʹʹͷ͸•–ƒ†ƒ”†ȏʹͺȐǤƒ”•™‡”‡™‡‹‰Š–‡†ǡ Ž‡‰–Šƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”‡ƒ•—”‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹”’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• •— Š ƒ• ”‘•• •‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ϐ‹‡‡•• ȋŽ‹‡ƒ” †‡•‹–›ȌǤ ŽŽ–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡–‡•–•™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡†‘ƒ

(12) ͶͷͲ͹–‡•‹Ž‡ ƒ Š‹‡™‹–ŠƒͷŽ‘ƒ† ‡ŽŽǤ. Statistical treatments of data. ŽŽ †ƒ–ƒ ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”† †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ ͷ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’• ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† —•‹‰ –—†‡–ǯ• –‡•–Ǥ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ–‡•–•™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–ƒ–’δͲǤͲͷǤ –ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ –”‡ƒ–‡–• ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† —•‹‰ –Š‡  •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ǥ. Results. Tensile strength Tensile strength of un-protected yarns: ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ‘ˆ ƒ•Ǧ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ϐŽƒšǡ Š‡’ ƒ† ‘‹” ϐ‹„”‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳƒ•ƒ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––”‡ƒ–‡–•Ǥ‡ ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡–Šƒ– –Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒš›ƒ”•ȋ͹ʹά͹ƒȌ‹••‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–Ž› Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ȋͶͷάͷ ƒȌ ƒ† –Š‹•.

(13) ˆ‘” ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ›ƒ” ϐ‹‡‡•• ƒ† –‘”“—‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ  ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ͳǤ͸ ‹• ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǤŠ‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‘”‡Ž‹‰‡‘—•”‡•‹†—‡•ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›ƒ” •–”— –—”‡Ǥ Š‡ Š‡’ ›ƒ” ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘ƒ”•‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‡ ‘—–‡” ™‡ƒ œ‘‡ ‹• Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡‡ƒ–‡”ϐŽƒš›ƒ”Ǥ

(14) –Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡ǡƒ„Ž‡ͳƒŽ•‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ– –Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹•— ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ –Š‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ ‘›ƒ”—•‡†–‘‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ȋͳͶάʹ ƒȌǤ Š‡ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ” •–”‡‰–Š• ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ͷǤͳƒ†͵Ǥʹ–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘ ‘›ƒ”‘‡ǤŠ‡ ”ƒ–‹‘•„‡ ‘‡‡˜‡Žƒ”‰‡”‹ˆ‘‡ ‘’ƒ”‡•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•–”‡‰–Š ˜ƒŽ—‡•ȋ•–”‡‰–ŠȀϐ‹‡‡••Ȍ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ϐ‹‡‡••‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’ ›ƒ”•‹•ͳǤͷ–‹‡•Ž‘™‡”Ǥ

(15) –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’ •–”‡‰–Š•ƒ”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›͹Ǥ͸ƒ†ͶǤ͸–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘ ‘ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ Š‡ •—„‹––‡† –‘ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• •Š‘™ Žƒ”‰‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ› •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ– –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘”‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† ‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†‡† ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• •Š‘™ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ͵͵Ψƒ†͵ͺΨǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”Š‡’›ƒ”•ƒ”‡ ͷ͵Ψƒ†Ͷ͵ΨǤŠ‹••Š‘™•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”„‘–Šƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Žƒ”‰‡–‡•‹Ž‡. •–”‡‰–Š †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• –‘‘ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡϐŽƒš’”‡•‡–•Š‹‰Š‡”–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•–Šƒ Š‡’ǡ‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‹‰—”‡•ʹƬʹǤˆ–‡”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ „› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–ŠȋͳǤ͸Ȍ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ›ƒ”•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹǤ.

(16) –‹•ƒŽ•‘˜‡”›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‰”ƒ†‡† ƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ȋ—’”‘–‡ –‡†Ȍ ‡šŠ‹„‹– •–”‡‰–Š ˜ƒŽ—‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ†‡‰”ƒ†‡† „› ‡œ›ƒ–‹ ‘”„ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ ‘„ƒ•‡†›ƒ”ǤŠ‡†‡‰”ƒ†‡† •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡” „› ˆƒ –‘”• ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—–͵ƒ†ʹˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ. Tensile strength of chitosan impregnated yarns: ‡•—Ž–• ‘ ‡ƒ–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šǡ’”‡•‡–‡†‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹƬʹ †‘‘–•Š‘™ ƒ› •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹–‘•ƒ –”‡ƒ–‡† ‘‡Ǥ Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† „› Š‹–‘•ƒǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹•ͳǤͶƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹ ǤŠ‡ ”ƒ–‹‘‹•‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›‘–ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘Žƒ›‡”Ǥ Š‡•–”‡‰–Š˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•–”‡ƒ–‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒ ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ͸ͻάͳͲ ƒ ƒ† ͶͻάͷƒǤ

