الكتابة والتشكيل الأيديولوجي في الرواية العربية المعاصرة - دراسة نقدية أيديولوجية-

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ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ – ﺔــــﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺕﺎـــﻐﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﺔــــﻴﻠﻜ ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻗ ﺎﻬـــﺒﺍﺩﺁﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ

ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ

ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ

لﻴﻨﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ

ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ

ﺍ

ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝ

ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ : ﻑﺍﺭـﺸﺇ : ﻱﺭﻭﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺃ . ﺩ . ﺔﻝﺎﺒﺭﺩﻭﺒ ﺏﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔــﻨﺠﻝ ﺏﻘﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺴ ﻥﺒ ﻕﺍﺯﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺔﻝﺎﺒﺭﺩﻭﺒ ﺏﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻭ ﺎﻓﺭﺸﻤ ﺭﻤﻋ ﻱﻭﺎﻓﺭﺯ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﺴﺒﺘ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺓﺯﻭﺒ ﻥﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﻠﺸﻨﺨ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻴﻠﻤ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻘﺘﺒ ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

: : : :

2012

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2013

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ﻤﻣﻭ ﻱﺎﻴﺤﻣﻭ ﻲﻜﺴﻧﻭ ﻲﺗﹶﻼﺻ ّﹶﻥﹺﺇ ﹾﻞﹸﻗ

ﻦﻴﻤﹶﻟﺎﻌﹾﻟﺍ ّﹺﺏﺭ ﻪﹼﻠﻟ ﻲﺗﺎ

****

ﹶﻻ

ﹶﻻ ﹶﻻ

ﹶﻻ

ﹸﻝّﻭﹶﺃ ﺎﻧﹶﺃﻭ ﺕﺮﻣﹸﺃ ﻚﻟﹶﺬﹺﺑﻭ ﻪﹶﻟ ﻚﻳﹺﺮﺷ

ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﹾﻟﺍ

((((....

ﻡﺎﻌﻧﻷﺍ

162 ----163

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)

ﻲﻓ ﻝﺎﻗ ﻻﺇ ﻪﻣﻮﻳ ﻲﻓ ﹰﺎﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺖﻳﺃﺭ ﻲﻧﺇ

ﻮﻟ ﻩﺪﻏ

ﻦﺴﺣ ﻥﺎﻜﻟ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻴـﻏ

ﻥﺎﻜﻟ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺪﻳﺯ ﻮﻟ ﻭ ،

ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﻗ ﻮﻟﻭ ،ﻦﺴﺤﺘﺴﻳ

ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻟ

ﺍﺬﻫ ﻙﺮﺗ ﻮﻟﻭ ،

ﺍﺬﻫ ﻭ ،ﻞﻤﺟﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻟ

،ﺮﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻈﻋﺃ ﻦﻣ

ﻭﻭﻭﻭ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﻼﻴﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻮﻫ

ﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺟ

( ( ( (

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﻔﺻﻷﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ

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ﺀﺍﺪﻫﺇ

ﺍﺮﻴﺧﺃﻭ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛﻭ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻦﻴﻤﻳﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﺗﺮﺳﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺸﻣ ﻲﻨﻣﺯﻻ ﺍﺪﻨﺳ

....

ﷲﺍ ﻢﻬﻈﻔﺣ ﻲﺋﺎﻗﺪﺻﺃﻭ ﻲﺗﻮﺧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ

....

ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺮﻴﺨﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ

....

ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻢﻠﻋ ﺐﻟﺎﻃ

،ﻩﺎﻐﺘﺒﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺩﺎﺻ

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ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗﻭ ﺮﻜﺷ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺮﻜﺷﺃﻭ ﷲﺍ ﺪﻤﺣﺃ

ﻞﻳﺰﺟ

ﻪﻤﻌﻧ

ﻀﻓ ﻢﻴﻈﻋﻭ ،

ﻪﺘﻨﻣﻭ ﻪﻠ

....

