Characterisation of ground thermal and thermo-mechanical behaviour for shallow geothermal energy applications
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Figure
![Figure 1. Main heat transfer processes in soils (after [19]).](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/6138269.156807/3.892.263.631.622.855/figure-main-heat-transfer-processes-in-soils-after.webp)
![Figure 4. Transient probes and applications, modified from Reference [44]. (a) Each probe contains a heating device and a temperature sensor embedded in a stainless-steel case](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/6138269.156807/7.892.192.705.253.479/transient-applications-modified-reference-contains-temperature-embedded-stainless.webp)
![Figure 7. Principle of optical scanning method [66]. V: velocity of scanning; O: area of the heat spot;](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/6138269.156807/9.892.294.596.596.843/figure-principle-optical-scanning-method-velocity-scanning-area.webp)
![Figure 8. Comparison of transient and steady-state derived thermal conductivity (λ) values based on data in References [20,33,34,47,66,70–74]; Sr: degree of saturation, n: porosity](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/6138269.156807/10.892.163.734.578.921/figure-comparison-transient-thermal-conductivity-references-saturation-porosity.webp)
![Figure 9. Thermal response test setup, after Reference [86].](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/6138269.156807/14.892.329.562.517.783/figure-thermal-response-test-setup-reference.webp)
![Figure 12. Evolution of borehole heat exchanger fluid temperatures in a heating process, considering groundwater flow against the conduction-based infinite line source [132]](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/6138269.156807/17.892.290.599.131.327/evolution-borehole-exchanger-temperatures-considering-groundwater-conduction-infinite.webp)
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