(17) – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ†‘‡•‘– ƒŽ‘•– Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•Ǥ. Figure 2: ˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘–”‡ƒ–‡–•Ǥ  ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• „› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ ƒ† ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ 

(18) ϐŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–ŠǢ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐŽƒš›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒ„› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•Ǣ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡’›ƒ”•„› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ 

(19) ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǣ. ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡’›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒ„› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ ‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆϐŽƒš ƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒǢ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡––‡”•†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–Ž›‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ–δͲǤͲͷ —•‹‰–—†‡––‡•–Ǥ.

(20) Š‡ •—„‹––‡† –‘ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† ‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ •ǡ ‘ •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ›ƒ”• „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” ƒ––ƒ • ‹ ϐ‹‰—”‡ ʹ Ƭ ʹ  ˆ‘” „‘–Š ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹–‘•ƒƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‡š’‡ –‡†™‡ŽŽ’”‡˜‡–•–Š‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ—Ž‘•‡”‹ ŠϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’ϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ. Young’s modulus. Young’s modulus of un-protected yarns: ƒ„Ž‡ ͳ ƒ† ‹‰—”‡ ͵ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—• ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ȋ͹ͷͻάͶͲ. ƒȌƒ†Š‡’ȋ͹ͺͺάʹͺ ƒȌƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†›ƒ”•†‘‘–•Š‘™ƒ› •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ǤŠ‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡ •–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”•‹•‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ǤŠ‡ϐ‹‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ ›ƒ”• ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Ž‘•‡ –‘ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ȋͶͳͺ͹ά͵ͻ͸ –‡šȌ ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ƒ† ȋͶ͵ͳʹάͷͳ͵Ȍ ˆ‘” Š‡’ ƒ† –Š‡ –‘”“—‡ ƒŽ‘•– ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ȋ͸Ͷ ”†Ȁˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†͸ʹ”†Ȁˆ‘”Š‡’ȌǤ ‘”ƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†›ƒ”•ǡ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–†”‘’•‘ˆ‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—• ƒ”‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ • ‹ ϐ‹‰—”‡ ͵ Ƭ ͵Ǥ ‘” ϐŽƒšǡ „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ––ƒ • ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–”‡•—Ž–•ȋǦͶͷΨȌ™‹–Š‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‡œ›ƒ–‹ ƒ†–Š‡„ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”Š‡’ǡ„ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ •‡‡•–‘„‡–Š‡‘•–†ƒƒ‰‹‰ȋǦ͸͸ΨȌ‹ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘ –Š‡‡œ›ƒ–‹ ‘‡ȋǦͷ͵ΨȌǤ.

(21) – ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ ‘–‡ Š‡”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —–”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† Š‡’ ‘†—Ž—• ‹• ‘”‡ •‡˜‡”‡ –Šƒ –Š‡. ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒš›ƒ”•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡†‡ ›ƒ•–Š‡‘‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”Ǥ. Š‡ ‡œ›ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽŽ› †‡‰”ƒ†‡† ƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ȋ—’”‘–‡ –‡†Ȍ ‡šŠ‹„‹– ‘†—Ž‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ†‡‰”ƒ†‡† „› ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ‘” „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ  ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ ‘ „ƒ•‡† ›ƒ” ‹‰—”‡ ͵ Ƭ ͵Ǥ Š‡ †‡‰”ƒ†‡† ‘†—Ž—• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡” „› ˆƒ –‘”•‘ˆƒ„‘—–Ͷƒ†͵ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Young’s modulus of chitosan impregnated yarns: Š‡ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒǡ–Š‡›ƒ””‹‰‹†‹–›ȋ‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•Ȍ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš‹•‘–•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†‹ϐ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ‡ ƒŠ‘™‡˜‡”‘–‡ –Šƒ–ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡„›ƒˆƒ –‘”ͳǤ͵ȋ‘”ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆʹ͹ΨȌˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡’ ›ƒ” ‘†—Ž—• –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͵ Ǥ Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† „› Š‹–‘•ƒǡ –Š‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‘†—Ž‡‹•ͳǤʹ ‹‰—”‡ ͵ ǤŠ‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒŠƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡ ––‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡ ‘†—Ž—•‘ˆŠ‡’ƒ†‘––Š‡‘‡‘ˆϐŽƒšǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ –™‘ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ.