ﺪﻴﺳ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻲﻨﻐﺘﺴﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻮﻠﻓ

***

ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻮﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻚﻠﻣ ﺓﺰﻌﻟ

ﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺎﻤﻟ

ــ

ﺩﺎ

ﻩﺮﻜﺸﺑ

***

ﻟ ﺍﻭﺮﻜﺷﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﻓ

ــ

ﻥﻼﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﺃ ﻲ

ﻢﻳﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻱﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﺮﻜﺷﺃ

ﻑﺮﺸﻤﻟﺍ

ﻩﺮﺒﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺑﺭﺩﻮﺑ ﺐﻴﻄﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ

ﺮﻴﺧ ﻞﻛ ﷲﺍ ﻩﺍﺰﺟ ﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻘﻠﺧ ﺐﻀﻨﻳﻻ ﺎﻨﻴﻌﻣﻭ ﻼﻬﻨﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻟ ،ﻪﺗﺎﻧﺃﻭ

....

ﺔﻨﺗﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻗ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ ﺮﻜﺷﺃﻭ

ﺔﺒﻴﻃ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﺑ ﻮﻟﻭ ﻲﻧﺪﻧﺎﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺮﻜﺷﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ

. . . .

ﺮﻴﺧ ﻞﻛ ﷲﺍ ﻢﻛﺍﺰﺟ

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ﻣﺪﻘـﻣ

ﺔــ

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ﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ــــــــــــــ

ﺔ

:

ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺍﺭﺜﻭ ﺎﻋﻭﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺕﻤﺴﺘﺍ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻓ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ،ﻲﺘﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺍﻭﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺨﺩﺃﻭ ،ﺏﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﺃ ﻡﺌﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤﻭ ﻼﻜﺸ ﻩﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗﻭ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﻩﺍﺅﺭ ﺏﺘﻜﺘﻭ . ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﺤﻭﺭﻁ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺎﻤﺨﺯ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺒﻋ ﺝﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﺭ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻹﺍﻭ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺭﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ . ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﺯﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ -ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺍﺩﻓﺍﺭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺘﺍ ﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ لﺼﺘﺘ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺓﺩﺠﺒ ﺍﺩﺎﺠ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻀﻤﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺊﺒﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻔﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ لﺒ ﻪﻨﺇ ؛ﺔﻨﻫﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺜﺤﺒﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻬﻅﻤﺘ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺒﺨﻭ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻫﻭ ، ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺩﻘﻠﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻴﻜﺸﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ

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،ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﺎﻐﺘﺸﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﻻ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ؛ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝ ﻪﺘﺴﻤﻼﻤﻭ ﺎﻴﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻓﻵﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻋ ؛ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ ﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻯﺄﻨﺘ ،ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭ ﻭﻝ ﻊﻤ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤﻭ ﺽﻭﻋ ﺱﻴ ) ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ( ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺩﻘﻨﻝ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺃﺭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﻩﺎﻘﺒﺃ ﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﻴ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﺓﺩﻌ ﻴﺤﻠﻝ ﻥﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺎ , ﻭ ﻭ ،ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ : -ﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷ , ﻋ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﻰﻠ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻤﺍﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍﻭ . ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍﻭ . -ﺀﻼﻤﺇ ﻻﻭ ﻑﺴﻌﺘ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ، ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﺒ ﺭﺼﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻭﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤﻭ ﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤﻭ . 1 ـــــــﺒ ﺔﻨﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ) ﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ 1958 -1990 ( ﺕﻨﺎﻜ – ﺎﻨﻴﺃﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ 1 ﻊﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺭﺼﻤ ﺔﻀﻬﻨ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻙﺭﺎﻌﻤ ،ﺭﻭﺩﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺹ ،ﺕﺩ ،ﻁﺩ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺠﻔﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ 10 .