(22) –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ†‘‡•‘–ƒŽ‘•– Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒš›ƒ”• ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‹– Šƒ‰‡•–Š‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡’‘‡• ‹‰—”‡͵ ǤŠ‹• ‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡ ‘ƒ”•‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡’›ƒ”Ǥ

(23) †‡‡†ǡ –Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹ ƒ ‘ƒ”•‡” ›ƒ” ƒ› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‹ Š‘‘‰‡‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹„”‘—••–”— –—”‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹–•–‡•‹Ž‡‘†—Ž—•Ǥ. Figure 3: ˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ›‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘–”‡ƒ–‡–•Ǥ  ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• „› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ ƒ† ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ 

(24) ϐŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• ‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—•Ǣ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐŽƒš›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒ„› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—• ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•Ǣ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡’›ƒ”•„› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ 

(25) ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǣ  ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡’›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒ„› ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ ‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—• ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆϐŽƒš ƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒǢ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡––‡”•†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–Ž›‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ–δͲǤͲͷ —•‹‰–—†‡––‡•–Ǥ.

(26) Discussion ”‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳƒ† ‹‰—”‡ʹǡ–‡†‡ ‹‡• ƒ„‡‡š–”ƒ –‡†Ǥϐ‹”•–‘‡•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ Š‡’ ‘‡ ƒ„Ž‡ ͳǤ Š‹• ‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡ϐ‹„”‡ȀŽ‹‰‡‘—•”‡•‹†—‡•”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(27) †‡‡†ǡ–Š‡ Š‡’ ›ƒ” ‹• ‘ƒ”•‡”ǡ Ž‡•• Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—• ƒ† ’‘••‡••‡• ‘”‡ Ž‹‰‡‘—• ”‡•‹†—‡• –Šƒ –Š‡ ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—• –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ”‡ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‹• ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡” ‹• †‹”‡ –Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹„”‡• ƒ† –Š‡ •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›ƒ” ƒ• „‘–Š ›ƒ”• ’‘••‡•• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ϐ‹‡‡•• ƒ† –‘”“—‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† –Š‡ ‘†—Ž—• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽϐ‹„”‡•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘‡•‘ˆŠ‡’ǤŠ‹•‹•‘–†—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹„”‡• „—– ‘”‡ –‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡ ϐ‹„”‡• ƒ”‡‡š–”ƒ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•–‡•Ǥ