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ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﺕﺠﻝﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ؛ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻅﻭﻔﺤﻤ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺒﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻩﺭﺼﻋ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﺒ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ) د ا اوا -ذ ن!د ( ﻤﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺩﻭ ﺎﻘﻤﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻬﻅ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ؛ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺎ ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ، ﺩﺠﻨ ﻻ ﺎﻨ ﻁﻌﻴ ﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻻ ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻪﺘﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺎﻓ ؛ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻬﻓ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﺙﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﻁﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻐﺘﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﺔﻨﻠﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻨﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝ لﺜﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺍﺯﻝ ﺭﺎﺼﻭ ﻱﺃ ﺝﻭﻝﻭﻝ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻨﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺯ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻷﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ،ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻐﺘﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﻬﻅﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ـــﺒ ﻥﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺘﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ) ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ -ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ -.( ﺃ -ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ : ﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻁﻠﺴﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ،ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻐﺒﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻴﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻝ ،لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻋﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ

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ﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺭﻗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﻤﻴﺴﻠﻝ ﻪﺘﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻜﻴﺍ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﻤﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﻤﻴﺴﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ لﻌﻔﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ،ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻜ ،ﻲﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﺴﺭﺒ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻁﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻲﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻘﻴﻁﻭﻨﻴﻤﺭﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻨﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﺴﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ،ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺄﺸﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻨﻏﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﺴﺭﺘﻝ ﺔ ﺎﻘﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﺯ ﺓ. ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺊﺒﺎﺨﻤ ﻑﺸﻜﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ ﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﻤﻼﻋ لﻜ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﺘﻭ ، ﻼﻤﺎﺤ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻷ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻠﻌﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻤﻀﻤ . ﺏ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩ ﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ : ﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻲﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻁﺤﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﺒ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻫﺅﺭﻘﻨ ،ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫ ﻯﺭﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺝﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ :

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-ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ : ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ -ﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺅﺭ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﺌﺍﻭﺭ-ﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻐﻠ-ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻴﺭﺠﺘ-ﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﺴ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﺯﻓﺎﺤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ . ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ لﹼﻜﺸ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝ ﻪﻗﻼﻁﺇ ﺭﻭﺩﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝ ﺃﺭﻘﻨ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺍﺯﻓﺎﺤ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻜ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ) ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ لﻭﺎﺤﺃ ﻲﻨﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ . -ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻲﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﺔﻴﻭ ،ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺝﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤ لﺎﻤﻜﺇ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻴﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﻓ ) ﻕﺭﺸ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( لﻴﻤﺃ ﻲﻨﺘﺩﺠﻭﻓ ؛ﻑﻴﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻌﻝ – ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺙﻴﺤ ؛ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻜﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻙﺎﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ . ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻤﺃ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺃ ﻲﻨﻠﻌﺠ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻔﺨ ﺔﺸﻭﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻐﺘﺸﺘ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﻲﺘﻴﺅﺭ . ﺝ -ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ :

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ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﺘﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﹼﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ، -ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ : ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ لﻫ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝ لﺼﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ؟ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﹼﻜﺸﺘ لﻫ – ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻤﺎﺤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻷ ﻡﺎﻏﺭﺇﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﺘ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻁﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻐﺘﺸﺘ ؟ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻁﻤﻨ لﹼﺜﻤﻴ لﻫ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ؟ﺎﻔﻠﺴ ﺭﹼﻁﺴﻤ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝ ﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ لﻐﺘﺸﺘ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻁﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ ؟ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ . ﺌﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺭﻔﺘﺘﻝ ﻊﺴﺘﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ .

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ﺩ -ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ : ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﺒ ﺢﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺎﻁﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﺠﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ؛ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﻜﻨﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ -ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ : ﻸﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ -ﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝ ﻲﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻨﻤ ﻪ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺴﺄﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺭﻅﻨ ﻡﺎﻬﻠﺘﺴﺎﻜ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻠﺠﺘﻭ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺄﺒ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﺎﻨﺴﺭﺩ ﻪﻴﻓﻭ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤﻴﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻕﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻬ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ لﺎﻐﺘﺸﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺯﻜﺭﻭ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴﻭ ، ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻡﻴﺴﺭﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴﻓ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻑﻠﺨ ﺞﻤﺭﺒﻤ ﻲﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﻫ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻁﻤﻨ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺃﺭﻗﻭ ،ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻡﺎﻏﺭﺈﻜ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ : ﻲﺌﺎﻤﻨﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ . ﻱﻭﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺩﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﻀﺤ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻭﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺕﻤﺩﻗ .

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ﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﺩﹸﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ل ﺓﺎﻘﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ؛ﻲﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ لﺜﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﺹﻭﺼﻨ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﻲﻬﻓ ) ﺎﻴﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻜ ( ،ﺢﻠﻴﺤﻝ ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺎﻴﺒﻭﻘﻌﻴ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﻋ ﻥ ( ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺭﻋ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﻼﻌﻝ ) ﺕﺭﻌﺴ ﺫﺇ ( ﺎﻨﺯﻜﺭ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﻭﻴﻝ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻱﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﺌﺎﻔﻝ ﺕﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻴﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ . ﻩ -ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨ : ﺭﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻤﺴﻗ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺔﻁﺨ لﺜﻤﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ : -لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ : ـــﺒ ﻩﺎﻨﻭﻨﻋ ) ﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ( ،ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻩﺎﻨﻤﺴﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ؛ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺍﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﺎﻨﻌﺒﺘﺘ ﻪﻴﻓﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺃﺭﻗ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ) ﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ( -ﻷﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻩﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻲﺴﻜﺭﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺏﺩﻷ ﻡﺜ ،ﺭﻴﺴﻭﺘﻝﺃﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺩﻝﻭﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻼﺜﻤﻤ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﻜﺭﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺄﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺱﻜﺭﺎﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ،ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ؛ﺙﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻕﻝﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝ ﺱﻴﺴ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻻﻭﺼﻭ ،ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﺔﻴﻝﺩﺠ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ / ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ .

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ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ) ﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍﻭ : ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ ( ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺴﺭﺩﻓ ﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ -ﺹﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻝﺎﻌﺘﻴ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻜ ،ﻪﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃﻭ ﻥﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﺒ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﺭﺤﺘ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻱﺭﻅﻨ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﹼﻻﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻓﺍﻭﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ لﺜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺎﺜﺤﺒﻤ ﺎﻨﺼﺼﺨ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓﻭ ؛ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻲﺒﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺩﺍﺭﻜﻨﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ( ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ) ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻫ ،ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ( ﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻠﻝ ﺍﺩﻨﺴ ﺕﻨﺎ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻤﻀ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻼﺜﻝﺍ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ : ـﺒ ﻩﺎﻨﻭﻨﻋ ـــ ) ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ – ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ( ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﻩﺎﻨﻀﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﻭﺼﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﺒﺎﻘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﻱﺩﺭﺴ ﺹﻨ لﻜﻝ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻷ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﻴﺅﺭﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ . ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺴﺭﺩ ،ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺯﻭﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ – ﺎﻴﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻜ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻤ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻲﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻴﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻌﻔﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺴﺄﺘﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ

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ﺙﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﺴ ﻡﺴﺭﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﺒ لﻭﺼﻔﻝﺍ -ﺒ ﻥﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ــ ـ ) ﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻻﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴﻭ -ﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ل ﻲﺌﺎﻤﻨﻴﺴ ﺩﺭﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﺒ ﺎﺼﺎﺨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﻁﻤﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻠﻴﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ) ﻲﻝﺫﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻁ ( ﺓﺭﺎﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻭﻘﻌﻴ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﺞﻝﺩﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻭ ﻕﻝﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ – ﻡﺎﻏﺭﺈﻜ -ﻪﻝ ﺎﻨﻴﻴﺤﺘ . ﻰﻤﺴﻤ ﺕﺤﺘ ،ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ) ﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺠ ﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻭ ،ﻲ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ – ﺕﺭﻌﺴ ﺫﺇ -ﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻱﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﺌﺎﻓ ( ﺎﺼﺎﺨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﺒ – ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻡﺎﻏﺭﺈﻜ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﺘﻜ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺃﺭﻗﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺔﺠﻝﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻐﺘﺸﺍ ﺹﺎﺨ ) ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻓ ( ،ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺙﺜﺅﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺴﺘﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ لﻜ لﺎﻐﺘﺸﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻠﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻜ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻔﻝ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻤﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻨ ، ﻭﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﺒﻭ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﺩﹼﻗ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ل ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻔﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻜ ﺎﻨﻠﻴﺫﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝ ﺎﺴﺭﻬﻓ . ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻴﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻌﻝ

ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ لﻌﻝﻭ ، ،ﻪﺘﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝ ،ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﻨﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ

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ﻭﺭﻁ ﺓﺩﺠﻭ ﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ، : ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﺩﻴﻤﺤ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝ )ﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝ ﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ( ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻭ ، ﺩﺍﺭﻜﻨﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ) ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ : ﻭﺤﻨ ﻸﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ( ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻭ ، ﺭﻭﻜﻴﺭ لﻭﺒ ) ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﺘﻭﻴﻝﺍﻭ ( ، ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻭ Pierre Machery, pour une théorie de la production littéraire

. ﻥﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺃ ﻨﻴﺩﻴ ﻻﻭﻝ ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﺠﻭ ﺔﻤﺭﺎﺼ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﺭﻤ لﻀﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ : ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ) ﺔﻝﺎﺒﺭﺩﻭﺒ ﺏﻴﻁﻝﺍ ( ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒ ﺀﺍﺩﺄﻜ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻲﻝ لﹼﻝﺫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﻪﻠﻓ ،ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ لﺠﺃﻭ ﻰﻤﺴﺃ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﻜ ﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻨﻤﺘ ﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻨﻌﹸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ . ﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﹼﻻﺇ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻌﺴﻴ ﻻ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻥﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴ ﻲﻝ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ .

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ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ

:

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺳ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻮﳓ

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻷﺍ

ﰲ

ﻲﺋﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﺴﻟﺍ

(19)

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

:

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻷﺍ

ﻲﺋﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﺴﻟﺍﻭ

(20)

ﻟﺍﻟﺍﻟﺍﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒ

: : : :

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺳ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻮﺤﻧ

ﻷﺍ

ﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳ

ﺎﺎﺎﺎ

ﻲﺋﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

::::

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

::::

ﻷﺍ

ﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳ

ﺎﺎﺎﺎ

ﻲﺋﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﺴﻟﺍﻭ

1 -1 -ﺍ ﻤﻝ ﺙﺤﺒ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﻸﻝ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﻤ 1 -1 -1 -ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﻸﻝ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺃ _ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻜ ﻡﻠﻌ ﻝ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻸ ﺏ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺝ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﺘﻭﻴﻝﺍﻭ * ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻴﺴﻭﻝ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﻤﺩﻝﻭﻏ ﻥﺎ 1 -1 -2 -ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻲﺴﻜﺭﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ 1 -2 -ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ / ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ / ﺹﻨﻝﺍ : 1 -2 -1 -ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﻬﻔﻤ ﻭ ﻡ / ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ 1 -2 -2 -ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ 1 -2 -3 -ﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺩﺠ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ / ﺹﻨﻝﺍ / ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ : ﺃ -ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ / ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺹﻨ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻭ / ﺏﺎﻁﺨ

(21)

ﺝ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ/ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺎ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ * ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﺃﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻭﺘﻝﺃ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺔ : 1 -3 -ﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ : 1 -3 -1 -ﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺏﺩﻷﺍﻭ 1 -3 -2 -ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺃ -ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺎ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺏ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ

(22)

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

: : : :

ﻷﺍ

ﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳ

ﺎﺎﺎﺎ

ﻲﺋﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﺴﻟﺍﻭ

1 -1 -ﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﻸﻝ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﻤ : ﺽﻴﻌﺘﺴﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻴﺩ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻯﺭﺠ ﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺃ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻱ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒ ﻻ ﻥﻭﻜ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋ ﻤ ﺼ ﺢﻠﻁ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻭ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ لﺒ ، ﺇ ﻥ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻪﻤﺴﺎﻘﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻓ ، ﺍﺫ ﻪﻠﻌﺠ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻔﻤ ﺕﻻﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻫﺎ ﺩﺃ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ) ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺎ( ؛ ﻌﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻩﺩﺠﻨﻓ ﻠ ﻡ ﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝ ﻪﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﺘﺸﺍ ، ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺼﺘﻝﺎﻓ ﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻕﺭﻁﺒﻭ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘ ، ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻜﺭﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻭﺴ ﻯﺅﺭﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ،ﻼﺜﻤ ، ،ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻭ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﺘﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﻕﻝﺎﻌﺘﻓ ﻩﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻗ ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺎﺒ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻡﺴﺭﻝ ﺔﺨﺴﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ . ﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﻼﻝ ﺕﻓ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﻴﺼﺄﺘ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺴﺘﺭﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻪﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺩﻬﺸ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ -ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩ ﺕﻌﺴﺘﺍﻭ