(28) †‡‡†ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‘†•—•‡†–‘‡š–”ƒ – Š‡’ ϐ‹„”‡• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ ƒ† ƒ—•‡ ‘”‡ †‡ˆ‡ –• ‹ –Š‡ ϐ‹„”‡•–”— –—”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•™‘”•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡•–”— –—”‡‡ˆˆ‡ – ‹•–Š‡ƒ‹’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”–Šƒ– ‘–”‘Ž•–Š‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ† Š‡’›ƒ”•ǤŠ‡ ‘ƒ”•‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡’›ƒ”•†‘‡•‘–ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†›ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ „› Š‹–‘•ƒ †‘‡• ‘– ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† –‡•‹Ž‡ ‘†—Ž—• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ‹ ϐ‹‰—”‡• ʹǡʹ Ƭ͵ǡ͵ Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‡ ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡š’‡ –‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‡†„› Š‹–‘•ƒ›ƒ”•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ ƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘‡•ƒ•–Š‡ Š‹–‘•ƒƒ›Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ”‘Ž‡‘ˆŽ‘ƒ† –”ƒ•‹••‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ Š‡ •—„‹––‡† –‘ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ •— Š ƒ• ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ǡ ‘” „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ • •— Š ƒ• ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹• –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ—Ǧ’”‘–‡ –‡†ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”••Š‘™”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹˜‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹•–”‡‰–Šƒ†‘†—Ž—•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡˜‡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‘•– •‡˜‡”‡ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘‡• ‘ˆ ƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‘‹” ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ›ƒ”• ȋ͵ –‹‡• ƒ† –™‹ ‡ ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ†Ͷ–‹‡•ƒ†͵–‹‡•ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’ –‡•‹Ž‡ ‘†—Ž—•ȌǤ ‡ ‘—Ž† ‘„Œ‡ – –Šƒ– •–”— –—”ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‡š‹•– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ –™‹•–‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ƒ† –Š‡ †‘—„Ž‡ –™‹•–‡† ‘‹” ‘‡•ǡ „—– –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ •— Š ‘’ƒ”‹•‘• ‹• –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ‹ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘‹” ’”‘†— – ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡• ƒ „‡ ‘˜‡” ‘‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹–Š‹•™‘”†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’•‹’Ž‡ ›ƒ” •–”— –—”‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ —•‡ ‹ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ’”‘†— –• ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡–”‡ƒ–‡–•Ǥ. ‘ ‡Šƒ ‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡œ›ƒ–‹  †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’ϐ‹„”‡•ǡƒ’”‘–‡ –‹‘„›Ž‘™‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– Š‹–‘•ƒ ™ƒ• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ˆ‘” ‹–• ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹‘•–ƒ–‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ȏʹͶȐǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•™‘” •Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘„› Š‹–‘•ƒ‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š–›’‡•‘ˆ ϐ‹„”‡•™Š‡•—„‹––‡†–‘˜‡”›•‡˜‡”‡ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡‘”„ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽƒ––ƒ •Ǥ. Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡‘ ‡’”‘–‡ –‡†ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•†‘‘–’”‡•‡– ƒ› •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† ›‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—•Ǥ Š‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ „› Š‹–‘•ƒ ’”‡•‡”˜‡• –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• •—„‹––‡† –‘ •‡˜‡”‡ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† ‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ‡””‡† „› Š‹–‘•ƒ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† „› ƒ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•‹ƒ‰‘‘†ƒ‰”‡‡‡––‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡† „›‡‘—ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤȏʹͶȐƒ„‘—––Š‡‹Š‹„‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ϐ‹„”‡•„› Š‹–‘•ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†„›ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ. •–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒš‘”–Š‡Š‡’›ƒ”•‘ˆ –Š‹•™‘”ƒ”‡— ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘‹”‘‡•ƒ†–Š‹• ˆ‘” ›ƒ”• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ͳǤͷ Ž‡•• ϐ‹„”‘—• ƒ––‡” ’‡” ›ƒ”ǡ ‘‡ ƒ ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡ Š‹–‘•ƒ’”‘–‡ –‡†›ƒ”•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‹•™‘” ƒ„‡‰‘‘† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹‡™ –‘”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡‹’‘”–‡† ‘‹”‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ

(29) †‡‡†ǡ–Š‹•™‘”•Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ƒ”‡ — ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘‡•‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ ‘›ƒ”•ȋ͵–‹‡•ƒ† –™‹ ‡ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ†Ͷ–‹‡•ƒ†͵–‹‡• ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’–‡•‹Ž‡‘†—Ž—•ȌǤ

(30) ˆ‘‡”‡’‘”–•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡• –‘–Š‡ϐ‹‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‘—Ž†„‡ ‡˜‡Žƒ”‰‡”ǤŠ‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š•™‘—Ž†„‡ͶǤͷƒ†͵–‹‡•ˆ‘”ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ ‘†—Ž‹ ™‘—Ž† „‡͸–‹‡•ƒ†ͶǤͷ–‹‡•Žƒ”‰‡”ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’’”‘–‡ –‡†›ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– — Š Ž‘™‡” ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ϐ‹„”‘—• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ •‹‹Žƒ” ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™‹–Š ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• –‘ –Š‡ ‘‡• ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ ‘ ›ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ•‹– ‘—Ž† „‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘—•‡— ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡”’”‘†— –•ˆ‘”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ƒ† –Š‹• ˆ”‘ ’”‘†— –• ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† Ž‘ ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡”‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• •—”ˆƒ ‡•ˆ‘”ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽ•‘‡š’‡ –‡†ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡ ––‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –•ƒ† ƒ‡–Š‡Žƒ„‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡‡†—•‡”•‡ƒ•‹‡”Ǥ. Conclusion. ‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•’”‘†— ‡†ˆ”‘Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•™‡”‡•—„‹––‡†–‘‡œ›ƒ–‹ ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•—•‹‰•’‡”‰‹ŽŽ—•‹‰‡” ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ ƒ† ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹• „ƒ –‡”‹ƒ –‘ ”‡’”‘†— ‡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ–—”ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‡ Šƒ‹•• ‹ •‘‹ŽǤ