(23)

ﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻪﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻼﺜﻤ ﻡﻴﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﺭﺎﻜ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺼ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ لﺒﺎﻗ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺼﻝ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻡﺴﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﺘﻭﻴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻜﺭﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﺭﻅﻨﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺎﺒﺫﺎﺠﺘ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﻠﻓ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻭﺘﻝﺃ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻲﺴﻜﺭﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻜﺭﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﺴ ﻸﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻪﻝﺎﺠﻤ ﺢﺘﻔﻨﺍ لﺒ ﺭﺎﻗ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ، ﻥﺈﻓ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺎﺒ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻜ -ﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝ-ﺍ ﺭ-ﺍﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﺩﻷ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﺒ ﺕﻠﺼﺘﺍ ﺔﺜﺭﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻻﺇ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ لﺒﺎﻘﻴ . ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺴﺘ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﻓﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﺁ ﻥﻤ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺍﺫ ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺭﺎﺼ -ﻲﻫﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ) ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺇ ﻭﻜﻴ ( ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،لﻻﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻴﺯﻭﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﻘﻴ ﺎﺠﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﻘﻴﻭ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻷﺍ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻠﻝ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﻭﻅﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻷﺍ ﺭﻫﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺒﻭ ،ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﻥﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺕﻠﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻕﺤﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻋ لﻜﻝ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺀﺎﻘﻝﺇ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﻭﺎﺤﻨﺴﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻸﻝ ﻡﻠﻌﻜ لﻭﻷﺍ .

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1 -1 -1 -لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻸﻝ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ: ﺃ -ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻝ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻸ : ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻡﺩﹸﻗ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻭﺴﻠﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﺩ ﺕﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻥﺍﻭﻁﻨﺃ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ Antoine destutt de tracy

ﻰﺴﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺃ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻐﻴﺼﺒ Idéologie ﺭﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ) ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ Élémens d'idéologie ( ﻡﺎﻋ 1825 1 ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻰﻨﻋﻭ ، ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ،ﺔﻁﻭﺒﻀﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﺘﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻠﻝ ﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﺘﻝ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﺩ ﺹ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝ ﻉﻭﻀﺨﻠﻝ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺎﻗﻭ ﺭﻜﻔ ﺭﺒﺨﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻪﺘﻭﻋﺩﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ – ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ -ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺇ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴﻓ ؛ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺔ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻥﻴ » ﺔﻴﻭﻤﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ « 2 . ﻥﺫﺇ ﺱﺴﺅﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ،ﺎﻬﺌﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺠﻭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻱﺃ ؛ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺯﻝﺇ .

1_-_{David Hart, Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836): An Annotated Bibliography,1/2002}

http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=259 1/1/2010 2_-_{Encyclopédie Agora, fondée par Jacques Dufresne et Hélène Laberge, dossier Ideologie , définition} 2003, http//www.agora.qe.ca/mot.nsf/dossier/ideologie 10/12/2008

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ﻡﺘﻫﺍ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﺩ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻭ ﻥ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺜﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺌﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻐﺒﺼ ﺭﺴﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺕﺩﻌﺒﺘﺴﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ » ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤﻭ ﺎﻘﻴﺯﻴﻓﺎﺘﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻜﻴﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨﺃ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝ « 1 ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ﻪﺠﻭﺘ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻻ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴ ، ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻌﺠ -ﺎﻬﺘﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺯﻨﻝﺎﺒ 18 ﻪﺘﻋﺎﻤﺠﻭ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﺩ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ،ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻲﻓ » ﻥﻤ ﻙﺎﻴﺩﻨﻭﻜ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺴﻠﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺕﻔﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺭﺎﺼﻨﺃ condillac « 2 ﺎﻜﻓ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻡﺎﻬﻠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺒﺒﺴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﺩ ﻡﺜ ﻙﺎﻴﺩﻨﻭﻜ ﻩﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺒ ﺱﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ . ﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻴ ﻸﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﻨﻤﻭ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻘﺒﻴﺴﻭ ﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺼﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻴ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺩﺎﻌﺘﺒﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﺄﻓ ،ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻁﺎﺴﻸﻝ ﻲﺒﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ » ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺼﻓ ﻲﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻜﺤﻠﻝ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻌﺠﻭ ، « 3 لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻝ ؛ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺈﻜﻭ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻜ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻠ ﺕﺭﺎﺼ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺼ ﺓﻭﻋﺩ 1 -ﺹ ،ﻁﺩ ،ﺕﺩ ،ﺭﺼﻤ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺠﻔﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺼﻤ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ،ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ، ﺎﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ 176 . 2 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 180 . 3 -ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺓﺍﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ ،ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ، ﻭﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻼﻴﻋ ﻁ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، 1 ، 2001 ، ﺹ 12 .

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ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻘﻴﺯﻴﻓﺎﺘﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺭﺎﺼ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺯﻫﺎﺠ ﺏﻝﺎﻘﻜ ﺕﻀﺭﹸﻓ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺨﺘﻠﻝ لﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲ ﻥﻤ لﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﻁﻗﻭ ﺏﻼﻘﻨﺍ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻲﻬﻓ ، » ﺍ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻷ ﻪﻤﻋﺩﻭ ﻪﺘﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﻐﻁﻝﺍ « 1 . ،ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ لﺒﺎﻘﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻜ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻋﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﻭﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﻁﻴﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻴﻁﻗ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ﺯﻫﺎﺠ ﺏﻝﺎﻘﻜ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﻼﻝ لﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ، ﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﺎﺴ -ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ -ﻭﻫﻭ ﺹﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﻔﻨﺘﻜﻴ » ﻡﺎﻬﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺯﺠﺎﻋ ﻲﻬﻝﺇ « 2 ﺔﻤﻬﻤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ،ﻲﺤﻼﺼﺇ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ لﻌﺠ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺙﻭﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻠﺴﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ، ﻡﺎﻬﻴﻹﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻗﻭ ؛ ﺃ ﻱ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺫﻭﻔﻨ لﻐﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻁﻤﻨﻭ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻘﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ . ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻓ ﻑﺭﻌ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻑﺭﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺭﺎﺼ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻙﻠﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﻭﻋﺩﻝﺍ -ﻘﻠﻁﻴ ﺎﻴﻤﻜﻬﺘ ﺎﺒﻘﻝ ﺭﺎﺼ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺕﺭﺒﺎﻨﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﻴﻝﻭﺒﺎﻨ ﻪ Napoléon Bonaparte ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﺩ ﻘﺤﺘ ﻪﻗﺎﻓﺭﻭ ﻴ ﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﻌﻨﻓ ،ﻡﻬﻝ ﺍﺭ ﻷﺎ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻥﻴ Idèologues ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ » ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﻪﺤﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﺕﻤﺩﻁﺼﺍ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ 1 -ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ، ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ -ﻁ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ 7 ، 2003 ، ﺹ 23 . 2 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 22 .

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ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺫﺠ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﺈﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻪﻗﺎﻓﺭﻭ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﺩ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﻘﻴ ﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺀﺩﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝ لﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ « 1 ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺸ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻥﻭ – ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ -ﺴﻭﺭﻀ ﺎﺒﺭﺤ ﺎ ،ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻘﺤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻬﺠﻴ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺭﺸﻓ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﻁﺨ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻥﻭﻠﻜﺸﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻝﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻙﺭﺘﺘ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺤﻠﺴﺃ ﻥﻜﺘ » ﻥﺎﻴﻐﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ – ﻁﻘﻓ -ﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴ-ﺍ لﺒ ﺭﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﻫﻹ ﻡﻜﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ « 2 . ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻷﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﺎ ﻕﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻜ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺄﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻜﻋ ﺔﻠﻘﻨ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻘﻨ ﺔﺌﻴﺴ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺏﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻠﺴﻝﺍ ، ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺨﺘ ﺎﻤﺎﻫﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﺼ ﻷﺍ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﻗﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﻻ ﺕﻼﻤﺄﺘ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﺎﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﺎﻋﻭ ، ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴﻝ ﺒ ﺔﻫﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ » 1 -ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺹ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ، 12 .