(31)  –Š‹• ™‘”ǡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ ‡œ›ƒ–‹  ƒ† „ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘• ‘ –‡•‹Ž‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™ƒ• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ‘ ƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ›ƒ”• ’”‘†— ‡†ˆ”‘„›Ǧ’”‘†— –•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡š–‹Ž‡ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ† ‘ ›ƒ”• ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† „› Ž‘™ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– Š‹–‘•ƒǤ ˜‡ ‹ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒˆ–‡”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•ˆ‘”ƒ•Ǧ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†›ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘‡•”‡ƒ‹‡†— ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡’”‘†— –ˆ‘”„‘–Š ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•ǤŠ‡Ž‘••‡•‹’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‡”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•Š‹‰Š‡” ˆ‘”Š‡’–Šƒˆ‘”ϐŽƒšǤŠ‹•‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡ ‘ƒ”•‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡’ ›ƒ”Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ›ƒ”• ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡ Š‹–‘•ƒǡ –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ‹‡† — Šƒ‰‡† ƒˆ–‡”•‡˜‡”‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒ––ƒ •†‡•’‹–‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘’”‘–‘ ‘ŽǤŠ‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”• ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† „› Ž‘™ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– Š‹–‘•ƒ ™‘—Ž† ”‡–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹”Š‹‰Š‡•–‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™Š‡•—„‹––‡†–‘•‘‹Ž„‘” ‹ ”‘‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ‘—Ž† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ– –Š‹• •–ƒ–‡ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ™‹–Š ‹’”‘˜‡† ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‹ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘‹” ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’”‘†— –Ǥ • ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘†—Ž—• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• ”‡’‘”–‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ•• ƒ”‡ ͺ –‹‡• Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ ‘ ’”‘†— –•Ǥ Š‹• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‘‡ ‘—Ž† †‡•‹‰ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ™‹–Š — Š Ž‘™‡” ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ϐ‹„”‘—• ƒ––‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ”‡†— ‡–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•„›–Š‹•™ƒ›„—–ƒŽ•‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–•Ǥ•–Š‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ‘—Ž†„‡— ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡”ǡ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ‡š’‡ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ„‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡† —•‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• •— Šƒ•–Š‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘„‡ ‘‡•‡ƒ•‹‡”Ǥ.

(32) Acknowledgements Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ–Š‡‡‰‹‘‡–”‡ȋ ”ƒ ‡Ȍˆ‘” –Š‡‹”ϐ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–Ǥ. References ͳǤ. ʹǤ ͵Ǥ ͶǤ ͷǤ ͸Ǥ ͹Ǥ ͺǤ ͻǤ. ‘œŽ‘™•‹  ȋʹͲͳʹȌ ƒ†„‘‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„‡” ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥȋͳ•–‡†Ȍǡ‘‘†Š‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ’’ǤͳǦͷͶͶǤ. ‡ Šƒ–  ȋͳͻͻͺȌ –Š‡” Ž‘‰ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ϐ‹„‡”•Ǥ

(33) ǣ ‡™‹  Ƭ ‡ƒ” ‡ȋ†•ǤȌǡ ƒ†„‘‘‘ˆϐ‹„”‡• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‹„”‡ Š‡‹•–”›Ǥƒ” ‡Ž‡‡”ǡ‡™‘”ǡǡ͵ͺȋͺȌǣͷͲ͹ǦͷͲͺǤ ‘•–‹ ǡ‡Œ‹ ǡ—†”‹ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ Š‡‹ ƒŽŽ›‘†‹ϐ‹‡† Š‡’ϐ‹„‡”•Ǥ‹‘”‡•‡ Š‘ŽͻͻȋͳȌǣͻͶǦͻͻǤ. Šƒ”ƒȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ ‘ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡ ‘‹”‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ ‡‘ •›–Š‡–‹ ••‹ƒ ‘‰”‡••ǡ

(34) †‹ƒǤ ƒŽ‡›ǡ‘—”ƒ—†ȋʹͲͳͶȌ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ ”‡ Š ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›ϐŽƒšϐ‹„‡”•Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‡––‡”•ͳʹʹǣͳͷͻǦͳ͸ͳǤ. ƒ”–‹ǡƒ˜‹‡•ǡƒŽ‡›ȋʹͲͳͶȌ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ • —– Š‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† ϐŽƒš –‘™ ˆ‘” ‘’‘•‹–‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ

(35) †—•–”‹ƒŽ”‘’•Ƭ”‘†— –•͸ͳǣʹͺͶǦʹͻʹǤ. ‡ˆ‡—˜”‡ ǡ ‘—”ƒ—† ǡ ‘”˜ƒ ǡ ƒŽ‡›  ȋʹͲͳͶȌ Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ϐŽƒš ϐ‹„”‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǣ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ •–”‡••Ǧ•–”ƒ‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†ϐ‹„”‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

(36) †—•–”‹ƒŽ”‘’•Ƭ”‘†— –•ͷʹǣ ͹͸ʹǦ͹͸ͻǤ ‘†”‘•ǡƒŽ‡›ȋʹͲͲͺȌ–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ•–‹‰‹‰ ‡––Ž‡ϐ‹„”‡•ȋ”–‹ ƒ†‹‘‹ ƒȌǤƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‡––‡”•͸ʹǣʹͳͶ͹ǦʹͳͶͻǤ. ƒ””‘– ǡ ‡ˆ‡—˜”‡ ǡ ‘–‘‹”‡ ǡ ‘—”ƒ—† ǡ ƒŽ‡›  ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡’ ϐ‹„‡” ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” • ƒ––‡”‹‰ȋ ‡†‘”ƒͳ͹ȌǤ

(37) †—•–”‹ƒŽ”‘’•ƒ†”‘†— –•ͷͳǣ͵ͳ͹Ǧ͵ʹ͹Ǥ. ͳͲǤ —˜ƒŽ ǡ ‘—”ƒ—†  —‰‹‡” ǡ ƒŽ‡›  ȋʹͲͳͳȌ

(38) ϐŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‹‰ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‡’ ϐ‹„‡”•Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‡––‡”•͸ͷȋͶȌǣ͹ͻ͹ǦͺͲͲǤ. ͳͳǤ Žƒ ‡–  ȋʹͲͲͻȌ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡”‘Ǧ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ ‡’ ϐ‹„”‡• ‹–‡†‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘’‘•‹–‡•ǤŽƒ••‹ ƒŽŠ›•‹ •ͶͲǣͳͳͳͳǦͳͳͳͺǤ ͳʹǤ ŠƒƒŽ ǡŠƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͷȌŠ‡—•‡‘ˆŠ‡’ϐ‹„”‡•ƒ•”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‹ ‘’‘•‹–‡•Ǥ‹‘ϐ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹ ‘’‘•‹–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡǡ ’’Ǥͺ͸ǦͳͲͳǤ ͳ͵Ǥ ‘ œ‡™‹ œ ǡ ‘œŽ‘™•‹  ȋʹͲͳʹȌ œ›ƒ–‹  –”‡ƒ–‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ ƒ†„‘‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹„”‡•ǣ ”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‘†Š‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡǡ’’Ǥͳ͸ͺǦͳͺͶǤ. ͳͶǤ ‘”•ƒ ȋʹͲͳʹȌ–‹‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ ƒ†„‘‘‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹„”‡•ǣ”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‘†Š‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡǡ’’Ǥ ͶʹͺǦͶ͸͸Ǥ. ͳͷǤ ‹ŽŽƒ– ǡ ƒŽŽƒ”†‘ ǡ ‹†ƒŽ ǡ ƒ•–‘”

(39) ǡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳʹȌ ‘ ‡”‘ Ǥ œ›ƒ–‹ ‰”ƒˆ–‹‰‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ’Š‡‘Ž•–‘ϐŽƒšϐ‹„”‡•ǣ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ ƒ–‹‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡‘Ž›‡”•Ǥͺ͹ȋͳȌǣͳͶ͸ǦͳͷʹǤ. ͳ͸Ǥ ‘ Š‹  ȋʹͲͲͺȌ –—†‡ †‡ Žǯ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡ †‡ Žƒ –‡’±”ƒ–—”‡ ‡– †‡ ŽǯŠ—‹†‹–±•—”Ž‡•’”‘’”‹±–±•± ƒ‹“—‡•‡–”ƒ –‹‘†‡•ϐ‹„”‡•†‡ Šƒ˜”‡‡–†‡ ‘ ‘Ǥ—‡„‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒƒ†ƒǡ’’ǤͳǦʹ͵ͶǤ ͳ͹Ǥ œ‘•–ƒǦ‘–‘™ƒ ȋʹͲͲͶȌ‹‘†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ

(40) –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‹‘†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘„‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ͷ͵ǣͳ͸ͷǦͳ͹ͲǤ ͳͺǤ ‡‡ ǡƒ” ǡ‡‡ ǡ ‡‘‰ǡŠǡ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ–‹‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ ƒ† „‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡   ‡†‹ ƒŽ •—–—”‡• ™‹–Š ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰”ƒ’‡ˆ”—‹– •‡‡†‡š–”ƒ –•Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‡––‡”•ͻͷǣͶͲǦͶ͵Ǥ. ͳͻǤ Ž‘•‘ǡ ‹‡‘ǡŽƒ›‘ǡƒ“—‡œǦ‘””‡• ǡ‡’—Ž˜‡†ƒǦƒ Š‡œ ǡ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲͻȌ”‘••Ž‹‹ Š‹–‘•ƒ‹–‘Ǧ‹””ƒ†‹ƒ–‡† ‡ŽŽ—Ž‘•‡ ϐ‹„‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽǦϐ‹‹•Š‡† –‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡•’‘Ž›‡”•͹͹ǣͷ͵͸ǦͷͶ͵Ǥ. ʹͲǤ ‹  ǡ —†•‘  ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ ƒ† ‹–• †‡”‹˜ƒ–‡• ƒ• ƒ–‹‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–• ƒ† –Š‡‹” —•‡• ƒ• –‡š–‹Ž‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ•Ǥ  ƒ ”‘‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”• ‹‡ ‡ǣ’ƒ”–Ǥ‘Ž›‡””‡˜‹‡™•Ͷ͵ǣʹʹ͵Ǧʹ͸ͻǤ ʹͳǤ ‹ƒ—†‘  ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ Š‹–‹ Š‹–‘•ƒǣ ”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ”‘‰”‡••‹‘Ž›‡” ‹‡ ‡͵ͳǣ͸Ͳ͵Ǧ͸͵ʹǤ ʹʹǤ ƒœ‡†ǡ•Š‘”‹ǡŠ‘”ƒ•ƒ‹ǡ„†—ŽŠƒ‹ǡ„›ƒœȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ”‡Ǧ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‡‹ ‡ŽŽ—Ž‘•‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ‰ƒ••‡ ϐ‹„‡”•ǣ ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ †”›Ǧ •–”‡‰–Šƒ††‹–‹˜‡•‘’ƒ’‡”’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ

(41) †”‘’”‘†Ͷ͵ǣ͵͸ͷǦ͵͹ͳǤ. ʹ͵Ǥ ‘ ǡƒ”ǡ‡‡ ǡ‡›‡”•ȋʹͲͲʹȌ–‹„ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ Š‹–‘•ƒ•ƒ† Š‹–‘•ƒ‘Ž‹‰‘‡”•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–•Ǥ

(42) –  ‘‘†‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ͹ͶȋͳǦʹȌǣ͸ͷǦ͹ʹǤ. ʹͶǤ ‡‘—ƒ”† ǡ ƒ‘ ǡ —ƒ‰‡ ǡ Ž‘†‡ƒ— ǡ ƒ‹‡  ȋʹͲͳͶȌ ”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆϐŽƒšǦ„ƒ•‡†›ƒ”•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ–—”ƒŽ•‘‹Ž†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘„› Š‹–‘•ƒǤƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‡––‡”•ͳ͵͹ǣʹ͸ͻǦʹ͹͵Ǥ ʹͷǤ ȋʹͲͳͶȌ‡’‡•–‡Ž‡‰”‘—’ǡ‡‘ ƒ••‡ǡ ”ƒ ‡Ǥ ʹ͸Ǥ  ‘„‹‘–‡šǡŠ‹œ›‡•‘—”‰•ǡ ”ƒ ‡Ǥ. ʹ͹Ǥ ˆ‘”ȋʹͲͲͷȌ‡š–‹Ž‡•ǣ–‘•’Šère normale de conditionnement ‡–†ǯ‡••ƒ‹Ǥȋʹnd‡†ȌǡǤ͸Ǥ. ʹͺǤ  ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ›ƒ”• „› –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‡–Š‘†Ǥ‡”‹ ƒ‘ ‹‡–›ˆ‘”‡•–‹‰ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡǤ.

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